1 












^ibijivy of ^o\\pt$$. 



:x 






UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Ifill: 



I 



If 
? 

if 




wmmmi^i 



<^,J^4'^'^^ 



THE 



Bible Hand-Book; 



FOR 



Sunday-Schools and Bible-Readers. 



WITH ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ENGRAVINGS, AND TWENTY-FIVE 

MAPS AND PLANS. 



BY 



Albert L. R 



AWSON. 





MOUNT CABJrEI>. 




NEW YORK: 

PUBLISHED BY R. ^. THOMPSON & CO. 

4 Bond Street. 

1870. 






\1 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 18^^ 

By a. L. RAWSON & R. B. THOMPSON/ 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Southern District of New York. 



A L V O K D, r R 1 N T E K. 



LiTTLK, Rknnie & Co., Stercotypers. 

615 and 647 Broadway, New York. 



PREFACE 



This work is designed to meet the wants of a large class of Sunday-school 
Teachers and Bible-readers, who may not be able to obtain the larger and more 
expensive works, and which are better adapted to the use of more advanced Bible 
students. It aims to give the results of investigations and research from the latest 
and most elaborate works published on the subject; thus making it, in a measure, a 
compendium of all these works, but also, equally, a new and independent book. 

A list of the authorities consulted in its preparation is given on the last page. 

The Chronology is arranged on the latest received authorities, and includes all 
that is interesting to the general student. 

The Geology, Topography, and Climatology are from the most recent 
works on those topics, and give a complete account of Palestine, from the cedars 
to the sands. 

The Geography is full and complete — drawn from the latest surveys, especially 
Van de Velde's (German), Eenan's (French), and the Palestine Exploration (Eng- 
lish), Eobinson, Thomson, and others — giving every city, mountain, river, and other 
localities mentioned in the sacred writings. 

The Biographies will be found of especial value, condensing the incidents of 
the lives of the leading characters of the Bible ; the greater space being given to the 
liife of Jesus the Christ and the Life of St. Paul. The Scripture references 
in the biographies are placed in the margin for convenience, and particular notice of 
places is referred to the Geography. 

The chapter on Patmos and the Seven Churches of Asia, is from the most 
recent accounts of those places, chiefly those of Svoboda and Tristram, and will be 
found to be complete and interesting. 

Antiquities, coins, weights, and measures deserve our closest attention, 
siiie they are often the most valuable evidence we have on obscure points; and this 
is rten the most complete and satisfactory. 

The Engravings are from sketches made by the author, improved by photo- 
graphs, and may be relied upon as accurate representations of the places named, 
in general appearance and in characteristic detail. 

The author's intention is to make this work a companion to the Bible, present- 
ing to the eye of the student, by the aid of carefully condensed accounts, explained 
by maps and illustrated by engravings, all that is known of the Lands of the Bible, 
thus increasing the interest of the narrative, and, by association, fixing the facts more 
indelibly in the memory ; facilitating and enlarging his acquaintance with the Bible 
by taking him back to localities and scenes the most interesting, and recalling events 
the most Avonderful in the history of the human race, and which are so dear to every 
Christian heart. 

THE AUTHOR 
New Yokk, 1870. 



LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS 

CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS BOOK, AND THEIR PRICES IN NEW YORK. 

Ante-Nicene Christian Fathers. 10 vols |;S5 00 

Ayre. Treasury of Bible Knowledge. 1 vol 5 25 

Barclay, Rev. J. T. City of the Great King 10 00 

Burt, N. C, D.D. Sacred History ; Geography of Palestine. Engravings, Maps, and Charts 3 50 

Bartlett, W. H. Walks about Jerusalem. Engravings on wood and steel 12 00 

" " Jerusalem revisited. " " " 5 00 

" " 40 Days in the Desert. (Nile Boat, 8vo., Engravings, $4 00) " " " 4 00 

" " Footsteps of Onr Lord and His Apostles. " " " 4 00 

Beaufort, E. A. Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines. 2 vols., 8vo. Extra calf. 10 00 

Beke. Jacob's Flight ; A Pilgrimage to Harran 3 75 

Bedford. 48 Photographs in the Holy Land, &c 15 00 

Bunsen. Egypt's Place in History 87 50 

Burckhardt (Etc.). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land 3 00 

Calmet. Dictionary of the Holy Bible. Engravings and Maps 25 00 

Conybeare and Howson's Life of St. Paul. 2 vols. Maps and Engravings. (Reprint, $10 00) 48 00 

Dixon. Holy Land, $5 25. Pal. and Egypt, $5 00 10 25 

Draper, J. W., M.D. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe 6 00 

Forster. Historical Geography of Arabia. Maps 5 00 

Gliddon. Ancient Egyptians. Maps 3 50 

Herbert, Lady. Cradle Lands. Engravings 10 50 

Hengstenberg. Moses illustrated by Monuments in Egypt 3 75 

Home's Introduction to the Critical Study of the Bible. (Reprint, $5 00) 36 75 

Jameson, Mrs. Sacred and Legendary Art. Engravings on wood and steel 100 00 

James. Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem. 31 Engravings. Vol. 1 20 00 

Vol. 2. ri Photographs .- 77 00 

James, W. E. 50 Photographs (Stereoscopes), Holy Land, Turkey, &c., per. Doz 2 00 

Jones, Rev. J. Canonical Authority 5 00 

Josephus. (Traill's Engravings, $75 00).' 3 00 

Kalisch. Historical and Critical Comment on the O. T 24 00 

Kitto. Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature. 3 vols. Engravings. (Abridged, $7 00) 31 25 

Lane. E. W. Modern Egyptians. Engravings 10 00 

Lardner. Credibility of the Gospel History 5 00 

Layard, A. H. Nineveh and its Remains. 2vols.,8vo. Engravings 18 00 

" " 2d Expedition 10 50 

Laborde. Journey to Sinai, Palestine, &c. Maps and Engravings 7 50 

Longman's New Testament. Notes. Engi-avings 31 50 

Lloyd's Map of the Holy Land (by Rawson) .* 1 50 

Macleod, Norman, D.D. Eastward. Engravings 12 00 

Madden. Jewish Coinage — 31 50 

Mill, Dr. Brotherhood of Jesus 5 00 

Neumann, Dr. Die Stifftshlitte (Tabernacle of Testimony) S 00 

Paine, Rev. T. O., Prof, of Hebrew, Waltham Theological Sem. The Tabernacle, Solomon's Temple, &c 5 00 

Porter. Five Years in Damascus. Engravings and Maps 12 00 

Porter. Handbook of Syria and Palestine, $12. Egj-pt, do 10 0^ 

Rawlinson. Outlines of Assyrian History IQO 

Renan's Phoenicip (in French). Text Bvo, and Plates large folio -, 00 

Robinson. Researches. 3 vols. Maps l^OO 

Rogers, Miss. Domestic Life in Palestine in 1862 3 ~% 

Smith. Bible Dictionary. Engravings. 3 vols 18 00 

Smith, Dr. Pye. Bible and Science 2 50 

" " Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid 3 00 

Stanley. Egypt and Palestine, $7 00. History of the Jewish Church 16 00 

S voboda. Patmos and the Seven Churches of Asia. Photographs 22 50 

Thomson, Rev. W. H. The Land and the Book. 2 vols. Engravings and Maps 5 00 

Tristram, Rev. H. B. The Land of Israel 12 50 

Tristram. Natural History of Palestine 5 00 

The Bible Atlas of Maps and Plans 15 75 

Van De Velde's Map of Palestine 12 00 

De Vogue. Churches of the Holy Land. 1 vol., with Engravings 22 50 

Van Lennep. Travels in Asia Minor, (A. O. Van Lennep, New York). 2 vols. Engravings 00 

Wilkinson, Sir G. Ancient Egyptians. Engravings. 6 vols., 8vo 110 00 

Wetstein. Reisebericht iiber Ilauran. Wood-cuts 15 00 

Wordsworth, Archdeacon of Westminster. Holy Bible, with Not6s. Genesis to Isaiah CO 00 



The publishers will forward any of these, or any other works on the study of the Bible, to order, by mail or express, 
at the price ruling in New York at the time of receiving the order. 



CONTENTS. 



Pagk 

Preface 15 

History of the Holy Scriptures 11 

Geology 18 

Chronology 26 

Table of Events .' 32 

Geography 33 

Allotment of the Twelve Tribes 193 

Patmos, and The Seven Churches of Asia 199 

Biography 211 

Life of Jesus 211 

Paul 219 

Aaron 227 

Abraham 227 

Joseph, (Son of Jacob) 230 

Joseph, (Husband of Mary) 232 

Luke 2^^ 

Mark 234 

Moses 234 

Solomon 2^6 

Twelve Apostles 239 

Money 243 

Weights and Measures 247 

Maps * 249 

Dress 254. 



LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 



PAGE 

1. View of Jerusalem, from Olivet. . . 2 

2. Title-page 

3. Alphabets, ancient and modern ... 10 

4. Inscription at Nahr el Kelb 10 

5. Codex Alexandrinus, specimen 13 

6. Codex Vaticanus 14 

7. Codex Sinaiticus 14 

8. Codex Guelph 14 

9. Codex Dublin 14 

10. Specimen from Origen's Bible 14 

11. Ancient Hebrew MS 15 

12. Hebrew Inscription 15 

13. Anglo-Saxon ("Durham Bible") 15 

14. The Great Sphynx and Pyramid. . . 25 

15. Pyramids of Jizeh 26 

16. Abraham's Oak 37 

17. Walls of Antioch 38 

18. Bedouin 40 

19. King of Assyria 44 

20. Baal 45 

21. Great Door, Baalbek 46 

22. The octagon temple at Baalbek ... 46 

23. Great stone in the quarry, Baalbek 47 

24. Bethlehem 52 

25. Csesarea 55 

26. Coin of Cyprus 59 

27. Coin of Corinth 60 

28. Coin of Cyrene 60 

29. Walls of Damascus 61 

30. Assyrian king, officers, and gods . . 64 

31. 32. Signet-ring of Suphis 66 

33. Egyptian king, Ehamses IV 66 

34. Signet of Thothmes III 67 

35. 36. Impression of each side 67 

37. Egyptian princes in a chariot 67 

38. Brick-making in Egypt 68 

39. 40. Working in metals 68 

41. King of Judah 68 

42. Merchant of Cairo 68 

43. Triumphal Arch, Gerasa 73 

44. Gethsemane 77 

45. Hebron 86 

46. Jericho 95 

47. The royal cisterns of the temple. . 97 

48. Temple foundation-stones 97 

49. Piers under the S. E. corner 97 

50. Wilson's arch, Tyropoeon valley ... 98 

51. Section east and west 98 

52. Church of the Holy Sepulchre... 100 



PAGB 

53. Plan of the Church of the Holy 

Sepulchre 101 

54. Seal Church, A. d. 1150 101 

55. Seal. A. d. 1173 101 

56. Seal. Turris David, A. d. 1185. . . 101 

57. Seal. Knights of St. John 102 

58. Interior of the Dome of the Rock. 102 

59. View of Jerusalem, from the spot 

where Jesus wept over the city 103 

60. St. Stephen's gate 103 

61. Masonry lining Bethesda 104 

62. Via Dolorosa 105 

63. Jerusalem besieged 106 

64. Robinson's arch, remains of. 106 

65. Eastern Bazar 109 

66. Jezreel 109 

67. Coin struck at Tyre 110 

68. Ain Karim Ill 

69. Lachish 116 

70. Bethany (Lazarioh) 117 

71. Cedars of Lebanon 118 

72. Coin. Philip V, of Macedon 123 

73. St. Paul's Bay, Malta 128 

74. Great Pyramid 130 

75. ISTazareth 137 

76. Assyrian chariot 140 

77. Doorwav, Khorsabad 141 

78. Nimroud Obehsk , 141 

79. Architectural details at Nobah . . . 143 

80. Obelisk at On 144 

81. Ophra. Ephraim 145 

82. King and Queen of Persia 148 

83. Ship from Pompeii 150 

84. Rabbath Amman 154 

85. Coin of Philadelphia 154 

86. Coin of Rhodes 157 

87. Baal 160 

88. Coin of Sidon 172 

89. Tear bottles 172 

90. Sarcophagi 172 

91. Sarcophagus lid found at Sidon.. . 173 

92. Symbolic figure of the River 

Nile 173 

93. Tyre 182 

94. Great stone in the sea-wall of 

Tyre 183 

95. Egyptian wine-press 184 

96. Ruins of Ephesus 201 

97. Coin of Ephesus 201 



LIST OF EiTGEAVINGS. 



9 



TAGE 

98. Diana • 201 

99. Tomb of Luke 202 

100. Smyrna from the sea 202 

101. Ancient aqueducts over the Meles 203 

102. Ruins at Pergamos 204 

103. ^Escnlapius . 204 

104. Aqueduct on the River Selinus. . 205 

105. Apollo 205 

106. Thyatira 206 

107. Sardis 207 

108. Philadelphia 208 

109. Laodicea 209 

110. Head of Paul, from an ancient 

tomb 219 

111. Abraham and Lot 228 

112. Samaritan priest, reading 238 

113. Coin Stater, Tribute money. ..... 243 

114. Daric 243 

115. Silver shekel, cup of manna 244 

116. Bronze shekel 244 

117. Silver shekel 244 

118. Bronze coin of Jonathan 244 

119. Bronze farthing 244 

120. Brass lepton of Herod (the Mite) 244 

121. Brass lepton of Tiberius and Julia 244 

122. Two small antique coins 244 

123. Quarter Shekel of Herod 244 

124. Silver coin of Herod 244 

125. Tetradrachm of Alexander 245 



PAGE 

126. Silver Denarius of Tiberius 245 

127. Piece paid Judas 245 

128. Copper coin of Vespasian 245 

129. Last coin struck by Barkokab . . . 245 

130. Coin of Aretas, king of Arabia. . 245 

131. Coin of Ephesus 245 

132. Bronze coin found at Urfa 246 

133. Coin of Apamea (Noah's deluge) 246 

134. " " Corinth 246 

135. " " Tarsus 246 

136. Head of Tigranes (coin) 246 

137. Group. Behistun Rock 255 

138. Drawers 255 

139. Ephod 255 

140. Shirt 255 

14L Vest 255 

142. Girl 255 

143. Button and Loop 255 

144. Tunic 256 

145. Jibbeh. Coat 256 

146. Syrians 256 

147. Abba. Cloak 256 

148. Yelek 256 

149. Woman 256 

150. Sandals 256 

151. Slippers 256 

152. Street dress 256 

153. Shoes 256 

154. Slippers 256 



MAPS AND PLANS. 



PAGE 

1. Plan of Athens 45 

2. Ruins of Babylon. Restored plan. 47 

3. Plan of explorations 98 

4. " " Jerusalem 99 

5. " " the Virgin's Fountain 104 

6. " " Solomon's temple 108 

7. " " Herod's " 108 

8. " " Pyramid Field 129 

9. " " Mounds at ISTineveh 142 

10. Map of the Dead Sea 164 

11. " " Egypt and the Peninsula 

of Sinai 186 

12. Map of the Ancient world 191 

Map of Jerusalem to 



13. Map of Canaan and twelve Tribes. 192 

14. " " the Tabernacle 193 

15. " " " Encampment 194 

16. " " Patmos Churches 200 

17. " " Palestine in the time of 

Christ 210 

18. Map of the Travels of Paul 218 

19. Map of the Vicinity of Jerusalem. 249 

Map of Palestine, in four sections : 

20. K W. section Riblah to Cana 250 

21. Middle section, Cana to Shiloh 251 

22. S. W. section, Shiloh to Rehoboth. 252 

23. S. E. section, Ramoth to Zered 253 

Joppa 226 



Isis 








^ 












ill 


s CO 




ilill 


.11 


t — - 

°3 


s 

- =c 


2 


i 




1 


i 

r- 


CO 

X 


I 


NiME . 






5^i 










3 




N 




iU 








1 


FII1[NI£IAN 


5 i \\^ „^ .'^ 

^ I ' n\^'~«^^'\\ Ml, 

^ V.' '\\\\W|;' 
^ X ^ 


bre 


iOl 


-'^)^ 


W V* a u; b 


i;^^ 


'-G 


'^ 


>-# 


-* 


rf 


-4 


i_r 


u 


% 


^auARE 










- p' 




CD 

B 


B 




^ 
^ 




-A 






ANCIENT 

smiw 

COIN 


^) 




u>j<:5 


tJ <t3^i-fl 


^t-u 


^<3 


\w5 


^ 


w 


^il( 


►-9 


t^ 


U> 


> 


(Mss, sm 






7-^ 






^4 


;4 




-1 


>* 


n 


^ 
^ 


^ 

^ 


^ 

^ 


CO/N 




c 


-c-r 


-o c-s^^ 


>^ 


> c 


jj 


— 


>-> 

-J 


r^ 


-c 




ss. 


> 


FGyPTJAN 


^< 


^ 






i^^ 

^ 


>/ 

u^ 


N^ 


K. 




^ 


^ 


h 


LC 




PALVIYREWf 


t/T 


T 


— < 




r -r 


^c 


;-7 


"^ 




or 


v/ 


1^ 


u 


cr 


RABBJNIG 


K 1 


" 


\0 CU 






f 1 




\^ 







a 


•sa 


d 


u 


- 


SYRIAC 
PES HI TO 
















1 

5 


X 




S 
2 


i^ 




-« c^ ^ 

2 3C — 




E 


r 




35 


a: 
> 


i 






CO 




NAME 














G, 


Vj 




G 


-i. 


c,c 


:.Cit 


G f^-^ 


b(r^^ 


:,.^^- 


V^& 


'•C. 


c^. 


(^ 


(?i 


& 


a 


•C 


-^ 


NISCHI 

ARABIC 




> 


> 

-n 


NJ 

i. 

1 


^ 
i* 


2 


ri 

X 


g 

-i 




2 

— ( 


?3 

Z 

— < 


^ c 


- N 


^|2 


-n T^ 5 > - 
to c^ i 


ill 

a. — 


C33P« 


^1 


> 


m 

C/) 




> 


3: 


r- 
1 




NAM I 




H 


^ 


q 


> 


W 


5 


? 


»-r 


fe] 


h3 


^-5 


^a 


ae^ 


t5>^^^^^^ 


A^4 


P>i 


^3 


P- 


K 


S 


'b 


&- 


> 


c 


ETHlOPIf 




> 


5S 


> 




? 


X 




3> 


o 
> 


§ 


fe; 


- N! 




^> i^i 




SI 




> 


> 




S 
> 


X 


% 


3: 

3>- 


fummmim 


; Sea 


X 


-^ 


G? 
0} 


X3 






3 


-J 


^ 


3^ 


-o 


S^ 


e 


3. 


^b-3 




V 


D- 


K 


'^ 


^ 

w 


> 

^ 


> 


C 

c 


4r\!f IfMT 

ETHIOPIC 


it 

— ^rx 


X 




1 


=3« 








^ 

M 


3S. 


iZ 








5^ C.0 




^e 








■v* 


1 




^ 

^ 


-1 


HFMYARITIC 
01^ MSS. 




O 


9 

B 








3 


^ 






V 


^5 

















V, 






-a 


< 


HfMY/lRirjC 

or 


la- 
s' 
?7 












a- 


V 




-J 
■< 


1>1 
















< — 










> 


>• 


=^ 


CO 

o 


4- 


o 


;c 




9 




rri 


5 
o 


m 


El 


511 
^0 


o :? 2 




i I 




> 


N 

o 

> 

ir4 


O 

m 


r- 
o 
> 


> 

5 
& 


to 
< 
f 


r- 


MOOfRAl r> 

O 

-4 


a. ^ 3 t 

2^2*= = 
ra c « r 5 


o 


■3D 


o 
2 


* 

1 

< 


to 

> 










T 

1 


X 


3 


III 


-< I 1;: o 

^ O 2 - ^ 




V <- 

X : 


1'? 

z 2 

3 X 




N 




to 

> 


-P 

i 


":5 
2 




\ 


1'^ 




< 


5 




-< 


• -0 > 


z 


c 


5 




-^ "^ o 

_ _ 






X: 

rir 


r 3 


-< 

-< 

V 

o 


-< 


X 




.A. 

c 


-A- 


> 


< CO c;s 

? ««i Z as 
^ -CZ m t*} 

Is |5 



THE HOLY SCRIPTURES 



Ik Exodus and the earlier books of the Old Testament, the term used for the 
Sacred Writings is The Law, or the Book of the Ooyenant (Ex. xxiv. 7). After the 
return from the captivity (about 400 b. c. ) they are called recitations, or the words 
read or recited (Neh. viii. 8). They were also called The Books in Ecclesiasticus. 
Josephus, Philo, and the writers of the New Testament call them Sacred WritingSy 
Sacred Letters, and Scriptures (Matt. xxi. 42, xxii. 29; John, v. 39; Acts, viii. 32, 35 ; 
Rom. xvi. 26 ; 2 Pet. i. 20), and Paul twice Holy Scriptures (Rom. i. 2 ; 2 Tim. iii. 
15). After the New Testament was written, Jerome (a. d. 400) called them the Sacred 
Books (following 2 Mace. ii. 13) ; and the name Bible was first applied by Chrysos- 
tom, A. D. 400, adding the title Divine, or, as we now write it, Holy Bible. 

The word BiUe is Gpeek, and means hooh. The sacred book of Mohammed is 
also called Korawn — tlie loolc (i. e., the thing to be read). 

The word Scriptures is Latin, and means writings. 

The Bible is divided into the Old and New Testaments (2 Cor. iii. 14), and accord- 
ing to the Canon {Kanon, Gr., rule, meaning The Catalogue of the Sacred Books), 
consists of 39 books in the Old and 27 in the New Testament. 

The Old Testament collection was completed by Ezra, having been begun by the 
ancient patriarchs, continued by Moses (Deut. xxxi. 9), by Joshua (xxiv. 26), by Sam- 
uel (1 Sam. X. 25), by David, Solomon, and others; and his arrangement has been pre- 
served up to the present time. 

It was divided into three classes of writings : the Law, Thorah, the Prophets, 
Neliim, and the Psalms, ChethuUm (Luke, xxiv. 44). Josephus names these divisions 
(c. Apion. 1, 8), saying, " What faith we place in our own Scriptures is seen in our 
conduct. They have suffered no addition, diminution, or change. From our infancy 
we learn to regard them as the decrees of God ; we observe them, and if need be, we 
gladly die for them." This seems to have been the general opinion of the Jews con- 
cerning their Scriptures. The first canon on record is that of Laodicea in Phrygia, 
A. D. 365, which fixed the names and order and number of the books very much as 
we find them now. The Council of Hippo in 393, of Carthage in 419, in which Au- 
gustine (Bishop of Hippo), had great influence, held (a. d. 397) that the entire 
canon of Scripture is comprised in these books — Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Num- 
bers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, 1 small book of Ruth, * * the 4 books of the 
Kingdoms, and 2 of the Remains.. These are the historical books : Job, Tobit, Esther, 
Judith, 2 books of Maccabees, and 2 books of Ezra. Next are the prophets ; 1 book 
of the Psalms of David, 3 of Solomon — viz.. Proverbs, Canticles, and Ecclesiastes. 
The 2 books Wisdom and Ecclesiasticus are called Solomon's only because they resem- 
ble his writings, and they were written by Jesus, the son of Sirach, which are to be 
reckoned among the prophetical books. The rest are the prophets, 12 of them being 
reckoned together as one book ; and after these the four prophets of large volumes — 
Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel, and Ezekiel. The New Testament was the same as now 
received. 



12 



THE HOLY SCKIPTURES. 



Books of the Old Testament, weittek ik Hebrew. 



NAME. 

1. Genesis 

2. Exodus 

3. Leviticus 

4. Numbers 

5. Deuteronomy . . 

6. Joshua 

7. Judges 

8. Euth 

9. 1 Samuel 

10. 2 Samuel 

11. 1 Kings 

12. 2 Kings 

13. 1 Chronicles . . . 

14. 2 Chronicles . . . 

15. Ezra 



16. Nehemiah 

17. Esther ... 

18. Job 



19. Psalms 



20. Proverbs . . . . , 

21. Ecclesiastes . . , 

22. Song of Songs , 

23. Isaiah , 

24. Jeremiah 

25. Lamentations , 

26. Ezekiel , 

27. Daniel , 

28. Hosea , 

29. Joel 

30. Amos , 

31. Obadiah , 

32. Jonah 

33. Micah 

34. Nahum , 

35. Habakkuk . . . , 

36. Zephaniah . . . , 

37. Haggai 

38. Zechariah 

39. Malachi , 



CHAP 

50 
40 
27 
36 
34 
24 
21 
4 
31 
24 
22 
25 
29 
36 

10 

13 

10 

42 

150 

31 
12 

8 
66 
52 

5 
48 
12 
14 

3 

9 

1 

4 

7 

3 

3 

3 

2 
14 

4 



WRITTEN BY 

Unknown 


B. C. 


YEARS. 

2278 
145 

**"38"' 
299 (430) 


Moses 


1491 

to 

1450 

1433 

721-562 


Moses 


Moses 


Moses 


Joshua 


Several 


Unknown 


^ Compiled by Jere- 
miah 

Compiled by Dan- 
iel and Ezra. 
j Daniel, Nehemiah, 
( Haggai, Ezra. 

Nehemiah 

Unknown 


550 

580 
450 

450 

440 
425? 


72 

40 

(427 

+ 26) 

2969 

500 

79 

36 


Unknown 


J Compiled by Ezra 

( or by Simon . . . 

Compil'd by Solomon 

Unknown 


4^0 
300 
1000 
400? 
900? 
700 
550 
550 
525 
525 
750 
700 
780 
? 

800 
725 
725 
550 
600 
500 
500 
420 




Unknown 


Isaiah 


Jeremiah 


Jeremiah 


Ezekiel 


Daniel 


Hosea 


Joel 


Amos 


Obadiah 


Jonah 


Micah 


Nahum 


Habakkuk 

Zephaniah 

Hags'ai 


Zechariah 


Malachi 



REMARKS. 



These five are 
^called Pentateuch, 
Greek ior five books. 



"Written long after 
the events narrated. 



Written by David 
73, Asaph 12, Korah 
11, Heman 1 (78th), 
Ethan (89th), Solo- 
mon (72d, i27th), 
Moses (90th), and 
others. 

Dr. Stanley urges 
that there were tAvo 
prophets named Isa- 
iah, and two Zecha- 
riah. 

The age of pro- 
phecy is chiefly in- 
cluded between 800 
and 400, b. c. 

Several prophets, 
as Shem.aiah, Ahijah, 
Elijah, and Elisha, 
left no writings. 



Books of the Apocrypha, of the Old Testament age, in the order given 

IN the Authorized Version. 

1. 1 and 2 Esdras; 2. Tobit; 3. Judith; 4. Esther; 5. Wisdom of Solomon; 6. Wis- 
dom of Jesus, son of Sirach — Ecclesiasticus ; 7. Baruch ; 8. Song of the Three Holy 
Children; 9. History of Susanna; 10. Bel and the Dragon; 11. Prayer of Manasseh; 
12. 1 and 2 Maccabees. The Book of Enoch is accepted by the Abyssinian s. There 
have been also included in the Apocrypha — 3 and 4 Esdras, the Book of Elias the 
Prophet; 3, 4, and 5 Maccabees (now received by the Greek Church) ; the Ascension 
of Isaiah, the Assumption of Moses, and others. 



THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 



13 



Books of the ^N'ew Testament, writtei^- iiq- Greek. 



1. 
2. 
3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 



Matthew 

Mark 

Luke 

John 

Acts 

Eomans 

1 Corinthians . . 

2 Corinthians . . 

Galatians 

Ephesians 

Philippians 

Colossians 

1 Thessalonians, 

2 Thessalonians, 

1 Timothy . . . . . 

2 Timothy 

Titus 

Philemon 

Hebrews 

James 

1 Peter 

2 Peter 

1 John 

2 John 

3 John 

Jude 

Revelation 



CHAP 

28 
16 
24 
21 
28 
16 
16 
13 

6 

6 

4 

4 

5 

3 

6 

4 

3 

1 
13 

5 

5 

3 

5 

1 

1 

1 
22 



WRITTEN BY 

Matthew 

Mark 

Luke 

John 

Luke , 

Paul 



James 
Peter. . 



John 



Judas 
John 



A. D. 

50-60 
63-70 
58-60 

78 

63- 

58 

57 

58 

54 

62 

62 

62 

53 

63 

67 

68 

67 

62 

58 
45-62 
60-67 



78 

78 

78 
60-67 
80-99 



REMARKS. 

Palestine, Aramaic and Greek. 
At Rome, directed by Peter. 
C^sarea, when Paul was there. 
Ephesus. 

Corinth. 

Ephesus. 

Philippi. 

Ephesus. 

Rome. 

Rome. 

Rome. 

Corinth. 

Corinth. 

Macedonia. 

Rome. 

Ephesus. 

Rome. 

Corinth, in Hebrew and Greek. 

Brother of the Lord. 

Babylon. 

Ephesus. 

>■ Addressed to individuals. 

Brother of James, Luke, vi. 16. 
In Patmos. 



Apocryphal Books of the New Testament age. 



Eusebius, in his list of the sacred books, makes a distinction against certain ones 
which were doubtful or heretical ; and which were : 1. The doubtful — Acts of St. 
Paul, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Epistle of Barnabas, Doctrine of the 
Apostles, Gospel to the Hebrews. 2. The heretical — Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Mat- 
thias, and others ; the acts of Andrew, John, Epistle of Clement, and others. 

The oldest version in any language of which there is a record, is the Septuagint, 
written in Greek, at Alexandria, Egypt, B. C. 286-280. The oldest known copy of this 
version is written on thin vellum, contains the whole Bible, and is dated in the 5th 
century : now in the British Museum, and is called the Codex Alexandrinus, 

C K'eTfeTTAHevNeHCA^NioieA.iKON 



•3- 



TTOAxofeTTANec TH c^N exrervi e . 



14 THE HOLY SCKIPTURES. 

The Codex Vaticanus is a manuscript in the Vatican Library, Eome ; contains 
the whole Bible, except a few lost leaves, and belongs to the 4th century. 

The Codex Sinaiticiis was foun(i,in the Convent on Mount Sinai. It belongs to 
the Gth century, but is a copy of one of an earlier date. Besides the 0. and IST. T., it 
has the Gospel and Epistles of Barnabas and the Epistle of Hermas. 

K^l OH O AO rOYH e c. J.^uzZZ^c^^. s^ c 

Fragments of the Gospel are contained in a palimpsest MS. in a library at Wolfen- 

,, n -•^ .-^-v, ./•-;. VI.. n crp-y/^A \> r\ f] ,-;-^}. 
U di:-. :: ; ;f--i;i'--.U M !\ v .-v^X /><:■.. IjU 

buttel, Germany, where the ancient Greek letters have been scraped off, and a modern 
text written over them. 

6jj_BAe-|-zLC^eoiceiTmN^T 

7X)IC TTAPJ.lNOICTOlT'ro 

CODEX DUBLIK. MATT. XIX. 26. 

This specimen is from a copy in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, a pa- 
limpsest, and belongs to the Gth century. ^^^ 

This specimen is dated A. d. 200 (about), and f-~^^^IJXf5f^W^^ 
shows a very neat and clear text, as well as all the ^^-^^ ' ' ^ v > 

others. cp^rffm cl c^^ <^^ ^Mrr^ erf 

The oldest Hebrew MS. known is dated A. D. ^^^zeMj, i^u y^^jz^, i4n^!lG^t> 
489 ; is a roll, and was found in the Karaite Syn- y^ C?7^.£^n^, c^.S. /SS—USSl 
agogue in the Crimea. The specimen given here 

is from a Pentateuch written on a roll of leather, preserved in Odessa, originally 
brought from Derbend, in Daghestan. It was "corrected" in 580, and therefore 
probably written some time before. 



THE HOLT SCRIPT UKES. 



15 






'^^'^^^^^ '^'^^ ^dmf^^Smv mS, J.% S80. (Ma L iv. 6), 

As a specimen of tlie ancient Hebrew letter used about the time that Paul was a 
pupil of Gamaliel, here is a copy from a gravestone in the Crimea, of the year A. D. 6. 
This style of letter is like 
that on the coins of the Mac- 
cabees, B. c. 139, and other 
coins down to A. D. 130, given 
in the chapter on Coins. 

We have records of Ori- 
gen's work, in which he placed 
side by side six different ver- 
sions of each book of the Bible, 
thus forming the most valua- 
ble contribution to the critical 
study of the Scriptures known 
to scholars ; but no specimen 
of his MS. is extant. 

The oldest known MSS. 
in our own, or the Anglo- 
Saxon language, is the Dur- 
ham Bible, dated a. d. 688. 

The oldest ^j>rm^e<i He- 
brew Bible (Old Testament) 

was issued at Soncino, Italy, a. d. 1487, in folio. The Oomplutensian Polyglott was 
published at the expense of Cardinal Ximenes in 1514-1522, in 6 vols, folio, and sold 
at 6^ ducats. The Hebrew 

^ qtioORCk^uvDc eta cLiiu 
ccoocoRoth am uscjue- 



ujitoQ^"3v 






phercrpoi Crimea. j 



This is the &rav6 of 6vk{ 
SOr» OF Isaac, THE priest;hn^ 
HIS REST «£ IN Paradise Hmtf^ 

4T FHf TIME Qf THf OElfVERANCf 

OF Israel, in mt ve4r/<?2 ofouR 

CAPTIVITY' (i.e. A.D. 6^- 



Vulgate, and Greek texts 
of the 0. T. (with a Latin 
translation of the Greek), 
were printed in three paral- 
lel columns; the Targum 
of Onkelos, with a Latin 
translation, in two columns 



below. 

The oldest known version in the Latin language is the Vulgate (current text), 
which was the work of Jerome, A. D. 385-420, while he lived at Bethlehem. Ter- 
tullian (160-245) mentions a Latin version, but there is nothing known of any belong- 
ing to his age. 

The first book printed was the Bible, in Latin ; and the splendid pages of the 
Mazarin Yulgate, printed by Gutenburg and Fust in 1455, at Mainz, are not surpassed 
at this day as specimens of typography. 

It will be interesting to mention some of the early translations in English or 



16 THE HOLT SCRIPTUEES. 

Saxon, tlius giving a clue to the books in which their history may be studied more 
carefully. 

Bede {Hist. Eccles. iv. 24) says that the whole Bible story was made into the 
alliterative measure of Anglo-Saxon poetry, by Caedmon, A. D. 600. The Psalter was 
rendered into Saxon by Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne, in the seventh century ; and 
that he (himself) translated the Gospel of St. John. Alfred the Great published in 
Saxon the chapters of Exodus containing the laws {Life of Alfred, Pauli, c. v.), and 
he "desired that all the freeborn youth of his kingdom should be able to read the 
English Scriptures." 

The Durham Book (a specimen on a preceding page) was written in two lines, 
one Anglo-Saxon and the other the Latin of the Vulgate, including the four Gospels. 
The Eush worth Gloss in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, is of the ninth century. 

The Normans did not favor the work, and had little sympathy for the conquered 
races ; and besides, to them the dialects of the English were uncouth. They did not 
care to educate them in their native language, so instead of books the means used were 
miracle plays and pictures, except for the few who were really educated in the monas- 
teries. Still, there are remains of good work done in these times, three versions of the 
Gospels being now extant of the 11th (and 12th ?) centuries — one each in the University 
Library, Cambridge, the Bodleian, and in the British Museum. The Ormulum was a 
metrical paraphrase in alliterative verse of Gospel history, of the 12th century. 

The religious revival of the 13th century of all Europe, influenced in England the 
making a prose translation of the Bible into Norman French. Ki chard Eolle made 
an English version of the Psalms (with other poems from the Old and New Testaments), 
in 1349. All of these works were made from the Vulgate. 

The great work of the great reformer Wycliflfe (born 1324, died 1384), began in 
a translation of a part of the Apocalypse; and continued in a version of the Gospels, 
with a commentary, in which he says: "So that por Cristen men may some dele know 
the text of the Gospel, with the comyn sentence of olde holie doctores ;" to which was 
added the entire New Testament. The Old Testament was begun by Wycliffe's assist- 
ant, Nicholas de Hereford, but was only carried as far as the middle of Baruch (Vul- 
gate canon). These works were revised by Purvey in 1388 (Forshall and Madden). 
The great labor required and performed in Wyclifle's translation may be appreciated 
from his own account of his method. He gathered many old copies of the Vulgate, 
compared them, made one copy ("oo Latyn Bible sumdel trewe") as free from error 
as possible ; studied glosses, commentaries, examined grammars, counselled with divines 
on " harde wordes," and employed the best assistants in the final correction. The style 
was as homely as possible ; that is, plain and simple English, avoiding the court lan- 
guage and scholarly phrases. This work is believed to have been a great power in 
preparing the way for the Eeformation, which occurred in the 16th century. 

Tyndal devoted his whole life, amid dangers and difficulties, enemies and treach- 
erous friends, in exile and loneliness, that "a boy that driveth a plough" might know 
more of Scripture than the great body of the clergy then knew (a. d. 1520. Foxe's 
Ann. Eng. Bible, i. 36.) He says, "The properties of the Hebrew tongue agreeth a 
thousand times more with English than with the Latine." The gospels of MatthcAV and 
Mark were first published at Cologne in 1525, and were condemned by the Bishop of 
London, and ordered to be burnt ; and also by an Act of Parliament (35 Hen. viii. c. 
1). Tyndal's method was formed on the belief that every part of Scripture had one 
sense, and one only, and he kept the original always in view, avoiding all theological 



THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. 17 

commentaries, aiming to place his readers on a level with those for whom the original 
was written. He is therefore the father of our English Authorized Version, since all 
later versions have only been excellent and popular as they have been based on his 
principles. Tyndal was strangled at Vilvorde, a. d. 1536, by the enemies of the Eng- 
lish Version. 

Coverdale (Zurich, 1535 ?) made an English version of the whole Bible, which 
was favored by Cromwell, but was condemned by the king of England. Tyndal made 
his work the object of his life. Coverdale, in his own words, " sought it not, neither 
desired it, but accepted it as a task." In 1537, Matthevr, who is believed to be the 
same as the martyr John Rogers, edited a large folio Bible, and dedicated it to the 
king (Henry VIII.), which was a reprint of Tyndal's, with some readings from Cov- 
erdale's. Cranmer approved it, and Lord Cromwell, at the request of Archbishop 
Cranmer, obtained the royal license, and by proclamation a copy was ordered to be set 
up in every church, being the first Authorized Version (begun by the publisher Poyntz, 
in Antwerp, and finished by Grafton and Whitechurch, London, 1537). An edition 
begun in Paris (1538) was stopped by the Inquisition, and finished in London (1539), 
by Coverdale. Matthew's edition was corrected by Taverner in 1539, in folio. 

Cranmer sanctioned an edition in 1540, which was a fine folio, with an engraved 
title-page (the king presenting the Bible to the bishops, and the bishops to the people), 
and it was the authorized version until 1568. 

The G-eneva Bible was a continuation of the experiment of Sir John Chekie, by 
Whittingham, Goodman, Pullain, and others, and aimed to give purer English than 
any former work. It was printed in 1560, and remained popular for about 60 years. 
A patent was given for this version to Bodeleigh for its text in Eoman letters, and its 
division into chapters and verses. After 1578, a Bible Dictionary was bound with it. 
The Puritans adopted it. This work first omitted the Apocrypha. 

The Douay version was begun at Eheims by printing the New Testament in 
1582, edited by Gregory Martin, a Greek scholar and graduate of Cambridge, and com- 
pleted at Douay, where the Old Testament was brought out in 1609; making 3 vols, 
quarto, with notes. 

Forty-seven persons, specially selected, began the King James version in 1606, 
and published it in 1611. Every year makes us better acquainted with the simplicity, 
energy, and purity of its style, and remarkable fidelity to the originals. Since it was 
made, travel in Bible Lands by men well qualified by proper study, and the criticism 
of able scholars, have added many volumes to sacred literature which help us to a 
clearer understanding of the meaning of the original. 

Erom this short history of the Bible as a written and printed book, it will be seen 
that, from the earliest time to the present, great care has been given to keeping the 
text whole, pure, and free from additions, as Josephus says of his day (quoted above). 

The table of Alphabets shows the style of letters from the most ancient, the 
Phoenician, down through some of its successors, the ancient Greek, ancient Hebrew, 
Aramaic, Hymyarite, &c. 

The specimen of Cuneiform {wedge form) writing in the corner of the page of 
alphabets, is from the sculptured rocks at Nahr el Kelb (Dog River), north of Beirut. 

The divisions into chapters and verses, now so useful for reference and study, is a 
modern invention, the present form dating from A. D. 1560 (English Bible of Geneva). 
The Old Testament, or the Law, was divided, for use in the synagogues, into 54 sec- 
tions (parshioth). one for each Sabbath of the Jewish year. 

1 



GEOLOGY. 



Palestine is diyided into four natural divisions, of Plain, Hill Country, Jordan 
Valley, and Mountains, each reaching from !N'orth to South, and distinct in physical 
structure and political history ; and a careful study of these features gives the best key 
to the clear understanding of the text of the Scriptures. 

1. The Plains are on the shore of the Great Sea, or next to it, narrow at the north 
and widening southward, and elevated from one to 500 feet, — sandy, rolling surface, 
with few forest-trees, but many orchards of fruit-trees, besides vines and shrubs, and 
watered by brooks, rivers, and fountains. The Plain of Esdraelon cuts the country 
into two sections — -Galilee on the north, and Samaria and Judaea on the south. 

The sand from the sea is gaining slowly but surely on the plain, from Beirut all 
along the coast to Gaza, covering up every green thing, except where it is fenced off 
by a close row of trees. The building materials were mostly of brick, and there are 
but few remains of stone, hewn blocks, and columns. 

There are no safe harbors on the coast, and but a few, such as they are, at Jebail, 
Beirut, Acre, Joppa. The harbor of Caasarea-Palestina, where Paul shipped for Eome, 
is filled up with sand, and those also at Ascalon and Gaza. 

The Hill Country, or high land, on both sides of the Jordan, is elevated from 1,000 
to 4,000 feet, with few high peaks and many deep ravines, with winter torrents, many 
fountains, wells, and has only one or two rivers, Kishon and Leontes. 

The breadth of the district of Galilee is about twenty miles, and the country 
generally undulating, with plains, and a few mountain peaks, as Safed, Jermuk 
(4,000), Hattin, and the height N. W. of Nazareth, which are rugged, sharp ridges, and 
are covered scantily with forests of oak, terebinth, thorns, besides fruit-trees and a 
profuse carpet of flowers. The dews of Hermon, and its cool breezes, preserve the vege- 
tation in beautiful freshness and great abundance, far above the southern districts 
of Samaria and Judaea. Fountains are numerous, the brooks nearly all perennial, 
scarcely ever dry. 

Carmel rises from the sea, south of Esdraelon, 1,800 feet high, 12 miles long, and 
is joined to the hills of Samaria and the mountains of Ephraim, which are 40 miles 
long, and extend from the Jordan valley to the plain of Sharon. The hill-tops are 
rounder than those of Galilee, and are about as well wooded with similar trees. The 
valleys or plains most noted are Mukhna, at Shechem, 6 miles long by one wide; 
Sanur, 2 miles ; Kubatiyeh 2^: ; and Dothan 2^: miles. 



GEOLOGY. 19 

The valleys along the water-courses are fertile, though wild and rugged, luxuriant 
with pastures and orchards and groves of olives, and producing an abundance of 
excellent grain. 

At Shiloh, as you go south, the country changes, and there are no little plains in 
Benjamin or Judah. The hills are steeper, and soil poorer and thinner, everywhere 
lying on gray limestone, which often crops out; and the hillsides are generally terraced 
from bottom to top. The forests are few, shrubs many, and the whole country bleak 
and desolate in the hot season. Orchards, vineyards, and grain are cultivated. In the 
rainy season the country is beautiful with its grass, leaves, and especially its profusion 
of white and scarlet flowers. Fountains are rare, wells not very plenty, and there are 
no permanent brooks. 

The country south of Beersheba is called Negeb in the Bible, and is formed of 
wide, rolling downs, bare and desolate, green in winter, but bare in summer, affording 
pasturage but not grain crops. 

The mountain ranges of Palestine are Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, with their 
continuations south, on both sides of the Jordan, ended at Idumea. Both ranges 
have their highest peaks north of the promised land, and on each side of the Leontes 
river. Lebanon extends from the river Eleutherus to the river Kishon in Esdraelon : 
Anti-Lebanon from the Lake Huleh to the plain of Hamath. Coele-Syria lies between 
the two ranges, the whole length being about 110 miles. 

The highest peaks of Lebanon are Dhor el Khodib (10,051 ft.), Sunnin (8,500), Ke- 
niseh (6,824), and Tomat Niha (ttvin peahs, 6,500). See maps for position. The highest 
peak of Anti-Lebanon is Mt, Hermon (Jebel Sheikh, 10,000) ; the range from that 
north as far as the Barada ( Wady el Kurn) averages 4,500 feet, and north of that 
river, at Zebedany, the height is 7,000, which is the average as far as a little beyond 
Baalbek. The branch range running northeast of Damascus, toward Palmyra, aver- 
ages 3,000 feet. 

The great masses of both ranges are limestone, having few fossils. Xear Damas- 
cus the rocks are bare, chalky, and desolate, — in dismal contrast to the deep green of 
the beautiful plain below them. The strata is bent ; now almost perpendicular, and 
again tilted over, exposing veins and masses of trap. 

Over the limestone there is a white cretaceous deposit, full of fossils, flints, am- 
monites, echinites (especially the cidaris, called petrified olives), fish (near Gebal), and 
others. This deposit extends along the western slopes of Lebanon, and the eastern 
slopes of Anti-Lebanon are almost entirely formed of them. Geodes of chalcedony, 
in size from an ounce to a hundred pounds, are found in Galilee, besides jasper and 
agate (Land and Book, i. 437). Soft, friable sandstone is found in extensive beds in 
both ranges. Coal appears not far east of Beirut, but in thin veins and poor quality. 
There is iron in the central and south ranges of Lebanon, and copper mines are men- 
tioned by Eusebius (viii. 15, 17), where the Christians were condemned to work. 
Moses knew of both iron and copper in Lebanon (Deut. viii. 9, xxxiii. 25). 

The crystalline limestone of the west side of Jordan, from Lebanon to Hebron, is 
colored, from a creamy white to a reddish buff; and the darker sort is streaked with 
dull orange, and takes a fine polish. The great quarry, now called Cotton Megara, 
under the northeast corner of Jerusalem, furnishes both kinds of stone which have 
been used in the city in ancient and modern times, and especially about the Temple 
area. The white can be sawed into blocks of any size, being almost as soft as chalk, 
but hardens after exposure. There are many caverns in this stratum, among which 



20 GEOLOGY. 

are those of AduUam. (visited by David), of Ibn Maan (mentioned as robbers^ 
dens by Josephus), and others on the Dog river (Lyons), vrhere there are three 
immense caves, each pouring out great volumes of water (L. and B., i. 60), and the 
great fountain-cave at Paneas, the lower source of the Jordan* besides many others, 
used for dwellings, storehouses, and hiding-places, both anciently and now. 

Chalk is found in many places above the limestone, as on the western side of the 
Dead Sea, where it is full of flints, on Carmel and on Olivet. 

The lower stratum is sandstone, in two series; one dusky, twisted, cavernous, and 
colored with iron ; the other dark gray, compact, bearing fossils, and which is the sub- 
stratum of the whole region east and west of Jordan. 

Earthquakes have been frequent in all ages in Palestine, and their ravages may 
be traced at Aleppo (1616, 1812), Antioch (1737), Laodicea, Beirut, Sidon, Tyre, Safed, 
and Tiberias (1837). One is mentioned in the time of King Uzziah (Zech. xiv. 5) : 
another in 31 B. c, when a great part of Jerusalem was destroyed and 10,000 persons 
killed. Josephus speaks of one about the time of the crucifixion (Ant. ix. 10, 4), when 
a large rock fell from Olivet. 

The principal sources of lava streams on the east of Jordan were at Lake Phiala, 
on Hermon (which is an extinct crater, now full of water), and at Tell Abu Tumeis, 
Kuleib, and El Hish on Jebel Hauran. From these centres streams flowed over the 
whole district bounded by the Pharpar on the north, Jorda^n to the west, and the Yarmiik 
on the south. The Hieromax was once dammed up by the stream from Phiala, and 
made a new channel through the limestone beside the black rock. There are many 
conical and cup-shaped hills in the Hauran which have been active volcanoes. Lava 
and basalt can be traced over the highest summits of Jebel Hauran, but has not been 
followed eastward. 

The hard, black basalt forms the entire district of the Lejah, lifting it from 30 to 
100 feet above the surrounding plain of the Hauran, lying in long ragged ridges, or 
ploughed into deep gorges, everywhere full of air bubbles, and containing many caves, 
which have been used as dwellings from the most ancient times (Ant. xv. 10, 1). 
There are several extinct craters in this district. 

On the west side of Jordan basalt underlies the whole of Esdraelon, and extends 
through the district bounded by Delata on the north, Tiberias on the east. Tabor on 
the south, and Turan and Sefurieh on the west. 

Of two centres of ernption of this volcanic rock, Kurn Hattin is near the most 
ancient; the stream, of dark, iron -gray, solid and massive basalt, having run toward 
the lake of Galilee, forming cliffs behind Tiberias of great thickness, overlaying lime- 
stone ; and the other, the more recent, porous, dark-brown, or reddish-gray lava, near 
Safed, where there are three craters — at El Jish, Taiteba, and Delata. 

From Hermon to Abarim, the formation is of similar materials to that on the west 
side of Jordan, except that the chalk is of not so recent a deposit, and is capped with 
a soft, friable sandstone, without fossils, on the east of Ajlun. Perennial streams are 
very few ; cisterns and aqueducts being necessary, as at Shuba (five miles long), and 
at Dera (20 miles), and labyrinths of cisterns are to be seen at Edrei and Damah, and 
single cisterns (some very large and arched over) arc found everywhere. 

The Abarim mountains, east of the Dead Sea, are different in composition from 
those on the west side ; and are of sandstone, capped with a chalk deposit, bearing fos- 
sils. The red sandstone of Edom appears at Kerak. Both sandstone and limestone 
are of many varieties, differing in color and composition, and are of a much earlier 



GEOLOGY. 21 

age than any on the west side of Jordan. At Zurka Main and at Wady Mojib they 
form cliffs 400 feet high. 

The whole region from Hermon to Kerak is of limestone, elevated 1000 feet above 
the opposite districts on the west of Jordan, showing, from Galilee or Samaria or 
Judea, a uniform high wall, with a few peaks: such as Osha, near Es Salt (5,000 ft.) ; 
Nebo, near Heshbon (4,600); Attarus (4,000); and Shihan, south of the Arnon (3,500). 

The most remarkable feature of Palestine is the valley of the Jordan, which ex- 
tends, like a deep ditch, from the foot of Hermon south to the Dead Sea, where it is 
at its lowest depth ; and continues on in the valley of the Arabah to the Eed Sea at 
Akabah. It is quite uniform in width, being about ten miles, everywhere below the 
ocean level, and deepest at the Dead Sea, where the sea surface averages 1312 feet 
b.elow, rising and falling with the rainy or dry season. (The depth below the sea at dif- 
ferent points is marked on the map.) Tertiary and alluvial beds are found in the valley, 
along the whole course of the river ; and in the Dead Sea basin, around the mouths of 
the streams, and in some places along the shore. There are two terraces of chalky 
marl; the upper extending across from side to side, between the mountains, and the 
lower sunk 50 to 150 feet below the upper, forming a ditch in which the river has 
worn still a lower channel of ten to twenty feet. 

The appearance of the whole is that of a plain worn into rounded knolls, by water 
from the upper regions of Samaria and Gilead, and these are arranged with some regu- 
larity on each edge of the terraces. 

The strata exposed in the water- worn torrent beds are limestone, rolled boulders, 
pebbles of flinty sandstone, tufas, marl, chalky deposits, or pure chalk, conglomerates, 
sand, gravel, clay, and detritus. The lower terrace is luxuriant in vegetation, produ- 
cing a great variety of trees, plants, flowers, and grasses. South of Masada these knolls 
ire left by the elements in tall conical pinnacles, suggesting works of art. 

Bitumen is drawn up from wells 180 feet deep near Hasbeiya, on the Upper Jor- 
dan ; and masses are found along the shore, in which pebbles of all kinds are thickly 
embedded. It is also found floating on the bay south of Lisan, where it is supposed 
to rise from the bottom, after earthquakes, which are frequent in that region. Bitu- 
minous shales, and springs impregnated with bitumen, occur in the wadys all around 
the sea (B. J. iv. 8, 4 ; Tristram, Land of Israel). 

Sulphur is found in the plain of Jericho, and nearly all around the Dead Sea ; and 
it appears in the hot springs of Callirhoe (Herod's resort), and at Tiberias; besides, in 
many small springs on the west shore of the sea. 

Small quantities of nitre are picked up here and there. 

Eock-salt forms a mountain at Khasm Usdum (Nose of Sodom), at the S. W. 
corner of the Dead Sea, 7 miles long north and south, and from one to one and a half 
miles wide, and 300 to 400 feet high, capped with marl 20 to 50 feet thick. Between 
Aleppo and Balis there is a salt lake and marsh 13 miles long by 4 wide. 

The shores of the Dead Sea are on all sides cut down, through crystalline rocks, 
into ravines from 600 to 1200 feet, showing traces of extinct waterfalls and other 
evidences of a remote antiquity. At Wady Derejeh there may be counted 8 gravel 
terraces, marking different beaches, one above another, the highest being 44 feet above 
the present level {Tristram, 1864). The Dead Sea in the tertiary period must have 
been much more extensive north and south (but never connected with either the Medi- 
terranean or the Eed Sea) ; and probably the surface was 350 feet higher than it is 
now, as we may learn from deposits of chalky marl all around the shores at that height, 



22 ^ GEOLOGY. 

wherever the rocks are not too steep to hold it. An exception to this general height 
is found at Wady Hasasah, where the chalky terrace is heaped up 540 feet. This 
height would extend the water north beyond Jericho, and south to the Akrabbim 
range. But no change of this kind has happened within the historic period. At a 
height of about 1200 feet above the present water-level there are terraces in the old 
secondary limestone, marking about the level of the ocean (100 feet lower). The lower 
slopes of the western shore are fringed with a broad belt of white, chalky marl, similar 
to that of the Jordan valley. 

The Arabah is a continuation of the Jordan valley, but is distinct in its character 
and products (See Arabah). 

The Peninsula of Sinai is formed of limestone, from the south end of the Dead 
Sea to the plain of Er Eamleh. This plain is of red sandstone, like that in Egypt.; 
and south of that the rock is granite to the Cape Ras Mohammed, at the junction 
of the two arms of the Eed Sea. (See Sinai.) 

The shore of the Mediterranean is bordered by a low sandy plain, grassy where 
watered, which extends, in the Wady El Arish and its branches, far inland, and is full 
of hills and shifting sand. The only really barren waste, like the Nefood, or the 
Dahna (Red waste), of Arabia, occurs only here and there, where the springs have 
dried up from the loss of trees, and sand has been brought by the winds. Above the 
plain rise low table-lands, covered with a hard, white soil, which on the more elevated 
plateaus is displaced in places by gravel. Everywhere there are dry, treeless water- 
courses, green with herbage in the rainy season, furnishing good pasture but no tillage. 
The highest plateau is covered with a light, rich soil, with a few springs and wells, and 
brooks which are permanent for a mile or two only, where there are trees and plants. 
The remains of large trunks of trees scattered over this region indicate a more copious 
rain-fall, and the existence of groves, if not of forests, in some past age. Evidences of 
a former state of cultivation are found in stone walls all over the district ; and wher- 
ever there is water, flowers, herbs, grasses, and groves of acacia, tamarisk and other 
trees. This region is now capable of supporting immense flocks and herds, and under 
more favorable conditions of forest and rain, might have given support to the tribes 
of Israel for ages, independent of any miraculous supply. 

The great wall of Jebel et Tih borders this region on the southwest and south- 
east, and separates it from the plain of Er Ramleh, south of which is the peninsula of 
Sinai. 

This peninsula is formed of granite, with dykes of porphyry and greenstone. 
There are three groups of mountain peaks, Serbal on the west, Sinai in the centre, and 
Katerin and Shomer south of Sinai, all nearly bare of foliage, but peculiarly beautiful 
in colors the most diversified. As the sun rises or descends the colors pass through 
all shades of purple, lilac, maroon, crimson, golden yellow, and at noonday almost 
pure white. (See Sinai.) 

Edom, east of the Arabah, is chiefly composed of red sandstone, from which it was 
named (Edom, red)^ from the earliest time. The mountains appear red at a great dis- 
tance ; and nearer, most beautiful tints of crimson purple ; and in a setting sunlight, 
rose-color, with golden touches, illuminated and contrasted with the deep sombre tones 
of the bottomless clefts and gorges. 

But little is known of the country far east of Petra, as it has been supposed that 
there is nothing to attract the traveller or the historian. Farther south, through the 
Jowf, Shomer, Kaseem, Nejed, and Hasa, Palgrave recently travelled, adding much to 



GEOLOGY. 23 

our knowledge of interior Arabia. Here the real desert is found of several days' journey 
in extent across, a wild red waste of burning-hot sand-hills, with no path or shelter 
from the hot sun, the scorching sirocco or camsin. The names of countries and 
people mentioned by Job are supposed to be preserved in this region, which may yet 
be proved to be the land of Uz. 

Egypt is walled in on both sides by high, rocky, sandy deserts. Limestone pre- 
vails as far south as Thebes, where sandstone begins. The first cataract, the southern 
limit of Egypt, is formed by granite, which is pushed up through the sandstone, in the 
bed of the Nile, dividing it into several channels. The valley of the Nile is narrow, 
nowhere more than 12 miles wide, except at the Delta, which is a broad, level plain. 

Quarries near the river furnish limestone, sandstone, granite ; and other quarries 
east of Thebes, basalt, breccia, and porphyry. 

Egypt is generally without timber, the only groves being of date-palms, acacia, 
figs (sycamore) ; mulberry and banana trees are cultivated for their fruit, and weeping- 
willow, myrtle, elm, and cypress for their shade and beauty, while the tamarisk grows 
wild everywhere. Grapes grow in lower Egypt (Feiyoom), trained on trellises forming 
avenues. 

The Delta was once full of reeds (papyrus), and other plants, along the water- 
courses, which have been destroyed by the rise of the land, from the sediment of the 
annual overflow of the Nile, and from neglect. (The papyrus grows now in the lake 
Huleh, reaching a height of 16 feet, and is only found besides in Abyssinia or in India.) 
The salt lakes and marshes, bordering the sea, and the barren sand-hills among them, 
form a dreary, desolate prospect ; but the change to fertile soil and every luxuriance of 
vegetation is a matter of only a few steps. 

The mountains in the desert are low near the Nile valley, but rise in the interior, 
where one is mentioned 6,000 feet high. 

The height and position of mountains may be seen on the several maps. 

Soil and productions are mentioned incidentally in various articles through the 
work, which may be examined under their proper titles. 

We have passed in review an extraordinary variety of geography, natural appear- 
ances, and climate, within the limits of a small country, which is guarded by the des- 
ert and the sea on either side, and favored by a variety of temperature from the eternal 
snows of Hermon and Lebanon to the tropics of the Jordan. This variety is reflected 
in the poetry of the Bible, which has been the delight and support of the mind and 
soul in all regions of the world. 

Climate. There is no country in the world which has such a variety of climate 
and temperature, within the same limits, as Palestine. On Mts. Hermon and Lebanon 
there is perpetual snow; and at Jericho, only 60 or 80 miles distant, there is tropical 
heat. The hills of Bashan, Gilead, Galilee, Samaria, and Judea, are the home of forests, 
vines, fig-trees, and all kinds of fruits and vegetables ; and the plains produce bananas, 
oranges, &c. From Jerusalem to Jericho in a direct line is about 15 miles. At one 
place snow and ice sometimes are seen in the winter, but at the other frost is never 
knoAvn. Frost is also unknown in the plains of Sharon and Philistia. The tempera- 
ture at Engedi is as high as that of Thebes, in Egypt. Palms grow as far north as 
Beirut, and bear fruit also at Damascus in sheltered positions. The greatest heat on 
the hills of Judea, Hebron, and Jerusalem, is seldom above 90° Fahrenheit, and the 
cold only once so low as 28° in five years {Barclay). Damascus is cooler, the highest 
degree being 88°, and the lowest 29°. 



24 



GEOLOGY. 



Months. 


JERUSALEM. 




Degrees. 


Kain-faU. 
Inches. 


Damascus. 


Beirut. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


49.4 
54.4 

55.7 
61.4 

73.8 

75.2 

79.1 

79.3 

77. 

74.2 

63.8 

54.5 


13 

16 
8 
2 
1 

2 

2 
12 


47 
53 
55 

57 
73 

78 
86 
81 

79 
72 
62 
45 


58 

61 

62 
63 

72 
75 
82 
82 
80 
80 

54 


Annual, 
Others, 


66.5 
62. 


56 


67 


69 



Table of Mean" Monthly Temperature, Rain-fall, Products, etc. 

Highest in Judea 90°, shade at noon ; lowest 
28°, night. 

Damascus 88°, noon ; 29°, night ; winter. 

On Lebanon, Shumlan, highest 82°, in Aug. 

In Gennesaret, 450 ft. above the sea, from 
March 17 to April 5~average, 63°; and 73° 
from 8 A. M. to 8 P. M. In May 78°, and day 
only 83°. 

Dead Sea shore, 42°; average, night 47°, 
day 67°, in Jan. In April 105°, in the shade. 

The Arabs leave for the higli lands in the hot 
months, June to Sept. 

Beersheba, Feb., night 31°, noon 72° ; in 
summer, 65° night, and 90° day, highest range. 

Nablus is sheltered and warmer than Jeru- 
salem; and Nazareth also. 

Only two seasons are counted in the Bible, although there may be six made out 
by carefully dividing the year into — 1. Seed-time, October to December. 2. Winter, 
December to February. 3. Cold, February to April. 4. Harvest, April to June. 
5. Heat, June to August. 6. Summer, August to October. But this is an arbitrary 
division of the rabbins. Seed-time actually extends from October to Jan., and harvest 
begins in the Jordan valley in March, in Judea a month later, and in Lebanon in 
June. 

. The various fruits, grain, vegetables, flowers, &c., common to each month are 
shown in the following table. It should be noted that only a few of the fruits, &c., of 
Palestine are mentioned in the Bible, probably because the botany of Solomon has been 
lost. 

January. Last sowing of wheat and barley. Last roasting ears of corn (the 3d 
crop of the year!). Trees in leaf Almond blossoms, apricot, peach, plum, beans. 
Winter figs still on the trees. Cauliflowers, cabbages, oranges, lemons, limes, citrons. 
Mandrake in bloom ; wormwood also. New leaves on the olive-trees. Fire is needed 
in the house. Many flowers. 

February. Barley may be sown. Beans, onions, carrots, beets, radishes, &c. 
Oranges, &c. Apple-trees in bloom. Flowers in the fields abundant. 

March. Beans and peas in the market. Trees in full leaf. Barley ripe at 
Jericho. Fig-tree blossoms while the winter fig is still on. First clusters of grapes. 
Pear-trees, apple, palm, and buckthorn in bloom. Sage, thyme, mint, &c. Carob 
pods ripe. Celery. Rue, parsley, hyssop, leeks, onions, garlic, &c. Flowers carpet 
the fields. 

April. Barley and wheat harvest. Sugar-cane set. Beans, &c., lettuce, cucum- 
bers ; lavender, rosemary, mulberries. Oleander blossoms ; also rose of Sharon. GTeat 
variety of flowers. Early ears of corn. Apricots. 

May. Harvest in the plains and on the hills. Almonds, apples, mandrakes, and 
many vegetables. Grass begins to wither for want of rain. Melons of all kinds, onions, 
cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes, corn. Walnuts, blackberries, sycamore and mulberry 
figs. 



GEOLOGY. 



25 



June. Threshing grain. Figs, cherries, plums, cedar berries, olives, almonds, 
quinces, plantain fruit, bananas, grapes, liquorice plant, dandelion, egg-plant, doum 
palm fruit. Henna (for dyeing the hands) and roses gathered. 

July. Pears, nectarines, peaches, grapes, melons, potatoes, tomatoes, egg-plant, 
Indian figs, prickly pear (cactus fruit), gourds. Millet, doura, linseed, tobacco. 
Grapes. 

August. All fruits and vegetables before named, and also citrons, pomegranates. 
Olives now perfect. Grapes. The fruit month. 

September. Every fruit and vegetable still to be had. Cotton and hemp mature. 
Millet, doura, maize, lentils, chick-peas, lupines, beans, fenugreek, fennel, castor-oil 
plant. Grapes. 

October. Sesame (for lamp oil) ripe. Wheat and barley may be sown. Vege- 
tables planted. Olives yield the last berries. Pomegranates, pistachio nuts. Lettuce, 
radishes, and other vegetables. Cotton fully mature. Fig-leaves fall. Ploughing. 

November. Principal sowing of wheat and barley. Trees lose their leaves. 
Early dates. Very feAV olives. Grapes, which are now trodden in the press, for wine, 
vinegar, and for boiling down into dihs (molasses of grapes). Ploughing. 

December. Grass abundant. Wheat and barley may still be sown, and also 
pulse. Sugar-cane. Cauliflowers, cabbage, radishes, lettuce, lentils. Ploughing. 

This calendar is true mainly of Jerusalem and the hill country, and some weeks' 
allowance must be made for the higher temperature of the Jordan valley, and the 
plains by the Mediterranean Sea. 



^"^^ 




SrHYNX AND THE GKEAT rVRAMlD. JIZEH. 




PYRAMIDS OF JIZKH. 



CHRONOLOGY. 



The Chronology of the Bible is that of the Jews and their ancestors, from the 
earliest records to the end of the writing of the New Testament. 

Since the Bible is not a complete history of the whole time it represents, nor of 
the whole world, it must not be expected to have a continuous chronology. 

Designed alterations by bad men and careless copying have changed many points, 
and have made it necessary to exercise the greatest care in determining and correcting 
the errors. 

The Jews were not a mathematical people, or scientific in any respect, and com- 
puted the year by observation only. The Egyptians and Chaldees were far in advance 
of the Hebrews in science, and attained to a high standard of mathematical knowl- 
edge and chronological computation. 

The observation of the moon was the basis of the year's reckoning. Messengers 
were stationed on the heights around Jerusalem, on the 30th day of the month, to 
announce the appearance of the new moon, who reported to the Sanhedrin. This 
custom, among the Jews, was older than Moses, as appears in the regulation of it in 
Num. xxviii. 11. 

The year was made of twelve moons ; and every fourth or fifth year a month was 
added at the end of the year, after the month Adar, called Veadar, Second Adar. The 
sacred year began with the month Nisan, in which Moses brought Israel out of Egypt 
(Ex. xii. 2 ; Esther, iii. 7). The civil year began as now, with the month Tisliri, which 
was supposed to be the month of the creation. 



CHRONOLOGY. 27 

Chaet or Months, Feasts, etc. 

Modern. Sacred No. Months. Civil No. Festivals. 

April 1 Nisan or Abib. . 7 Passover, 15. 

May 2 lyar-Zif 8 2d Passover, 14. 

June 3 Sivan 9 Pentecost, 6. 

July 4 Tammuz 10. . . .4tli mo., 17. 

August 5 Ab 11 ... . Temple taken by Chaldees, 9. 

c, , 1 n 1^1 1 1 o f Nehemiah dedicated the walls, 7 

S«Pte°il^« 6 Elul 12 . . -j wooa-offerings, 21. 

^ , -, „ m- 1, • 1 i Trumpets, 1. Atonement, 10. 

0<=tober 7 Tishri 1 ■ • ] TaberLoles, 15. 

l^ovember 8 Marcliesvan .... 2 . . . . Fast, 19. 

December 9 Ohislev 3 . . . . Dedication, 25. 

T -.A rn -u i 1 A \ Feast of 10th mo., 8. 

J''""'''-y 10 -^'^^'^t'^ ^ • • -I Sie^e of Jerusalem, 10. 

February 11 Shebat 5 Beginning of vear of trees, 15. 

March 12 Adar 6. . . .2d Temple, 3 ; Purim, 14, 15. 

The year Avas also dated from the king's reign, as in Esther, Chronicles, 
Kings, etc.; from the building of King Solomon's temple; and from the begin- 
ning of the Babylonish captivity. 

The week was of seven days, ending with the Sabbath. 

The Egyptians and Greeks divided the month into periods of ten days, called 
decades. 

The day was divided into night and day: thus in Genesis i. 5, "the evening and 
the morning were the first day." The evening began at sunset, the morning at sun- 
rise. There were four divisions of the day in common use — evening, morning, double 
light (noon), and half night (midnight). The night was divided into watches, the 
first and the second. A middle watch is mentioned once in Judg. vii. 19 ; and the 
morning watch in Ex. xiv. 24 and 1 Sam. xi. 11. Four night-watches were adofjted 
from the Eomans in later times (Mark viii. 35). 

The day and the night were divided into 12 hours each (Dan. iv. 19, 33). 
The Egyptians divided the day and night into hours from about 1200 B. c. The 
division into 24 hours was unknown before the 4th century b. C. The most common 
usage w^as to divide the day by the position of the sun, as the Arabs do now. The 
length of the day was longer in summer than in winter, and the hour longer in 
proportion. 

There Avere many contrivances for measuring time, such as dials, gnomons, 
and clepsydrae, Avhich had long been known by other nations. 

The day Avas divided into four parts only for the Temple service (Acts ii. 15, 
iii. 1, X. 9). 

The Sabbath (a day of rest), at the end of the Aveek, was kept up by the patri- 
archs, and continued by the law of Moses, as a memorial of the deliverance from 
Egypt (Deut. v.), and Avas a day of joy and rejoicing. The morning and evening 
" sacrifice in the Temple Avere doubled, the shcAV-bread changed for fresh, the laAV Avas 
publicly read and expounded; and this custom, simple at first, finally developed into 
the grand ceremonials of the Synagogue, especially under Ezra, after the return from 
Babylon. 

The resurrection of our Lord Jesus, the Christ, occurred on the first day of the 
week (John xx.), and several of his appearances to his friends and disciples happening 



28 CHROJS^OLOGY. 

on that day also, tlie day of Pentecost in that year fell on that day, when the miracu- 
lous gift of tongues prepared the apostles for their peculiar work, among all nations ; 
therefore it was adopted as the day for stated meetings of the believers, and called the 
Lord's day. The seventh day, the seventh month, the seventh year, and the Year 
of Jubilee (the 49th or 50th), were sacred, and had their festivals and privileges. 
The seventh month contained the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement, 
and the Feast of Tabernacles (which was the most joyful of all the Hebrew festi- 
vals), and the opening of the New Year. 

On the seventh year the land was to rest (Ex. xxiii. 10), in which no field was to 
be tilled nor vineyard dressed, nor even grain gathered that had sowed itself, nor 
grapes plucked. All debts were released. 

The Sabbatical year completed the Sabbatical scale. It began on the seventh 
month, and was marked by high and holy occupation, connected with sacred reflection 
and sentiment, and was completed in the Year of Jubilee. It is not certain whether 
the year of jubilee was the 49 th or 50th year. It was to begin on the tenth day of the 
seventh month, at the sound of a horn (trumpet) all through the land (Lev. xxv.). 
The laws respecting this year were: 1. Rest for the soil; 2. Restoration of land to its 
original owner ; 3. Freedom to all slaves, whether by poverty or other causes. A notable 
instance of the release from debt is recorded in Nehemiah v., after the captivity, when 
the people were rebuilding the walls. 

There were several eras used in reckoning, by writers, and as national customs. 
1. The Exodus (1 Ki. vi. 1 ; Num. xxxiii. 38), counting from the first starting out of 
Egypt. 2. The foundation of King Solomon's Temple. 3. The captivity of Jehoiachin 
(Ezek. i. 2, xxix. 1; 2 Ki. xxv. 27 ; Jer. lii. 31). 4. The return from the captivity of 
Babylon (Ez. iii. 1, 8). 5. The era of the Seleucidas. 6. The year of liberation under 
Simon Maccabseus, marked by coins (1 Mace. xiii. 41). And the years of the reign of 
each king in his own time, reckoned from the beginning of the new year next after 
his accession. 

The original records are so few, and so indefinite, that it is difficult to fix on the 
precise date of any event, either in the Old or the New Testament. The Bible does 
not give a connected chronology from Adam down, nor from Noah, nor eveji from 
Abraham; nor is there any apparent purpose or system of dates that Ave can find. At 
one time it was expected that a better acquaintance with the originals would disclose 
a perfect system of chronology, giving periods, years, months, and even days ; but such 
close study has unexpectedly shown us that the Bible treats of men and character, and 
God's dealing with man, and of certain distinct and separate periods of time only as 
were occupied in the passing events recorded. 

The people of the East, and the Arabs of the desert in particular, have never been 
mathematical, founding their chronology on astronomy; but have from the first 
regulated their calendar by observation only. Since they did not have the exact 
machinery of our modern clocks for determining the precise times of the sun's, moon's, 
or stars' rising and setting, eclipses, &c. (which are the foundation of our most exact 
calculations), they never could have had more than a moderate degree of accuracy in 
their observations. The new moon would be expected on a certain day, and the 
precise moment of its appearance would depend on the place of observation, on a hill 
or in a valley, and the careful watch and good eyesight of the sentinel. 

The true figures of the original Hebrew chronology are very obscure in many 
instances, because there are three different versions — the Hebrew, the Samaritan, and 
the Septuagint — each of which gives a different series of figures for the ages of the 
patriarchs, as shown in the following 



CHROl^OLOGY. 



29 







Table of the Ages 


OF THE Patriarchs. 








Age of each when 
the next was bom. 


Years each lived 
after. 


Whole life of each. 


Date 
B. c. 


From 
Adam. 


Name. 


Heb. 


Sam, 


Sept. 


Heb. 


Sam. : Sept. 


Heb. 


Sam. 


Sept. 


4004 





Adam 


130 130 


230 


800 


800 1 700 


930 


930 


930 


8874 


130 
235 


Seth 


105 

90 


105 
90 


205 
190 


807 
815 


807 
815 


707 
715 


912 

905 


912 
905 


919 


3769 


Enos 


905 


3679 


325 


Cainaii 


70 


70 


170 


840 


840 


740 


910 


910 


910 


3609 


395 


Mahalaleel . . . 


65 


65 


165 


830 


830 


730 


895 


895 


895 


3544 


460 


Jared 


162 


62 


162 


785 


785 


800 


962 


962 


847 


3382 


622 


Enoch 


65 


65 


165 


300 


300 


200 


365 


365 


365 


3317 


687 


Methuselah . . . 


187 


67 


187 


782 


653 


782 


969 


720 


969 


3130 


874 


Lamech 


182 


53 


188 


595 


600 


565 


777 


653 


753 


2948 


1056 


Noah , . 


502 


502 


502 


448 


448 


448 


950 


950 


950 


2446 


1558 
1656 


Shem 

Flood 


100 


100 


100 


500 


500 


500 


600 


600 


600 


2348 


1656 


1307 


2262 














2346 


1658 


Arphaxad .... 
Cainan 


35 


135 


135 
130 


403 


303 


400 
330 


438 


438 


535 

460 


2311 


1693 


Salah 


30 


130 


130 


403 


303 


330 


433 


433 


460 


2281 


1 728 


Eber 


34 


134 


134 


430 


270 


270 


464 


404 


404 


2247 


1757 


Peleg 


30 


130 


130 


209 


109 


209 


239 


239 


339 


9,9,1 7 


1787 
1819 


Reu 


32 
30 


132 
130 


132 
130 


207 
200 


107 
100 


207 
200 


239 
230 


239 
230 


339 


2185 


Serug 


330 


2155 


1849 


Nahor 


29 


79 


79 


119 


69 


129 


148 


148 


208 


2126 


1878 


Terah 


130 


70 


70 


135 


75 


135 


205 


145 


205 


1996 


2008 


Abraham*. . . . 


100 


















1896 


2108 


Isaac 


60 


















1836 


2168 


Jacob 


91 


















1726 


2278 


Joseph f 





















1. Here is a continuous chronology from Adam to Joseph, subject only to three 
questions: 1. Are the numbers given in either version of the text genuine? If so, 
which is correct? 2. What was Terah's age at the birth of Abraham? 3. When did 
the 430 years (of the period from the Promise to the Exodus) begin ? A synopsis of 
the debates on these points may be found in Smith and Kitto. The accuracy of the 
original Hebreiv is not doubted ; but the alterations cannot be pointed out, so as to 
harmonize the three records in the Hebrew, the Septuagint, and the Samaritan. The 
Hebrew text, as interpreted by Ussher, is adopted here for convenience. 

2. From the call of Abraham to the Exodus, 430 years. Estimated as follows: — 



Abraham to Jacob 85 

Levi's age 137 

Kohath's age 133 

Amram's age 137 

Moses at Exodus 80 



572 



Abraham to Isaac 25 

Isaac to Jacob 60 

Joseph entered Egypt 130 

Joseph lived after. 71 

Oppression after Joseph. 

Moses at Exodus 80 



B. C. 1921—430 = 1491. 



366 



* The Pi'omise was given to Abraham, and he left Haran at the age of 75 years, 
f Joseph died at the age of 110. With Joseph ends the system of reckoning by the lives of men 
and a new one is adopted, or rather left to be inferred incidentally. 



30 



CHROIsrOLOGT. 



From the number 572 we may take the average years of each before the birth of 
the next, making a sum of 142, and this will leave 430. To the 366 we may add the 
years of oppression (Ex. i. 8-22) after Joseph died, say 64, and this gives the number 
required. Joshua's ancestry, from Ephraim, is given in 1 Chr. vii. 23-27 ; and if their 
ages were equal to their brethren of the other tribes mentioned, 430 years is not too 
long a period. 

The specimen of ancient Egyptian papyrus preserved in the Bibliotheque at Paris, 
and published in facsimile (pi. V. in the Astor Library), gives independent and disin- 
terested evidence on the question of the long life of Jacob and others of this age. At 
the close of the essay (on morals) the writer says : " I have become an elder on the 
earth ; I have traversed 110 years of life by the gift of the king and the approval of the 
elders, fulfilling my duty toward the king in the place of favor." The inscriptions at 
Memphis corroborate this account, and show that the writer, Ptah-hotp, was eldest 
son of Assa, 5th king of the 15th dynasty (b. c. 1960-1860), whose father's age must 
have been at least 130. Manetho also verifies the same point. The increase of the 
Jews in Egypt was from seventy families to about three millions. 

3. Erom Exodus to the Foundation of King Solomon's Temple, 480 years (1 Ki. 
vi. 1). 



Exodus to Joshua. 

Joshua and Elders, 

First Servitude, , ^^ , . 

Othniel, 1st Judge, \ Mesopotamian 
Second Servitude, ) ^^ , ., 

Ehud and Shamgar, r ^O''^'*" 

Third Servitude, i ^ ., 

Deborah and Barak, ^•^™*''">''^--- 

Fourth Servitude, ) -.^r-^- -j. 
Gideon, '^Mid.amte 

Abimelech , 

Tola, ) 

Jair, j 

Fifth Servitude, ) . 

Jephth-A '[Ammon.. 

Ibzan, ) 

Elon, V 

Abdon, ) 

Sixth Servitude, ) 

Samson, V Philistia 

Interim, ) 

Eli 

Seventh Servitude, ) 

Samuel and Saul, 18, [■ Anarchy . . , 

Saul, 22, ) 

David 

Solomon 

Foundation B. c 



Ussher. 


B. C. 


Poole. 


Jose- 
phus. "^ 


>oeby. 


Miner. 


Hales. 


B. C. 


40 


1491 


40 


40 


40 


40 


40 


1648 


6.4m 


1451 


13 


25 


37 


17 


26 


1608 


1438 


32 








27 


1553 


40 


1398 


430 


18 


390 


of 


8 


1526 




40 


1 ^ 


Judges. 


40 


1518 


80 


1323 




81 


CO 


317 


18 
80 


1478 
1460 


40 


1265 


^ 


20 

40 


m 
B 




20 
40 


1426 
1406 


40 


1245 


g 
B 


7 
40 


CD 




7 
40 


1368 
1359 


9.2m 






3 


}% 




3 


1319 


48 


1232 
1210 

1188 


^ 

^ 


22 
22 


o 




23 

22 


1316 

1293 


6 


B 


18 
6 






18 
6 


1271 
1253 




1182 


?^ 


7 






7 


1247 


25 


1175 




10 


N 




10 


1240 




1165 






^ 




8 


1230 








40 


Sa.vii. 




40 


1222 


40 






20 1 


^amson 
^amnel, 
md Eli, 


Book 


Eii, 30. 
Sam. 10. 


1182 




1157 




40 c 


'ontem- 


of 


20 

Samuel. 


1 1 52 








12 


)orar's. 


ISam. 

72 

2 Sam. 


1142 


40 


1095 


40 


18 


40 


12 


1122 






40 


2 


32 i 40 


40 1110 


40 


1014 


40 


40 


40 1 


40 1070 


3 




3 


3 


O ; 

i 


3 1030 


478i 




638 


592 580 


479 


621 






1012 




1008 


1012 




1027 



CHROiTOLOGY. 32 

4. From the foundation to the destruction of the Temple, 424 years. In the 
account of this period there are so many persons and events mentioned that are known 
to liistory outside of the Bible, that the progress of time can be followed almost year 
by year, nearly all accounts agreeing on the date b. c. 586 or 588, in August. The 
captivity ended the political existence of the nation for that time. 

5. From the Destruction of the Temple to the Eeturn from the Captivity of 
Babylon. The decree of Cyrus granting the return of the Jews was dated b. c. 536. 
A part of the people, under Zerubbabel, returned b. c. 535 ; and more under Ezra b. c. 
458 ; and of others, under Nehemiah, B. c. 445. The return thus extending over a 
period of 145 years. (See Kehemiah, Ezra, Haggai, and Zechariah.) 

The number of those who remained in Assyria was about six times those who 
returned to Jerusalem, and they were known in the time of Christ as the Dispersed 
(John, vii. 35 ; James, i. 1). 

The first captivity was a series of deportations of the Jews from Palestine to 
Assyria, during 150 years ; and the return extended through 100 years. 

Besides those who remained in Assyria there were many Jews who fled into Egypt 
(Zech. X. 6-10) and into Arabia, settling in Yemen (Sheba). 

After this time the Ten Tribes were lost to history. It is supposed that they 
intermarried with each other and with the people among whom they lived, and so 
became lost as distinct tribes, or even as a people. 

During and after the Captivity the Jews laid aside their prejudices, forgot their 
peculiar tribal pride, and became one nation (Is. xi. 13 ; Ezek. xxxvii. 22) ; and since 
that time no one of them is able to trace his lineage to any particular tribe, but may 
reasonably claim to have the blood of the whole twelve mingled in his veins. So Paul 
seems to have felt (Acts, xxvi. 7) when pleading before Agrippa. 

,The books of the period from the close of the book of Malachi, b. c. 420 (see Holy 
Scriptures, p. 12) to the birth of Jesus the Christ, are called Apocryphal, which 
at first meant secret, but is now understood as spurious. They belong to Jewish lit- 
erature, and therefore Jewish history, and represent a period of time not found in any 
other writings except Josephus, and they probably furnished him with the materials 
for his history of that era. 

This was the age of the Scribes, as succeeding that of the Prophets. The 
earliest date reaches only to the 3d century b. c, and the latest is 30 b. c. The book 
of Tobit gives an outline history of Assyria to the fall of Nineveh, but as this is only 
the framework on which to display a moral fiction, or novel, the dates and facts given 
cannot be used in chronology. The book of Judith is a religious allegory, with a 
thread of historical facts of the times of Nebuchadnezzar. The books of the Macca- 
bees count the years, reckoning the era of the Seleucid kings, from 312 b. c. to 86 
B. c. Josephus quotes the entire history. 

The two books of Esdras were largely quoted from by Josephus, and were placed 
in the canon by the early fathers, except Jerome, and contain a very pleasant fiction, 
founded on facts of Jewish history, in which Darius is honored for his favors to the 
Israelites ; besides other moral fictions written as a comfort to the oppressed chosen 
people. 

The Wisdom of Solomon is, as a book, one of the most important and interest- 
ing in the whole range of Jewish literature. Its theology is clear, well stated, and 
foreshadow^s that of the New Testament. It teaches that God is the author of life; 
death the effect of sin; the serpent that tempted Eve is the devil; the soul is immor- 



32 



CHROKOLOUY. 



tal; a future judgment; the wicked will die; the good live to rule over the nations; 
the soul has lived in some former w^orld or state (which was also taught in the Talmud 
and by the Essenes) ; the body is only a prison of the soul ; but not one word of the 
resurrection, or of a personal Messiah. The author was a Jew, and wrote in Alexan- 
dria between the years 246 and 140 b. c. The book of Enoch was written in Hebrew, 
140 B. c, and is full of poetical and ideal images, most lofty and beautiful. 

The apocryphal books of the New Testament age add no new facts or dates, and 
contain only " harmless and ingenious fictions." 



TABLE OF EVENTS BETWEEN MALACHI 
AND MATTHEW. 



B. C. 

445. Walls of Jerusalem rebuilt by Nehemiah. Herodo- 
tus reads his history at Athens. 
The ao;e of Phidias (sculptor), Euripides (poet), Pericles 
in Greece. Military tribunes in Eome. 

425. Xerxes II., king of Persia (Darius II., 424). Thucydides 
(historian. His book ends b. c. 410, and Xeno- 
phon's begins). 

414. Amyrtteus, king of Egypt, revolts from Persia. The 
Athenians being alarmed by an eclipse, are defeated 
before Syracuse. Sicily.— 41.S. Archelaiis king of 
Macedon. The 400 rule in Athens. 

404. Artaxerxes TI. king of Persia. — 101. Xenophou and 
the 10.000 retreat. Socrates dies. 

383. Mithridateskingof Pontus. Bithynia made a kingdom. 
Plato (philosopher). Aristteus (mathematician). 

368. A celestial globe brought from Egypt to Greece. 

366. Jeshua slain by Johanan in the temple at Jerusalenx.— 
361, Darius Ochus king of Persia. 

360. Cappadocia made a kingdom. Tachos king of Egypt. 
Philip II. king of Macedon. Demosthenes. 

3.56. Temple of Diana burnt at Ephesus. Alexander bom. 

349. Darius Ochus takes Egypt and robs the temples. Ai'is- 
totle (tutor to Alexander, 343).— 315. 12 cities in 
Italy buried by an earthquake.— 336. Eclipses first 
calculated by Calippus of Athens. 

330. Alexander conquers Persia. He enters Jerusalem. 
Seeing the high priest. Jaddua, in his sacred robes, 
he respects him. and ofters sacrifice to Jehovah.— 323. 
Alexander died at Babvion. 

320. 100,000 Jews carried into" Egypt by Ptolemy. Onias I. 
high priest.— 312. Seleucus Nicator king of Syria. 

311. Judtea subject to Antigonus. Appian Way made. 

301. Judffia under the Ptolemies. Euclid, mathematician 
in Alexandria. Chinese wall built. 

284. Colossus of Rhodes. Sect of Sadducees. The Pharos 
(tirst light-house) at Alexandria. 

267. Ptolemy makes a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. 
Silver money coined. Parthia. 

248. Onias II. high priest.— 246. Ptolemy Euergetes con- 
quers Syria. — 23T. Simon II. high priest. 

241. Attains I. king of Pergamus. Ai'chimedes mathema- 
tician. 

203. Judiea conquered by Antiochns. Onias HI. high priest. 
—■200. Jesus, son of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus). First 
mention of the Sanhedrin (70 rulers). 

187. Syria a Roman province.— 175. Jason high priest. 
The temple plundered by Antiochus Epiphanes, and 
dedicated to Jupiter Olympus (168). See head on 
page 245. 

165. Judas Maccabicus expels the Syrians and purifies the 
temple. Rise of the Pharisees. 

161. First treaty with the Romans.— 146. Carthage de- 
stroyed. 

135. End of the Apocrypha. Antiochus IV. (Sidetes) be- 
sieged Jerusalem. 

130. John Ilyrcanus delivers Judtea from the Syrians, and 
reduces Samaria and Idunuea. 

107. Aristobulns king of Judiea. — 116. Ptolemy Lathyrus 
king of Egypt.— 107. Alexander I. king of Egypt. 



105. Alexander Jannjeus at war with Egypt. Libraries oi 
Athens sent to Rome by Sylla (86). 

93. -Tigranes king of Armenia. See portrait in Coins. 

79. Alexandra, widow of Jannteus, governs Judaea. Pom- 
pey in Africa. Julius Cajsar. 

70. Hyrcanus II. high priest, deposed by his brother Aris- 
tobulus. They appeal to Pompey, who conquers 
Judaea and Syria, and makes them Roman provinces. 
—63. Antiochus XII., the last of the race of the Se- 
leucidfB. 

53. The temple plundered by Crassus (proconsul of Syria) 
Augustus born. — 31. Caesar passes the Rubicon. 

48. Antipater of Idumyea. CalphurniusBibulus governor of 
Syria. Battle of Pharsalia. 

45. Caesar reformed the calendar, using solar years instead 
of lunar. Gives the Jews privileses. 

44. Cajsar assassinated.— 42. Battle of Philippi. 

'0. Herod the Great marries Mariamne, grand-daughter of 
Hyrcanus, and is made king by the Romans (at Rome, 
with pagan sacrifices). — 30. Mariamne, and ail the 
Sanhedrin but PoUio and Samea?, killed by Herod. 

37. Romans assist Herod by taking Jerusalem. Antigonus, 
last Asmonean, killed at Antioch. 

.30. The Roman Republic becomes a monarchy. Antony 
and Cleopatra in Egypt. 

27. Battle of Actium. The title of Augustus {Venerable) 
created and given to Csesar Octavius. 

20. Augustus (nephew of Julius Ctesar) visited Judtea and 
enlarged Herod's kingdom, by Paneas, where Herod 
built a temp e in honor of Augustus (Ciesarea Phi- 
lippi), ordering heathen games to be celebrated every 
fifth year. Herod built a temple at Samaria and 
called the city Sebaste {Vemrable). He began to re- 
build the temple, which was finished in the reign of 
Herod Agrippa II., a. d. 65. 

15. Augustus (Germanicus) assumes the title of Pontifex 
Maximus (Pope).— 11. Germany conquered by the 
Romans. 

5. Varrus gov. of Syria; Cyrenius (Quirinius) of Judaea. 
Cymbeline king of Britain. Diouysius of Halicar- 
nassus, historian. Herod robs the tomb of David. 

4. Jesus the Chri-t born in Bethlehem. Flight into Egypt. 
Herod dies : his sou Archelaus succeeds as Ethuarch. 
Herod Antipas tetrarch of Galilee. (For events in 
the life of Jesus and of Paul, see Biography). 

A. D. 

14. Tiberius emperor.— 19. Jews banished from Rome. 
Herod builds the city of Tiberias. 

25. Pontius Pilate gov. of Judrea.— 26. John the Baptist's 
ministry begins. Thrace becomes a Roman prov- 
ince. — 27. Jesus baptized. 

30. Crucifixion Friday, April 7th (Nisan 15th). Philo, a Jew 
of Alexandria. Seneca. 

37. Appiou of Alexandria (grammarian). See Josephus. 
Caligula emperor.— 40. First named Christians at 
Antfoch, Syria. 

41. Herod's persecution. — 52. Council of Apostles at Jeru- 
salem. 

48. Population of Rome, 1,200,000. 



GEOGRAPHY. 33 



Ab'ana {perennial). Amana. A river of Damascus mentioned by Naaman (2 
Ki. V. 12). The main riyer of Damascus is now called Barada, and is divided into 
several channels, and irrigates the whole plain around the city. It rises near the high- 
est summit, next to Hermon, of Anti-Lebanon, near Zehedany, 23 miles N. W. of the 
city, and nearly 1200 feet above it. The ruins of the ancient city of Abila are on its 
right bank. After passing the city, the river is lost in the marshy lake KibUyeli. Ain 
Fijeh, one of the largest springs in Syria, is a tributary, and was once supposed to be 
its source. 

Aba'rim {mts. of the region leyond). East of Jordan and the Dead Sea, facing 
Jericho, in Moab. The highest peak was Nebo, the head of Pisgah, from which Moses 
viewed the promised land. Scholars have lately pointed out Mt. Nebo, near Heshbon. 
(Num. xxvii. 12; xxxiii. 47, 48; Deut. xxxii. 49, and Jer. xxii. 20.) See Pisgah. 

Ab'don. Mistake for Hebron. A city in Asher. (Josh. xix. 28.) 

A'bel (meadotv). Several places so named. 

Abel-beth-Maachah. Near the Jordan, in the Ard el Huleh, under Mt. Her- 
mon, where Sheba was besieged by Joab. (2 Sam. xx. 14, 15.) 

2. Ab'el Kera'mim (ahel of the vineyards). Near Philadelphia, Rabbath 

Ammon. It is now famous for its vines. (Judg. xi. 33.) 

3. Abel Meholaii {ahel of dancing). South of Bethshan, near the Jordan 

(1 Ki. iv. 12). The birthplace of Elisha (ib. xix. 16) ; and noted for Gideon's victory 
over the Midianites (Judg. vii. 22). 

4. A'bel Miz'raim {meadoivs of the Egypts). Where Joseph, his brothers, 

and the Egyptians mourned for Jacob ; the floor of Atad, now called El Haram, near 
Hebron. 

5. Abel Shittim {abel of the acacias). In Moab, near Beth-Jesimoth ; 

the last camping-place of the Exodus (Num. xxxiii. 49). 

A'bez. Issachar (Josh. xix. 20). Lost. 

Abila, Abile'ne {grassy meadoiv). On the Eastern slope of Anti-Lebanon, 
watered by the Barada, the Abana of the 0. T. Mentioned by Josephus (Ant. xiv. 
13, 3). Tradition derives the name from Abel, the first martyr ; and a ruined tomb 
above the ruins of the city is called Naby Habil (Tomb of Abel). 18 miles fi"om 
Damascus, 30 from Baalbek. 

2. A district around the city, mentioned by Luke. See Josephus, Ant. xviii. 

6, 10 ; xix. 5, 1 ; xx. 7, 1, &c. 

Abro'nah. Station of the Exodus, near Ezion Geber (Num. xxxiii. 34). 

Abro'nas. A torrent near Cilicia, probably the Adonis, now called the Ibrahim, 
near Jebeil (Byblos). 

Ac'cad. In the land of Shinar (Gen. x. 10), built by Nimrod. Supposed to have 
been found in a heap of ruins called Ahkar-i-Nimrood or Akker-koof, nine miles east 
of the Tigris, where that river runs nearest to the Euphrates. There is a ruined pyra- 
mid or mound of brick, 400 feet around and 125 feet high, the bricks of which were 
cemented by bitumen, and separated into layers of 12 to 20 feet thick by reeds. Re- 
mains of canals, reservoirs, and other works show the importance of the ancient city. 

Ac'cho. Acre {hot sand 9). Ptolemais. St. John d'Acre. Seaport on the 
bay of Acre, just north of Mt. Carmel. The port is nearly filled with sand, and 

2 



34 GEOGRAPHY. 

large ships now land at Haifa, the ancient Hepha, which is close under Mount 
Carmel. It was given to Asher, but was never conquered by the Israelites (Jud. 
i. 31). Paul stayed here one day (Acts, xxi. 7). Very few antiquities are to be 
found in the modern town, which is full of ruins of the middle and later ages. 
Napoleon I. failed to capture this city, in 1799. The plain of Acre is one of the 
most fertile in Palestine. During the crusades it was next to Jerusalem in impor- 
tance. 

Acel'dama {the field of blood). The field bought by the thirty pieces of silver 
paid Judas for betraying Jesus (Acts, i. 19). Called also Potters' Field. It is now 
shown on the steep southern face of the valley of Hinnom, opposite the Pool of Siloam. 
A few old olive-trees grow near it, and there is a ruin of a small square building, 
called the house or tomb of Ananus. This hill-side was anciently a burial-place of 
the Jews, and is cut full of rock-tombs, which are plain rooms in the limestone rock, 
with very little ornament, and a few traces of paintings. 

Achaia. A province of Kome, in Greece {see map). Gallic was proconsul when 
Paul was there (Acts, xviii. 12). 

A'chor {valley of trouble). Where Achan was stoned (Josh. vii. 24, 26). In the 
Wady Kelt, not far from the plain of Jericho. 

Ach'shaph. In Asher (Josh. xix. 25). Now Haifa, or Chaifa, 

Ach'zib. Judah, in the Shefelah (JosE. xv. 44 ; Micah, i. 14). 2. Asher 

(Josh. xix. 29), from which the Canaanites were not driven out. Afterward called 
Ecdippa, and now Es Zib, at the mouth of Nahr Herdaiuil, 7 miles N. of Akka. 
After the return from Babylon this was the northern limit of Israel. 

Ad'adah. Judah (Josh. xv. 22). Lost. 

Ad'am {earth). On the Jordan near Zarthan (Josh. iii. 16). 

Ad'amah. Naphtali (Josh. xix. 36). Lost. 

Ad'ami. Naphtali (Josh. xix. 33). Afterward called Damins. 

A'dar. Addar. Judah (Josh. xv. 3). Hazar-addar. 

Ad'asa. Ephraim, near Beth-horon (Jos. Ant. xii. 10, 5 ; 1 Mace. vii. 40, 45). 

Ad'dan. Addon. In the land of the captivity of Babylon (Ezra, ii. 59). 

Adiab'ene. One of the six provinces of Assyria, watered by the rivers Diab and 
Adiab, the great and little Zab, which flow into the Tigris below Nineveh. Mosul. 
(Jos. Ant. XX. 2, 4.) 

Ad Ida. On a hill overlooking the Shefelah ; fortified by Simon Maccabaeus (1 
Mace. xii. 38). Alexander was defeated here by Aretas (Jos. Ant. xiii. 15, 2). 

Adithalm. Hadid. In the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 36). 

Ad'mah. One of the cities of the plain, always named with Zeboim (Gen. x. 19 ; 
xiv. 2, 8; Deut. xxix. 23 ; Hos. xi. 8). " The king of Admah." 

Adora'im. Near the Shefelah ; built by Eehoboam (2 Chr. xi. 9). Dura, a large 
village west of Hebron, is supposed to mark the site of the ancient place. 

Adramyt'tium. Seaport in Asia Minor, where the ship belonged in which 
Paul was wrecked on Melita. 

A'dria. Adrias. The town of Adria, near the Po river in Italy, gave its name 
to the Adriatic Sea ; and also to the Mediterranean between Sicily and Crete (Ptolemy, 
iii. 16). Josephus (Life, 3) was also wrecked in the Adria, as well as Paul (Acts, 
xxvii. 27). 

Adul'lam. Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 35 ; Gen. xxxviii. 1 ; Micah, i. 15). 
A city of great antiquity. Fortified by Eelioboam (2 Chr. xi. 7 ; Neh. xi. 30). 



GEOGRAPHY. 35 

The cave of Adiillam is located 6 miles N. of Beit Jibrin, and now called 
Deir Dubban (1 Sam. xxii. 1 ; 2 Sam. xxiii. 13 ; 1 Chr. xi. 15). 

Adurn'mim (the pass of the red). Landmark of Benjamin (Josh. xv. 7). On 
the road from Jericho to Jerusalem, in what is now called Wady Kelt. The pass has 
always been noted for its robberies, and Jesus located the story of the Good Samaritan 
here. There are ruins on the road between Bethany and Jericho, about three miles 
from Bethany, of a large building of the age of the Crusades, which is called the Khan 
of the Good Samaritan. Opposite to it, on the other side of the Wady, are other ruins, 
not named. 

iE'gypt. Egypt. 

.Sl'non {springs). Near to Salim, at which John baptized (John iii. 22). Salim 
near Nablus (Shechem) has near it two copious springs — (see Gen. xxxiii. 18). A val- 
ley, called by the Arabs, Selim, begins on the N. E. slope of Olivet, between Anathoth 
and N'ob, and runs E. 3 miles, where it unites with Wady Euwaby; these run into or 
form Wady Farah, which continues on into Wady Kelt down to Jericho. Of all the 
fountains near Jerusalem the most copious by far are those of this Wady Farah, 6 
miles X. E. of the city of Jerusalem. Dr. Barclay locates JEnon here. See Salim. 

AhaVa. Jliver in Babylonia, on whose banks Ezra collected the Jews for the 
return to Jerusalem (Ezra, viii. 15, 31). Assyrian is, modern Hit. 

Ahlab. Asher (Judg. i. 31). Gush Caleb (Reland). El Jish, 4 miles N. W. of 
Safed. John of Giscala (Jos. Life, 10 ; Wars, ii. 21, § 1 ; Eob. ii. 446, iii. 78). A tra- 
dition locates the birth of the parents of Paul here (Jerome). 

A'i {heap of 7'ums). Benj. (Gen. xii. 8). Hai, E. of Bethel (Josh.xii. 9). The 
second city taken by Joshua after the passage of Jordan. Aija (Neh. xi. 31), 8 ms. 
N. of Jerusalem. 

2. Zebulun (Jud. xii. 12). Burial-place of Elon. 

Ain {an eye — spring). 1. Simeon (Josh. xv. 32). 2. A boundary landmark 

N. E. of Hermon (Num. xxxiv. 11), near Eiblah. 

Ain el Azy, the principal source of the Orontes. Ashan (1 Chr. vi. 59). 

Akrab'bim {the going up to). Maaleh A. {scorpion pass). At the south of the 
Dead Sea. Boundary of the Holy Land (Josh. xv. 3 ; Num. xxxiv. 4). Wady es 
Sufah. It is noted for a great victory of Judas Maccabseus over the Edomites (1 
Mace. V. 3 ; Jos. Ant. xii. 8, § 1 ; Eob.). 

Alam'melech {king's oak), Asher (Josh. xix. 26). In Wady Malek? 

Al'ema. Gilead (1 Mace. v. 26). A great city. Lost. 

Al'emeth. Almon. Now Almit, near Anathoth (1 Chr. vi. 60 ; Eob. iii. 287). 

Alexan'dria. The Greek, Eoman, and Christian capital of Egypt, founded by 
Alexander the Great, b. c. 332, under the direction of the same architect who rebuilt 
the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. For a long period this was the greatest city in the 
known world. Its population in the time of Diodorus was 600,000. The port (Jos. 
Wars, iv. 10, 5) was spacious and difficult of access, and had a lighthouse celebrated in 
all the world of commerce as the Pharos, one of the seven wonders; built by Ptol- 
emy Philadelphus, assisted by the architect Sostratus of Cnidus, B. c. 283. Every 
natural advantage aided the city in its commerce, learning, and liberal sciences. The 
great library is said to have reached the number of 700,000 volumes (Strabo), even 
after losing 400,000 volumes by fire (b. c. 47), and was finally destroyed by the Sara 
cens (a. d.' 642). 

Among the most learned men of Alexandria were Philo, a Jew, and Origen and 



36 geoiTtRAphy. 

Clement, Christians. Philo (b. c— a. d. 50), collected the popular opinions of his 
people, and wrote important works, which gave rise to schools who»e words, if not their 
spirit also, bear a close analogy to those of the apostles John and Paul. Ptolemy Phil- 
adelphus favored the translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek, and the famous 
Septuagint was produced b. c. 280. It is now the most ancient version of- the 
Scriptures known in any language, and is called the Codex Alexandrinus, a specimen 
of which is given among the Specimens of Biblical Manuscripts (Jos. c. Ap. ii. 4). 

The museum at Alexandria was the means of spreading through the world and 
keeping alive for many ages the works and influence of Aristotle. It had at one time 
14,000 students, from all parts of the world. Modern astronomy had its rise here, 
under the direction of Eratosthenes ; and there was understood and taught the globe 
shape of the earth, its poles, axis, equator, arctic circles, equinoctial points, solstices, 
horizon, eclipses, and the distance of the sun. Callimachus, the poet, wrote a treatise 
on birds. Apollonius wrote on mathematics, perfected some walks in geometry, and 
invented a clock. Hipparchus was the great astronomer of the age. He discovered 
the precession of the equinoxes, gave methods of solving all triangles, and constructed 
tables of chords; and besides a map of the sky containing over a thousand stars, he 
prepared tables of the latitude and longitude of places on the earth. The Almagest 
of Ptolemy (a. d. 138) was for nearly 1500 years the highest authority on the phe- 
nomena and mechanism of the universe. The same author described the earth, from 
the Canary Islands to China. These systems were supplanted by the discoveries of 
Newton of the law of gravitation, and of Columbus of the ISTew World. 

A very extensive botanical and zoological garden aided the study of Botany and 
Zoology, and a school for the study of Anatomy by dissection. 

The Jews were cruelly persecuted in Alexandria in a. d. 39, and their syna- 
gogues destroyed, partly because they would not put up images of the Eoman emperor 
in their houses of worship and acknowledge the emperor to be a god (Philo). 

The temples of Isis and Serapis were among the most magnificent ever built, and 
were partly used for scientific purposes, having the most perfect instruments for astro- 
nomical observations then known. They were destroyed by Bishop Theophilus, 
A. D. 390. 

Eusebius says that Mark first preached the Gospel in Egypt, and founded the first 
Christian church in Alexandria. 

The Alexandrians for ages exercised a great influence in the church, both East 
and West, and to this day the effects of its schools are to be found in every Christian 
community. Apollos was born here. The present population is about 60,000, from 
all nations. 

Allon {oahf). Elon. Naphtali (Josh. xix. 33). The oak of the loading of tents 

[Zaanannim=loading tents), near Kedesh (Jud. iv. 11). 2. Allon-bac'huth. (pah 

of weeping). The tree under which Eebekah's nurse Deborah was buried (Gen. xxxv. 8). 
Some suppose it is mentioned in Judges iv. 5 as the palm-tree of Deborah, between 
Ramah and Bethel in Mount Ephraim. 

Al'mon (hidden). Benjamin (Josh. xxi. 18). Alemeth (1 Chr. vi. 60). Near 
Geba and Anathoth. 2. Almon-Diblathaim. Station of the Exode, near Aba- 
rim (Num. xxxiii. 46, 47), just north of the Arnon. Now called Dliiban (Jer. xlviii. 22^. 

Aloth. District of one of Solomon's officers (1 Ki. iv. 16), in or near Asher 

Alphabets on page 10. 

Alush. Station of the Exode, near Rephidim (Num. xxxiii. 13). Lost. 



GEOGEAPHY. 



37 



A'mad. Aslier (Josh, 
xix. 26). Lost. 

A'mam. Judah (Josh. 
XV. 26). Lost. 

Aiua'na. A mountain 
near the south end of 
Anti-Lebanon, having 
the sources of the river 
Abana (Cant. iv. 8). 

Am'mah. A hill in 
front of Giah, where night 
overtook Joab in his pur- 
suit of Abner (2 Sam. ii. 
24). 

Amphip'olis. The 
capital of a district in 
Macedonia through which 
Paul and Silas passed in 
going from Philippi to 
Thessalonica (Acts, xvii. 
1). It was on an emi- 
nence above the east 
bank of the river Stry- 
mon, near lake Kerkine, 
and three miles from the 
sea. The gold mines of 
Mt. Pangaeus made the 
city important. The site 
is now occupied by a 
Turkish village called 
New Town. 

A'uab. Judah (Josh. xi. 21 ; xv. 50) ; from which Joshua expelled the Anakim. 
A small tower marks the site near Maon (Rob. ii. 195). 

Anaha'rath. Issachar (Josh. xix. 19). Lost. 

Anani'ah. Benjamin, between Nob and Hazor (Neh. xi. 32). 

An'athoth (ecJioes). Benjamin, near Nob (Neh. xi. 32). Now called Anata, 
three and a half miles northeast from Jerusalem, where there are remains of walls and 
foundations surrounded by fields of grain and orchards of figs and olives (Rob. i. 437). 
The quarries still supply Jerusalem. 

A'nem. Issachar. Of the Gershonites (1 Chr. vi. 73). En-gannim? 

A'ner. Manasseh (1 Chr. vi. 70). Taanach ? 

A'nim. Judah, nine miles south of Hebron (Josh. xv. 50). El-Ghuwein (Rob). 

An'tioch. 1. In Syria. On the Orontes, thirty miles from the sea and three 
hundred miles from Jerusalem, founded B. c. 300, by Seleucus Nicator, and named 
after his father Antiochus. The capital of the Greek kings and Roman governors of 
the province. Its suburb. Daphne, was celebrated for its sanctuary to Apollo and 
Diana (2 Mace. iv. 33). The temple and the village were deeply bosomed in a thick 
grove of laurels and cypresses which extended for ten miles around, and in the most sul- 




A.BRAIIAM 8 OAK. 



38 



GEOGRAPHY. 




OLD WALLS OP ANTIOCH. 



try summers formed a cool 
and delightful shade. A 
thousand streams of the 
purest water, issuing from 
the hills, preserved the ver- 
dure of the earth and the 
temperature of the air (Gib- 
bon, c. xxii). 

Here the disciples were 
first called Christians, and 
the first Gentile church was 
founded (Acts, xi. 21-26); 
and here Paul began his sys- 
tematic work. For ages it 
was a centre of Christian 
eflbrt, and included among 
its great names Ignatius and 
Chrysostom. In the time of Chrysostom the population was 200,000, one-half of 
which were Christians. 

The city had a street of cojonnades from end to end, built by Antiochus Epiph- 
anes. Several other cities of Syria were similarly ornamented. 

Earthquakes have many times visited the city with ruin to a greater or less 
extent, and in A. D. 526 destroyed 250,000 persons, occurring when many strangers 
were gathered to the festival of the Ascension. 

The city was the scene of many brilliant exploits, and terrible battles and sieges, 
during the wars of the Crusades. 

Antioch is now called Antakia, and has 6,000 inhabitants, mostly Arabs. Euins 
of the ancient city are scattered on every side. S. W. of it is a steep mountain ridge 
on which are still remains of the Eoman wall, 50 to 60 feet high and 15 feet thick 
having towers 30 feet square at short intervals, with stairs and chambers for soldiers. 
The ruins of a fortress with turrets, vaults, and cisterns occupy the east end of the 
western hill. 

Aqueducts, marble pavements, and other evidences of its ancient greatness are 
often found. 

One of the ancient gates, still used, is called St. Paul's. 

2. Antioch in Pisidia. Founded by Seleucus Nicator, and first peopled 

from Magnesia, on the Mseander. Strabo describes the locality (xii. 8, Tauchnitz). 
In Phrygia Paroreia is a mountain ridge from east to west, on either side being a 
plain, with cities near — Philomelion on the north, in the plain, and Antioch on the 
south, on a height. 

Inscriptions discovered here recently prove the site correct. Paul and Barnabas 
found here a synagogue and many Jews, and met with great success among the 
Gentiles (see Life of Paul). 

There are ruins of several churches, temples, a theatre, and a magnificent aque- 
duct, of which 21 arches are now perfect. 

Antipat'ris {agai7ist-fat]ier). Built by Herod the Great on the edge of the 
Plain of Sharon, now called Kefr Saba, 12 miles N. E. of Joppa. The Capharsaba of 
Josephus. Dr. Eli Smith found and identified the place while on a journey expressly 



GEOGRAPHY. 39 

for following Paul's night-march from Jerusalem to Oaesarea (Acts, xxiii. 31). The 
road leads by Gophna, and has extensive remains of the Eoman road. 

Anto'nia. Fortress built by Herod on the N. W. corner of the temple-site, and 
named after a friend. (Jerusalem.) 

A'phek (frmness or stre7igth). 1. Issachar (Josh. xii. 18 ; xv. 53). Aphekah. 

2. Asher (Josh. xix. 30; Jud. i. 31). Aphik. (Josh, xiii.4.) W. of Baalbek 15 

miles, on the E. slope of Lebanon. Afka. A temple to Venus made this city famous. 

3. Where the Philistines encamped before the battle in which the sons of Eli 

were killed and the Ark was taken (1 Sam. ix. 1). In the mountains N. W. of Jeru- 
salem. 4. The site of another battle, where Saul was killed (1 Sam. xxix. 1), 

near Shun em, or Jezrel. 5. Aphik, now called Fik, E. of the sea of Galilee 6 

miles; the site of several battles with the Syrians (1 Ki. xx. 26; 2 Ki. xiii. 17). Ben 
Hadad was defeated here ; and Joash at the word of Elisha drew a bow at a venture, 
and afterward gained several battles over the Syrians. The houses occupy a crescent- 
shaped cliff, at the base of which are 3 fine fountains, which send a stream into the 
lake below the hill on which Gamala stood. 

Aph'rah. In the Shefelah (Micah, i. 10). Lost. 

Apollo'nia. Macedonia. Visited by Paul and Silas (Acts, xvii. 1 ; Pliny, iv. 
10, 17). 

Ap'pii Fo'rum. On the Appian Way, between Naples and Rome. (43 miles 
from Eome.) Appius Claudius, who built the famous road from Eome to Brundu- 
sium, had a statue erected to his honor at this place (see Life of Paul, and Acts, 
xxviii. 15). 

Ar. Capital of Moab, on the Arnon (Num. xxi. 15-28). The place is still called 
Rabba, and is 17 miles E. of the Dead Sea, 10 S. of the Arnon, and its ruins occupy a 
low hill overlooking a plain, where are found the remains of two Roman temples and 
some water- tanks. It was burnt by King Sihon (Is. xv. 1). Rabbath Moab. 

Ar'ab. Judah. (Josh. xv. 52). Near Hebron. Lost. 

Ar'abah (luaste — sterile). The valley of depression from Mt. Hermon to the 
Red Sea at Ezion Geber (Akabah). (Deut. i. 1 ; Job, xxiv. 5 ; Isa. xxxiii. 9.) Now 
restricted to the valley from the Sea of Galilee to the S. end of the Dead Sea, and 
called El Ghor. It is 150 miles long by 1 to 10 or 12 miles wide. Arboth, the 
plural of Arabah was the name given to the plain of Jericho (Josh. v. 10; Num. xxii. 
1 ; 2 Sam. xv. 28). The region is called Ciccar in Gen. xiii. 10. From the Dead Sea 
to Akabah the Arabs name the valley Wady el Arabah. The desert of Tih bounds 
the A. on the west, by long walls of limestone, 1500 to 1800 feet above its floor. The 
mts. of Edom form the E. wall, and are of granite, basalt, and porphyry, 2,000 to 2,300 
ft. in elevation, and covered with vegetation. Mt. Hor, the highest peak, is 5,000 ft. 
above the sea. A line of chalk cliffs, 150 ft. high, 6 ms. S. of the Dead Sea, running 
E. and W., divides the A. from El Ghor. W. el Jeib is the principal water-course — 
flowing only in winter. The A. is a desert of sand, gravel, low hills, and cut by num- 
berless water-courses. The sirocco blows almost constantly. There are a very few 
shrubs and plants, as rushes, tamarinds, oleanders, anemones, lilies, and palms. The 
water-shed is 40 ms. N. of Akabah, from which the water flows both N. and S. The 
pass up out of the A. near Akabah, upon the plateau of Tih, is now used by pilgrims 
on the route from Suez to Mecca, and is called Nukb, the pass. From this plateau 
to one 1000 ft. above it is another pass, on the route from Mt. Hor to Hebron, called 
Ci' Stffah, where Israel was repulsed by Canaan (Deut. i. 44; Num. xiv. 43-45). On 



40 



GEOGRAPHY. 



the E. side Wady Ithm leads through the mts. near Akabah, where are found remains 
of a Eoman road, on the route to the country E. of the Bead Sea, by which the Isra- 
elites went to "compass" Edom (Num. xxi. 4). 

Arabia (east country). East of Palestine, including all the descendants from 
Ishmael and Keturah (Gen. x. 30, xxix. 1 ; Judg. yi. 3). Sons of the E. (Num. xxiii. 
7 ; 2 Chr. ix. 14). Sons of Kedem (Is. xxi. 13). 
"Forest in A.^' (Ex. xii. 38; Neh. xiii. 3; 1 Ki. x. 
15). "Mixed multitude" are Arabians. Now called 
by the Arabs Bilad el Arab — country of the Arab. 
Bedawin are people of the open country, not living 
in towns. Extends from the Euphrates and the 
Persian Gulf to Egypt and the Eed Sea ; and from 
the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean, or Great 
Sea. The ancients divided it into Arabia Felix, 
A. Deserta, and A. Petr^ea. The modern divis- 
ions are the Peninsula of Sinai, Arabia, and North 
A. (See Sinai, Edom, Petra, Mt. Hor, Arabah, 
Syria, Aram.) The original settlers were the sons 
of Shem and Ham (Gen. x. 21, 15). There are 
many ruins in Arabia of a more ancient people than 
any known to history— (Marib, Sana, Eeydan, Eiam, 
Inen, Eien). 

There are many allusions in the Bible to the 
Arabs ; and the manners and customs of the modern 
people are a help to the interpretation of those texts 
that refer to the ancients ; and especially in Job 
The Bedawin constantly reminded us of the ac- 
counts of the patriarchs, or later Israelites. Eespect 
to age (Lev. xix. 32) ; deference to superiors (2 Ki. 
V. 13) ; engravings on signets of sentences having 
the name of God (Ex. xxxix. 30; John, iii. 33). As 
a pledge, the ring is given (Gen. xli. 42) ; they wear 
an inkhorn in the girdle (Ezek. ix. 2, 3, 11). Many bedawin. 

of the most obscure passages are explained by a 
knowledge of present customs. 

The people have in all ages been active, enterprising, restless; ambitious m 
commerce, conquest, and religion. 

The country of A. was never conquered. 

A'rad. S. of Judah (Num. xxi. 1 ; King of A., Josh. xii. 14; Judg. i. 16). Tell 
Arad, 20 ms. S. of Hebron. (R ) 

Ar'adus. Arvad (wandering). Phoenicia (Ezek. xxvii. 8; Gen. x. 18). An 
island 3 ms. from the coast, near the river Eleutherus, Nahr el Kebir; and opposite to 
it is the site of Antaradus, now called Euad (1 Mace. xv. 23). The island was settled 
by fugitives from Sidon. High and rocky, about a mile in extent, near Tripoli. 

A'ram [Jieigld). N. E. of Palestine. Called also Syria — which see (Gen. xxxi. 
18; xxxiii. 18). 1. A. Dammesek, Syria of Damascus (2 Sam. viii. 5, 6). 2. A. Na- 
haraim {two rivers), the country of Abraham (Gen. xxv. 20). 3. Padan A., Aram at, 
the foot of the mountains. 4. A. Zobah (2 Sam. x. 6, 8). 5. A. Beth Eehob. 6. A.i 




GEOGBAPHY. * 41 

Maachah (1 Ohr. xix. 6). Geshur (2 Sam. xv. 8 ; 1 Ki. xi. 25). Aram was a son of 
Shem, and his brethren were Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad. Aram is also Assyria (2 Ki. 

xviii. 26 ; Is. xxxvi. 11 ; Jer. xxxv. 11 ; 2 Ki. xvi. 6). 2. Aram, of whose family 

was Elihu who visited Job (xxxii. 2). 

Ar'ba. Hebron. 

Arbela. Betharbel. 

Ar'chi. Ephr. (Josh. xvi. 2.) Original Canaanite, near Bethel. 

Ar'dath (the field). 2 Esdras, ix. 26. 

Areop'agus (hill of Ares). Mars Hill. Athens. A rocky height opposite the 
west end of the Acropolis, used from the earliest times as a place of assembly for the 
honorable men who had held the office of Archon. On this hill Paul stood, in the 
midst of these august men, when he said, " Whom ye ignorantly worship, Him declare 
I unto you.^' Dionysius the Areopagite (Acts, xvii. 23-34). "In the market daily." 
The Agora, or market, was a public place, surrounded on three sides by the architec- 
tural glories of Athens. It may be described thus: To the northeast was the Acrop- 
olis, a rocky height 150 feet above the street below, crowned with the Parthenon and 
other temples; north the Areopagus ; west the Pnyx (pulpit) ; and south the Museum, 
with other buildings. (See plan of Athens.) 

At the time of Paul's visit Athens was a magnificent city, ornamented in every 
quarter with memorials sacred to religion and patriotism, showing the highest achieve- 
ments in art. The famed Academy had its groves of plane and olive trees, retired 
walks and cooling fountains, altars' and statues and temples, near which was the 
house of Plato the great teacher. 

The Acropolis had clustered on its summit memorials and monuments of religion 
and art, such as were never seen on an equal space. Pericles had adorned it with a 
flight of steps and a Propylea, with five enh-ances and two fianking temples of Pentel- 
ican marble, where were placed the equestrian statues of the Roman emperors Augus- 
tus and Agrippa, the temple of the Wingless Victory ; a picture-gallery; and there 
still stands the ruin of the unequalled Parthenon, which was then adorned with the 
masterpieces of the sculptor Phidias. 

The Erechtheum, containing the holy olive-tree, sacred to Minerva, the holy salt- 
spring, and other sacred things. A colossal bronze statue of Pallas Promachos, by 
Phidias, stood near, the plume of whose lofty helmet was visible from the sea between 
Sunium and Athens. 

Pausanias gives an account of a great number of statues on the Acropolis, so that 
we wonder how there could be any space left for the people. 

It is no wonder, however, that Paul, with his natural genius and vast experience, 
should have been inspired by the surroundings. (See Life of Paul.) 

Ar'gob {sto7iy), Manasseh, east of Jordan, in Bash an. Had sixty fortified 
cities (Deut. iii. 4, 13, 14; 1 Ki. iv. 13), called Trachonitis,2^ translation of the Hebrew 
name. The Samaritans called it Rig ohaah — stony. The Arabs named it Mujelj— stony, 
and it is now El Lejah. It lies fifteen miles south of Damascus, is triangular, twenty- 
two miles from north to south, and fourteen from east to west. The region is elevated 
above the surrounding country, and is very rocky, like an ocean of basaltic rocks and 
boulders; thickly studded with deserted cities and villages, in all of which the houses 
are solidly built and of remote antiquity. A Roman road runs through the district, 
probably leading from Damascus to Bosra. Kenath and Edrei are on the border, to 
the southwest. The Hau,ran presents the utmost contrast to the Lejah, in being a 



42 ' GEOGKAPHY. 

couiitiT of the richest agricultural soil, in rolling downs, from the Sea of Galilee to the 
desert, far beyond the Lejah. 

Arimathe'a. A city of Judea (Luke, xxiii. 51). King Demetrius writes (1 Mace, 
xi. 34) : " We have ratified unto them the borders of Judea, with the three governments 
of Aphereum, Lydda, and Eamathaim, that are added unto Judea from the country of 
Samaria." Joseph of Arimathea (Matt, xxyii. 57; Mark xy. 43; John xix. 38). The 
place has been identified as the village of Eenthieh, ten miles east of Joppa, on the 
road from Lydda to Antipatris, but this is doubted on the authority of Josephus. (See 
Ramleh.) 

Armaged'don. A name for the plain of Jezreel. Esdraelon. Mount Megiddo 
(Eev. xvi. 16). There is a symbolical meaning attached to this name and place which 
it is impossible to explain in this limited space. It may be interesting to recount the 
several great battles fought on the plain, which have given it a solemn importance in 
history. The great victory of Barak over the Canaanites (Judg. iv., v.) and of Gideon 
over the Midianites (Judg. vii.) ; and two great disasters — the death of Saul (1 Sam. 
xxi. 8) in the invasion of the Philistines, and the death of Josiah in the invasion of 
the Egyptians (2 Ki. xxiii. 29). (See Jezreel.) 

Anue'nia. A lofty plateau, nearly 5000 feet above the sea, between the Black 
and Caspian Seas, whence rise the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, flowing into the Per- 
sian Gulf (see those rivers) ; the Araxes and the Cyrus, into the Caspian ; and the 
Acampsis, into the Black Sea. The range of Mount Taurus begins at the east end of 
the Great Sea, and runs northeast, meeting the range Abus, which comes up from the 
Persian Gulf, running northwest at Mount Ararat, which is 17,750 feet high. The 
country is not mentioned in Scripture by the name of Armenia, but is alluded to as — 
1. Ararat (Gen. viii. 4), the land on which the Ark rested; where the sons of Sennach- 
erib fled after killing their father (2 Ki. xim 37). (See Ararat.) — — 2. Min7ii (Jer. li. 
27). Josephus says there is a great mountain in Armenia called Baris (Ant. i. 3, 6). 

3. Togarmali. In Gen. x. 3, this is the name of the youngest son of Gomer. Ezek. 

(xxxviii. 6) says, "the house of Togarmah of the north." Tyre traded in horses with 
Togarmah (Ezek. xxvii. 14). 

Ar'non {swift — noisy). River forming the boundary between Moab and Ammon, 
east of the Dead Sea (]S[um. xxi., Judg. xi.) Eords of Arnon (Is. xvi. 2). Near the 
Dead Sea the stream is eighty-two feet wide, four feet deep, and flows between almost 
perpendicular walls of red, brown, and yellow sandstone. Now the Wady Mojeb 
(Josh. xiii. 9). " Aroer that is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and the city that is 
in the midst of the river." There is a ruin at the junction of the Lejum with the 
Arnon, name not known. 

Ar'oer (ruins). Name of several places east of Jordan. 1. On the Arnon, north 
bank, ten miles from the Dead Sea, now in ruins. A Roman road connected it with 
cities north and south (Deut. ii. 36, iii. 12, iv. 48 ; Josh. xii. 2, xiii. 9 ; Judg. xi. 26 ; 

2 Ki. X. 33 ; 1 Chr. v. 8). 2. Gad, facing Rabbah (Num. xxxii. 34; Josh. xiii. 25). 

Ayra, six miles east from the Jordan, two miles north of W. Sheriah. 3. The cities 

of Aroer (Is. xvii. 2). Supposed to be in Bashan. 4. Judah (1 Sam. xxx. 28). 

Ararah, on the road from Gaza to Petra, eleven miles southwest of Beersheba (Rob.) 

Ar'pad. Syria, near Hamath (2 Ki. xviii. 34; Jer. xlix. 23). 

Ar'sareth. Region beyond the Euphrates (2 Esdras, xiii. 45). 

Ar'uboth. Commissariat district of Solomon (1 Ki. iv. 10). Probably Shefelah. 

Aru'mah. Near Shechem. Residence of Abimelech (Judg. ix. 41). 



GEOGRAPHY. 43 

ArVad {wandering). Phoenicia. (See Aradus.) 

A'shan. Al Ghuweir, in Simeon (Josh. xv. 42 ; xix. 7). 

Ash'dod. Azo'tus. Eighteen miles south of Joppa, in Philistia. On an eleva- 
tion above the plain, was strongly fortified, and was one of the seats of the worship 
of the god Dagon (1 Sam. v. 5 ; Josh. xv. 47). The birthplace of Herod the Great, 
who adorned it with baths. It was on the high road to Egypt, and besieged by the 
Assyrian Tartan, B. c. 716 (Is. xx. 1). Psammetichus besieged it for twenty-nine years, 
B.C. 630 (Jer. xxv. 20). Philip was found at Azotus (Acts, viii. 40 ; Neh. xiii. 23, ^4). 
It was noted during the Crusades. Now called Usdud. The modern village is built 
among the ruins of the ancient city, and is embowered in groves, tall sycamores, and 
hedged with cactus, while the sand drifting with the wind is creeping up to the very 
doors, two miles from the sea, and burying every green thing. 

Ash'doth-Pis'gah {to poiir forth). Springs E. of the Dead Sea (Deut. iii. 17 ; Josh, 
xii. 3, xiii. 20 ; Num. xxi. 15). Kavine on the E. slope of Pisgah. 

Asher {happy). The eighth son of Jacob, by Zilpah, Leah's handmaid (Gen. xxx. 
13). The name of one of the 12 tribes. The boundaries are extremely difficult to 
trace, but were N. of Carmel, on the Great Sea (Josh. xix. 24-31). It contained some 
of the richest soil in Palestine, and minerals. Anna, who lived in the temple, watch- 
ing for the coming of Christ, was of this tribe. 

Ash'kelon. One of the 5 cities of the Lords of the Philistines (Josh. xiii. 3 ; 1 
Sam. vi. 17). Samson retired to A. as to a remote place (Judg. xiv. 19). Since the 
crucifixion it has been more noted than before. There was a temple and sacred lake 
to Derceto, the Syrian Venus. It was celebrated for its groves of cypress, figs, olives, 
pomegranates, vines, and for henna, which grew best here of any place, except only 
Can opus, and also for the peculiar onions called shallot. Eichard I. of England, 
during the Crusades, fortified and held his court at A. The muslim called it the 
Bride of Syria. The ancient city was enclosed in a natural wall of hills forming an 
amphitheatre on the shore of the Sea, and on the top of this ridge was the wall, w^hich 
was very high, thick, and built of small stones and old columns of granite and mar- 
ble. The modern village, Askulan, is very beautiful in its groves, orchards, and shade- 
trees (Gen. XX. 2). Gerar is supposed to be A. by the Samaritans. 

Ash'kenaz. One of the sons of Gomer, son of Japhet. The tribe or nation 
was located in or near Armenia, Ararat, Minni (Jer. li. 27). The name is a com- 
pound, As-kenz=As-race. Probably the origin of Asia. 

Ash'nah. Judah. 2 cities. 1. 9 ms. W. of Jerusalem, near Zanoah (Josh. xv. 
33). 2. S. W. of Jer. 16 ms., near Nezib (Josh. xv. 43). 

As'phar {the pool of). Jonatlian and Simon encamped in the vicinity of this 
pool before the battle with Bacchides (1 Mace. ix. 33 ; Jos. Ant. xiii. 1, § 2). Is it 
lake Asphaltitis ? 

Ash'toreth. Ashtaroth {star). Bashan. The seat of the idolatry of the god- 
dess Ashtaroth, or Astarte. Tell Ashareh, a mound 70 feet high, at one time occupied 
by a village or buildings. A fine spring issues near some ruins at the base. Following 
the Samaritan Pentateuch, which reads Afinit Karnaim, instead of Ashtaroth Kar- 
naim, the site of the temple and city of Astarte is looked for on the S. W. slope of 
Jebel Hauran, 8 miles N. E. from Bozrah at a place called El Afineh. 2. A. Kar- 
naim {of the tivo horns). Now supposed to be Es Sunamein, 25 miles S. of Damascus 
on the pilgrim route to Mecca. Sunamein— two idols. 

As'sos. Seaport in Mysia, on a peninsula in the ^gean Sea (Acts, xx. 13"). The 



44 



GEOGRAPHY. 



S^ 




ruins are very extensive, and give a more perfect idea of an entire ancient Greek city 
than any other known site. Paul met Luke and others here after walking from 
Troas. 

Assyria. Country on the Tigris (Gen. ii. 14), the capital of which was Nineveh 
(x. 11) : named from Asshur, the son of Shem, who was deified and worshipped as 
their chief god by the Assyrians : 500 miles N. E. to S. W. and 350 to 100 miles 
wide. Divided from Armenia by a high range of mountains. Its northern part 
is mountainous, the middle hilly, with fertile plains, and the south- 
ern is the great plain of Mesopotamia {midst of rivers) — the district 
now called M Jezira. This plain is 250 miles long, divided by the 
rocky ridge, Sinjar — a limestone range, sparsely wooded, and of a 
golden color, with purple lines of shade at a distance. 80 ms. N. of the 
Sinjar the plain extends to the hilly region, and was once densely 
populated, but is now a wilderness. The mounds are the only relics of 
antiquity, and these contain (in those of Nineveh, and others recently 
partly explored by Layard), the proofs of their greatness, in sculptures, 
inscriptions, and remnants of architecture. The first king of A. who 
oppressed Israel was Chushan-Rishathaim, b. c. 1400 (Jud. iii. 8). Art 
and architecture, civil and religious institutions, were in a very ad- 
vanced state. They used the arch, tunnels, drains, the level, the roller; king of asstria. 
engraved on gems ; enamelled, inlaid, and plated with metals ; made 
glass, optical instruments, ivory, bronze, and precious metal ornaments. The prophe- 
cies against A. are those of Nahum, B.C. 645; Zephaniah (ii. 13), B.C. 608; and 
Ezekiel (xxxi.), b. c. 584. 

A'tad {floor of the thorn) — threshing-floor 
of. Burial-place of Jacob. W. of Jordan, not 
far from Hebron (Gen. 1. 10, 11). (See Abel Miz- 
raim.) 

At'aroth {crowns), 1. A. Beth Joab, Ju- 

dah (1 Chr. ii. 54). 2. A. Addar, Ephr. (Josh. 

xvi. 2, 5-7; xviii. 13), 6 miles K W. of Bethel. 

3. A. Shophan. Gad (Num. xxxii. 34). S. 

of Heshbon, near Jebel Attarus. 4. A. Reu- 
ben (Num. xxxii. 3). 

A'thach. Judah (1 Sam. xxx. 30). Lost. 

Ath'arim. Way of the spies (Num. xxi. 1). 
Edom. 

Ath'ens. Capital of Greece. Visited by Paul in his journey from Macedonia 
(Acts, xvii. 14, 15 ; 1 Thess. iii. 1). The result of his labors was the founding of a 
church tliere. The Athenians were lovers of music, painting, sculpture, and oratory; 
and were permitted to take part in politics. The fine arts, history, and philosophy, all 
rose in Greece, and were a part of the education of all free men. 

At'roth. Gad (Num. xxxii. 35). 

Attalia. In Pamphylia. Now Adalia (Acts, xiv. 25). Built and named after 
Attains Philadelphus, king of Pergamus. 

A'va. Assyria. From which colonies were brought to repeople the cities of 
Samaria, after the captivity (2 Ki. xvii. 24). Ahava ? Ivah (xviii. 34). Lost. 

AVen {nothingness). 1. On, the sacred city of the sun in Egypt (Ezek. xxx. 




PLAN OP ATHENS. 



GEOGKAPHY. 45 

17). 2. The plain of Aven, probably Coele-Syria, including the temple of Baal- 
bek (Amos, i. 5). 3. The high places of Aven, Bethel (Hos. x. 8). 

AVim. Avites (Josh. xiii. 3; xviii. 23). In Benjamin {ruins toivn). Name of 
the people who were displaced by the Caphtorim or Philistines ; toward Egypt (Deut. 
ii. 23), from Gaza to the river of Egypt. Hazerim. Gerar. 

A'vith. Chief city of King Hadad, Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 35). (Jebel Ghoweythe, 
K E. of Kerak.) 

A'zem. Ezem. 

Az'maveth. Benjamin (1 Chr. xii. 3). Beni {sons of) Azmaveth. Forty-two 
returned from captivity (Ezra, ii. 24). 

Az'mon. On the south border of Palestine, near Hazar-addar (Num. xxxiv. 5 ; 
Josh. XV. 4). Now Aseimeh, west of Kedesh. 

Az'noth Tabor {ears of Tabor). Landmark on the west of Naphtali. Near 
Dio Csesarea (Eusebius). 

Az'zah. Gaza (Deut. ii. 23). 



Ba'al {sun, or lord). The supreme male god of the Phoenicians, as Ashtoreth 
was the supreme female goddess. The worship has been practised from the most 
ancient times, and was adopted by the Jews, and carried on with 
great pomp and ceremony in special temples adcrned with his 
images. The several names by which he was known were — 1. Baal- 
Be'rith {covenant), at Shechem (Judg. viii. 33). — 2. Baal- 
ze'bub {of the fly), at Ekron. — 3. Baal-ha'nan {gracious). 
Baal-pe'or (see Smith's Dictionary). The name was given to 
many places. baal. 

1. Simeon (1 Chr. iv. 33). Baalath Beer. 

2. Ba'alah. Kirjath Jearim, Judah, 7 miles W. of Jerusalem (Josh. xv. 9). 
— 3. Town of the same name in Dan (Josh. xix. 44). 

4. B. Beer (J5. of the well, or holy well), south Judah, and given to Simeon. 
Other sacred wells in this region were called Beer-lahai-roi {of the vision of God), and 
Beersheba {of the oath). 

5. B. Gad {fortune). The most northern point of Joshua's victories (xi. 17; 
xii. 7). Supposed to have been a Phoenician sanctuary. Eobinson thought it was the 
same as Banias, which has been a sanctuary of the god Pan from a remote age. 

6. B. ha'xnon {of multitude). Where Solomon had a vineyard (Cant. viii. 11). May 
have been not far north of Samaria (Judith, viii. 3). 

7. B. ha'zor {village). Where Absalom had a sheep-farm, and where Amnon 
was murdered (2 Sam. xiii. 23). 

8. Mt. Baal Hermon. Mt. Hermon. 

9. B. me'on. Beth-Baal-Meon. Beth-Meon (1 Chr. v. 8). 9 miles from Hesh- 
bon, near the mountain of the hot springs, and reputed to be the native place of Elisha. 

10. B. pe'razim {destructions). Scene of David's victory over the Philistines 
(2 Sam. V. 20 ; 1 Chr. xiv. 11). 

11. B. Shalisha {third idol). Not far from Gilgal, Sharon (2 Ki. iv. 42). 

12. B. tamar {of the palm). Benjamin, near Gibeah (Jud. xx. 33). The palm- 
tree of Deborah is supposed to be meant by some. Lost. 




46 



GEOGRAPHY. 



13. B. Ze'phon. Near the crossing-place of the Red Sea in the Exodus. Lost. 
Ba'albek {city of the sun). Baal Gad (Josh. xi. 17, xii. 7), in Coele-Syria, 
the valley of Lebanon, under Mt. Her- 
mon. The ruins are the most impor- 
tant and remarkable in the whole 
country ; the site pleasantly located on ' 
the lowest slopes of Anti-Lebanon, at 
the opening of a small valley into the 
plain El Bukaa. A small stream, 
divided into many rills for irrigation, 
waters the fertile soil. 

The city was not regular in plan, 
and heaps of ruins scattered over a 
space of two miles indicate its size. 
The chief attractions are the three 
temples. L The Great Temple, whose 
ruins are very grand and picturesque, 
but seems to have been left unfinished. 
The Great Gate, engraved above, is 
ornamented with every device that 
could be used in the most florid Co- 
rinthian style. Ears of grain, vine- 
leaves and grapes, with little figures of 
genii, or elves half-hid among them, 
and many choice touches of scroll- 
work, attract the eye and gratify the 
taste. Only 6 columns of the peristyle 
of this temple are now standing (75 ft. 

high, 7 ft. thick, the pediment 120 ft. above the ground), besides two courts and a por- 
tico. These are on an artificial platform, which is elevated 30 feet, and has vaults 
underneath. The three great stones forming a part of the wall of this platform meas- 
ure (1) 64 ft., (2) 63 ft. 8 in., (3) 63 ft. 
Thickness, 13 feet. The large stone left 
m the quarry is 69 ft. long, 17 ft. wide, and 
14 ft. thick. (See cut on the next page.) 
2. The Octagon Temple is Ionic and Co- 
rinthian in style, circular inside and out- 
side, having niches which are seen each 
between two columns, as in the cut. 
Carved wreaths ornament the space above 
each niche. This has been used as a Chris- 
tian church, but is now ruinous. 3. The 
Temple of the Sun, also Corinthian, is the 
most beautiful work there. The gi-eat 
work of Wood and Dawkins contains 
drawings and plans of every object of interest at Baalbek, and also at Palmyra. p46 
An inscription has the name of Zenodorus, son of Lysanias, probably Tetrarch 
of Abilene, but evidently of a later date than the structures on which it was written. 




GREAT DOOR.— TEMPLE OF THE SUN AT EAAI.BEK. 




THE OCTAGON TEMPLE AT BAALBEK. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



47 




The history of the city is unknown, and we can only suppose it was of Phoenician 
origin from the character of the work, especially the bevelled masonry under the great 
peristyle. , • -n - '^; .^ 

Some ancient coins have tem- - . --~^->-=^vfe^ - --"^ 

pies with columns corresponding to 
the two greater ones, and an in- 
scription, " Colonia Heliopolis Jovi 
Optimo Maximo Heliopotano." 
Another inscription on the pedes 
tals of the two outside columns is 
dated A. D. 212-217, by the names 
of the Emperor Antonia Caracalla 
and Julia Domna his mother (wife 
of Septimius Severus, and daugh- 
ter of a priest of the sun at Emesa). 
During the last thirteen centuries 
the Mohammedans — fanatical ha- 
ters of all temples, idols, and even 
innocent statues — have done what 
they could to deface and destroy the 
architectural and artistic beauties 
of Baalbek, recording their zeal in ^^'^^'^ '^tone m the quarry at baalbek. 

numberless pompous inscriptions, none of which hav^ any historic value. By them the 
entire platform, vaults, temples, and all, were early converted into a strong fortress, 
called Kula et Baalbek. 

Ba'bel, Bab'ylon (gate of God). Capital of the Plain of Shinar (Gen. x. 10). 
Built B. c. 2600 (ver. 25), on both sides of the river Euphrates: a vast square, 56 miles 
in circuit. About 5 miles above Hillali, on the E. bank of the river, are 
a great many artificial mounds of enormous size, in three groups. 

1, Babil, or Mujellibe (overtmmed), a high pile of unbaked bricks; 

2, the palace, or Kasr ; and 3, the mound on which the modern 
tomb of Amrani ibit All stands. In a line with the Amram mound, 
on both sides of the river, are the ruins of a great palace, the bricks 
of which bear the name of Nergal-Sharezer (Neriglissar), who was 
the chief magician (Rab-mag) and ofiicer of Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. 
xxxix. 3). Similar mounds, but smaller, are scattered over the 
country on both sides of the river, one of which, 6 miles S. W. of 
Hillali is called Birs Nimricd, which some say is the tower of 
Babel. Inscriptions found here, of the date of Nebuchadnezzar, 
mark the site of Borsippa, outside of Babylon. A broad and deep 
moat, kept full of water, surrounded one wall of the ancient city, 
outside of which was another wall 200 royal cubits high and 50 thick 

{Pliny says 200, Straho 75, and RaivUnson 60 to 70 feet). Scarcely a trace of these 
walls can be found now, except it may be a few mounds which are supposed to mark 
the sites of some of the gates. Ctesias says there were 250 towers on the walls. The 
houses were generally built of bricks made of the river mud, sun-dried, or burnt in 
kilns, cemented with bitumen, and were three and four stories high. 

The streets were straight, and crossed each other at right angles, the cross 




RTHNS OF BABYLON. 
RESTORED PLAN. 



48 GEOGRAPHY. 

streets haying gates of bronze at the river. Ctesias mentions a bridge of stone 3,000 
feet long and 30 feet wide, connecting two palaces on opposite sides of the river. 
There were 3 walls around the royal palace on the Eastern side, the second or middle 
wall being 300 ft. high and the towers 420 ft, and 4:^ miles in circuit, made of 
colored brick, representing hunting scenes, with figures of Ninus and Semiramis. A 
tunnel under the river also connected the two palaces (Jer. li. 58, 53; 1.15). There 
were a hundred gates of bronze with posts and lintels of the same. The banks of the 
river had quays, whose ruins still exist, and on the bricks was written in arrow-head 
characters the name of the last king. The most imposing ruin examined by Layard 
is called Birs Nirnrud, and was found to be in seven stories, with a chamber on the 
top, each story smaller, forming an oblique pyramid with a square base. It was called 
the Temple of the Seven Spheres, and is not the Tower of Babel of the Scriptures, which 
is not yet identified. The stones were colored, and were, beginning at the lower — 1st, 
272 ft. square, 26 ft. high, colored black; 2d, 230 sq. 26 h., orange ; 3d, 188 sq. 26 h., 
red; 4th, 146 sq. 15 h., golden color; 5th, 104 sq. 15 h., yellow ; 6th, 62 sq. 15 h., blue; 
7th, 20 sq. 15 h., silver color ; and the ark nearly covering the entire upper platform 
and 15 feet high, color not given : making, in all, 153 feet above the platform, which 
was three feet above the plain. The empire lasted 1300 yrs. (Jer. xxv. 12, 14). It is 
now a desolation, the great city has become heaps (li. 37), the land a wilderness for 
wild beasts, and even the Arabs refuse to pitch the tent, and the shepherd to fold sheep 
there (Is. xiii. 19-22). 

Ba'ca. The valley. (Mulberry,) Ps. Ixxxiv. 6. Located in Hinnom (2 
Sam. V. 23). A valley of the same name is now found in Sinai. (Burch) 

Bahu'rim. Near Jerusalem, on the road to Jericho, near the border of Benj. 
(2 Sam. iii. 16). Jonathan and Ahimaaz hid in a well at B. (xvii. 18). (Jos. Ant. vii. 
9, § 7. Barclay, 563). Azmaveth the Bahurimite (xxiii. 31). 

Ba'jith. Temple of the gods of Moab. High place in Moab (Is. xv. 2). 

Balah. Simeon (Josh. xix. 3). 

Ba'moth {high place). B. Baal. Moab (Josh. xiii. 17; Num. xxi. 19). Near 
this was Baal Meon, or Beth-Baal-Meon. 

Bani'as. Paneas. Csesarea Philippi. 

Bas'cama. In Gilead, where Trypho killed Jonathan Maccabaeus (1 Mace. xiii. 
23). Lost. 

Ba'shan. District E. of Jordan, N. of Jabbok river. From the border of Gilead 
to Mt. Hermon, and from the Jordan to Salcah (Josh. xii. 4, 5 ; 1 Chr. v. 11 ; Num. 
xxi. 33 ; Deut. iii. 10, 11). All Bashan (Josh. xii. 5). Og, King of B. Argob with 
its 60 fortified villages — Bashan-Havoth-Jair (Deut. iii. 14), was in B. The chief 
cities were Ashtaroth (Beeshterah, Josh. xxi. 27), Edrei, Grolan, Salcah, and Maha- 
naim (xiii. 30). 

The oaks, the cattle, ^'strong bulls of Bashan" (Ezek. xxvii. '6; Ps. xxii. 12). 
The whole country E. of Jordan was in later times called Gilead (Josh. xxii. 9, 15, 32). 
After the Captivity it was divided into 4 provinces, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, Trachonitis, 
and Batanaea. 

Bath-Rab'bim. Gate of the city of Heshbon ; near which there were two pools 
(Cant. vii. 4). 

Bath-Zacari'ah. Where Judas Maccabaeus encamped before fighting Antiochus 
Eupator, who had besieged Beth Zur (1 Mace. vi. 32, 33). Now Beit Sakarieh. 

Be'aloth {plural fern, of Baal). Judah. S. (Josh. xv. 24). In Aloth (1 Ki. iv. 16)- 



GEOGRAPHY. 49 

Bec'tileth, the plain of {house of slaughter). Between Nineveh and Cilicia (Jud. 
ii. 21). Bactiali was a plain 21 miles from Antioch. {Peutinger tcibles.) 

Be'er {well). 1. A well dug by the " princes" beyond Arnon, near one of the 
last stations of the Exode, and celebrated in poetry (Num. xxi. 16, 18). 2. Jotham, 
son of Gideon, fled to this place (Judg. ix. 21). Site lost. 

Be'er-Elim {ivell of heroes). Beer I. (Is. xv. 8). 

Be'er-Laha'i-Roi {ivell of the living and seeing God). Between Kadesh and 
Bered, wilderness of Shur (Gen. xvi. 14, xxiv. 62, xxv. 11). Located byEitter25 ms. 
S. E. of Beersheba, at Moyle, Beit Hagar. 

Bee'roth {wells). One of the 4 cities of the Hivites ; the other 3 being Gibeon, 
Chephirah, and Kirjath Jearim (Josh. ix. 17, xviii. 25, 26, 28). 10 ms. N. of Jerusa- 
lem, on the Shechem road, the customary resting-place of travellers {Roh.) Bene 

Jakan. Edom, a station (Deui x. 6). 

Beer'sheba {well of sicearing or tuell of seve^i). S. Border of Judah. Dug by 
Abraham (Gen. xxi. 31). The compact of Abraham and Abimelech was ratified by 
setting apart 7 ewe-lambs, sheba=:seven.) Isaac's servants also "digged" a well (xxvi. 
32). Two principal wells and five smaller ones are on the N. bank of Wady Seba, on 
the edge of the desert. One is 12-|^ ft. diameter, 44|^ ft. to the water {Roh., Apr. 12). 
The other is 5 ft. diam. and 42 ft. to the water. Watering-troughs of stone lie around 
the wells, and among the grass are crocuses and lilies. The 5 lesser wells are at some 
distance from the 2 larger. The ruins of a town are on the hills N. of the wells. It is 
very frequently mentioned as one of the boundaries of all Israel. From Dan to Beer- 
sheba. The Arab name is Bir es Seba', Well of the Lion. 

Beesh'tera. Man. (Josh. xxi. 27.) Ashtaroth. 

Bela {simlloiving up). One of the 5 cities of the plain, spared at the prayer of 
Lot (Gen. xiv. 2, xix. 22). Called Zoar=: little one. 

Bel'maim. South of Dothaim (Jud. vii. 3). 

Bel'men. Samaria, between Bethhoron and Jericho (Jud. iv. 4). Abelme- 
holah ? 

Ben'e-Berak {children of B.). Dan (Josh. xix. 45). Eusebius located the 
city near Azotus. Site lost. 

Ben'e-Jaakan {children of J.). Located by Eobinson in the pass er Eubay, 
near Arabah (Num. xxxiii. 31). 

Be'on. E. of tfordan (Num. xxxii. 3). Probably Baal Meon. 

Bera'chah {valley of Messing). 6 ms. S. of Bethlehem, E. of the Hebron road 
1 mile; now a ruin called Bereikut {Rob.). (2 Chr. xx. 26.) 

Bere'a. Macedonia (Acts, xvii. 10). Visited by Paul and Silas, Paul's com- 
panion. Sopater of Berea (xx. 4; Rom. xvi. 21). Sosipater. Now called Verria, on 
the E. slope of Olympus, well watered, and commanding a fine view of the plains of 
Axius and Haliacmon — 15,000 population. The ruins are Greek, Roman, and By- 
zantine. 

2. Judea, near Jerusalem (1 Mace. ix. 4 ; Jos. Ant. xii. 11, § 1). 

3. A name of Aleppo. Jerome says certain persons lived in this city who 

had and used St. Matthew's Hebrew Gospel (c. 3). 

Be'red. In the wilderness, near Kadesh (Gen. xvi. 14). Located at Elusa, Khu- 
lasa (Ar.), 12 ms. S. of Beersheba, where there is a well. Supposed to be Shur, and 
also Gerar. 

Be'rothah. Be'rothai. Supposed to be Beirut (Ezek. xlvii. 16; 2 Sam. viii. 8). 
Some think another place is meant, and unknown. 



50 GEOGRAPHY. 

Be'sor, the Brook {fresh or cool). Judah. S. (1 Sam. xxx. 9, 10, 21). 

Be'tah. Syria. David took much spoil of brass from it (2 Sam. viii. 8). 

Bet'ane. S. of Jerusalem, 4 ms. from Hebron. Betharim (Judg. i. 9), " in the 
valley." 

Be'ten. Asher (Josh. xix. 25). 8 ms. E. of Acre (Eusebius). 

Beth. House of any kind. Tent. Hangings. Family. Temple. 

Ab'ara {liouseoftheford). Where John was baptizing (John, i. 28). The 

oldest MSS. read Bethany. It was beyond Jordan, and nearly opposite Jericho. 

A'nath. Naph. Fenced city (Josh. xix. 38 ; Judg. i. 33). Site lost. 

A'noth. Jud. (Josh. xv. 59). Beit ainun, near Halhul, and Beit Sur. {RoK) 

3 ms. N. of Hebron. 

Beth'any {house of dates). One of the most interesting places in Palestine. 
The residence of Lazarus, who was raised from the dead ; the frequent resting-place of 
Jesus ; the home of Mary and Martha, and of Simon the leper; and from whence the 
triumphal entry began : and near this place was the scene of the Ascension. On the 
Mt. of Olives (Mark, xi. 1 ; Luke, xix. 29 ; 15 furlongs off (John, xi. 18) ; on the road 
to Jericho (Luke, xix. 1, 29), and near it was Bethphage. It is now called el Azariyeh, 
the city of Lazarus. Is in a hollow, surrounded with olives, almonds, pomegranates, 
oaks, and carobs. The buildings are ruinous acd wretched. The house of Lazarus is 
pointed out as a square tower, very ancient ; and his tomb, a cave in the rock, de- 
scended by 26 steps. 

Beth Ar'abah {house of the desert). One of the six cities of Judah in the 
Arabah=sunk valley of the Jordan (Josh. xv. 6, 61, xviii. 22). 

Beth-A'ram. Gad, E. of Jordan (Josh. xiii. 27, xxxii. 36). Site located two 
miles E. of Jordan in W. Seir. Livias. Tell Haran. 

Beth Ar'bel (Hos. x. 14). Site lost. Supposed to refer to Jud. viii. 

Beth A'ren {house of naught). Benj. E. of Bethel (Josh. vii. 2). 

Beth Az'maveth. Benj. Neh. vii. 28. On the hills S. E. of Jeba. 

Beth-Baal-Me'on. Eeuben, on the downs E. of Jordan (Josh. xiii. 17). Baal 
Meon (Num. xxxii. 38). The name is still given to a ruin of large size, two miles 
S. W. of Hesban {Burch.) in W. Zurka Main, where there are remains of a Eoman 
road. 

Beth-ba'rah {house of the ford). Jud. vii. 24. Gideon's victory was near Beth- 
shean, and the fords were probably the outlets of the brooks coming down from the 
mountains of Ephraim. The place where Jacob crossed on his return from Mesopo- 
tamia, and at which Jephtha slew the Ephraimites. 

Beth-ba'si. In the Jordan valley, not far from Jericho (1 Mace. ix. 62, 64 ; Jos. 
Ant. xiii. 1, § 5). 

Beth-bir'ei. Simeon (1 Chr. iv. 31), near Beersheba. 

Beth'-car {house of lambs). West of Mizpeh (1 Sam. vii. 11 ; Jos. Ant. vi. 2, § 2). 

Beth Da'gon {house of D agon). 1. In the Shefelah, Judah (Josh. xv. 41). Site 
supposed to be found at Beit dejan, between Lydda and Jaffa {Rob.) 2. Asher, near 
the coast (xix. 27). 3. Beit dejan, about five miles S. E. of Nabulus, Shechem. 

Beth-Dibla'thaim {house of the double cake). Moab (Jer. xlviii. 22). 
Beth'el {house of God). Ten miles north of Jerusalem, to the right of the She- 
chem road. Where Jacob saw the ladder in his dream (Gen. xxviii. 19). The name of 
the city was originally Luz. Another account is that Jacob set up a stone to mark 
the spot where God spake with him (Gen. xxxv. 14, 15 ; Hosea, xii. 4, 5). In Abram's 



GEOGKAPHY. 51 

time it was called Bethel (xii. 8). Jeroboam, the king, set up a golden calf at Bethel 
(1 Ki. xiii). Jehu continued the worship of the calf. It was near Bethel that the 
eyent of the bears and Elisha and the forty-two children took place. It was a royal 
residence (Amos, vii. 13). There were winter-houses and summer-liouses and houses 
of ivory at B. (iii. 14, 15; 2 Ki. xvii. 28). Josiah destroyed it. The worship of God 
and of idols went on side by side for many years (Amos, y. 14, 22). Was a strong 
place in later times (1 Mace. ix. 50). The ruins cover four or five acres; on a low hill 
between two valleys, which run into es Suweinit (Rob.). 2. Judah (Josh. xii. 16; 
1 Sam. XXX. 27). Chesil, Bethul. Hiel the Bethelite, the rebuilder of Jericho (1 Ki. 
xvi. 34). 

Bethe'mek (house of the valley). Asher, on the border of Jipthah-el. 'Amkah, 
eight miles N. E. of Akka (Bob.). 

Be'ther. Mountains of (Cant. ii. 17). Lost. 
Beth'esda [house of mercy, oi place of flowing water). A pool at Jerusalem, near the 
sheep-gate, with five porches, extensive enough to accommodate a large number of 
sick and infirui people, who resorted there for relief (John, v. 2). Supposed to be the 
great excavation near St. Stephen's gate, now called Bethesda. The porches and water 
are gone, and all around it are ruins, but it is very large, cemented as if for holding 
water, and there might have been buildings on its east and north sides anciently. 

Bethe'zel. Philistia (Micah, i. 11). 

Beth'gader. Geder (Josh. xii. 13). 

Bethga'miil {house of the weaned, or camel). Moab, in the plains. Um-el 
jemail, a few miles south of Busrah, in the Hauran {Rob.). 

Bethhac'cerem {house of the vme). New Tekoa (Jer. vi. 1; Neh. iii. 14). 

Beth-he'ran. East of Jordan, at the mouth of Wady Seil. Now Tell Haran- 
Livias. Built by the Gadites (Num. xxxii. 36; Josh. xiii. 27). 

Bethhoglah {house of partridge). On the border of Judah (Josh. xv. 6) and 
Benjamin, near Jericho. A great spring and ruin in the Jericho plain is now called 
Ain Hajla {Rob.). 

Bethho'ron {house of caverns). Two cities, Jerusalem — Jaffa, upper roads built 
by Sherah, a woman of Ephraim, on the boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin 
(Josh. xvi. 3, 5, xviii. 13, 14, xxi. 22). Two of the most memorable victories of the 
Jews occurred here — Joshua over the five Amorite kings,' when the sun and moon 
stood still at his command (Josh, x.), and that of Judas Maccabaeus over the forces of 
Syria, under Seron (Mace. iii. 13-24). The Roman army, under Cestius Gallus, was 
defeated here in the reign of Nero, with a loss of 5,680 men (Jos. B. J., ii. § 8). 

Beth-Jesh'iinotli {house of the ivastes). East of Jordan, in the deserts of Moab 
(Num. xxxiii. 49). Was one of the cities which were "the glory of the country" 
(Ez. XXV. 9). Beth Jisimuth is now half a mile east of the Jordan, and a mile north 
of the Dead Sea. 

Bethleba'oth {house o^ lionesses). Simeon (Josh. xix. 6; 1 Chr. iv. 31). Beth- 
birei. 

Bethlehem {house of bread). Four and a half miles south of Jerusalem. One 
of the most ancient cities in Palestine. Called Bphrath {fruitful) (Gen. xxxv. 16, 
xlviii. 7). The residence of Boaz and Ruth, the birthplace of David, and the residence 
of Saul. Rehoboam fortified it (2 Chr. xi. 16). The Inn of Chimham was a halting 
place for those who would "go to enter into Egypt" (Jer. xii. 17) ; which was probably 
the same inn in which Jesus was born (Matt. ii. 1, 5 ; Luke, ii. 4, 5). Called also 



52 



GEOGRAPHY. 



B. Judah and City of David. Justin Mai-tyr speaks of our Lord's birth as having 
taken place "in a certain cave very close to the village" (a. d. 150). The village is 
not again mentioned after the birth of Jesus, in ihe Scripture. The Emperor Hadrian 
planted a grove of Adonis over the cave, which stood 180 years (a. d. 135-315). The 
Empress Helena, after clearing away this grove, built a church on the spot, which has 




CITr OF BETHLfiHEM. 



been continued, with additions, making it " a half church and half fort," until the 
present day. 

The modern town is built on the low hill behind the convent (or church), facing 
the east. The hill is an offshoot of the main ridge, and ends in a little valley or narrow 
plain. The village is walled in, and is triangular. The plain east of the ridge is that 
on which tradition says the angels appeared to the shepherds, and it is called the 
Shepherds' Field (Arabic, Beit Sahur — house of Sahur). As the plains v/ere always, 
anciently, cultivated, it is probable that the shepherds would have been found on the 
hill, where they now may be found, with their flocks. 

A church containing the monuments of the three shepherds is mentioned by an 
early writer (Arculfus), as standing in the midst of the fields and terraced gardens. 
Jerome lived here, in a cell which is now pointed out, next to the great church, where 
he wrote most of his commentaries, and compiled the Latin Vulgate, the best ancient 
version of the Scriptures, a. d. 385-420. The present town has about 3,000 people, 
nearly all Christians, who are makers of crucifixes, beads, models of the holy places, 
and other articles for sale to pilgrims. 

2. Zebulon, 7 ms. W. of Nazareth (Josh. xix. 15). Birthplace of Ibzan, the 

judge (Judg. xii. 8). 

Beth-Ma'achah. See Abel. 

Beth-Mar'caboth {house of chariots). Hazar-suzim, Madmannah (Josh. 
xix. 5). Of Simeon in Judah, extreme S. A station on the way to Egypt, where 
Solomon's chariots were kept (1 Ki. ix. 19 ; 2 Chr. viii. 6). Post-station. 

Beth-Millo {ivall-house). Near Shechem (Judg. ix. 20, 46-49). Perhaps a 
part of the fortification of Shechem. 

2. A fort or tower on Zion. (2 Ki. xii. 20.) Millo (2 Sam. v. 9). 



GEOGRAPHY. 53 

Beth-Nimrah (house of pure water). E. of Jordan, N. of Beth-aram, in the 
Jordan valley, opposite Jericho ; a fenced city (Num. xxxii. 36 ; Josh. xiii. 27 ; Is. xv. 
6 ; Jer. xlviii. 34). Eusebius mentions it as a large place. A group of ruins 2 m. E. 
of the Jordan are now called Nimrim or Wady Shoaib. Supposed to be the Bethabara 
of John, i. 28 ; Matt. iii. 5 ; Mark, i. 5. 

Beth-Pa'let (house of flight). Judah (Josh. xv. 27; Neh. xi. 26). Near Mola- 
dah and Beersheba. Lost. Paltite (2 Sam. xxiii. 26). 

Beth-Faz'zez. Issa. (Josh. xix. 21.) Lost. 

Beth-Pe'or. E. of Jordan, opposite Jericho, 6 m. N. of Libias ; a place dedi- 
cated to Baal (Josh. xiii. 20). It is supposed that Moses was buried in this ravine 
(Deut. iii. 29, iv. 46, xxxiv. 6). Beth is used for Baal. 

Beth-Pha'ge (house of figs). On the Mt. of Olives near the Jericho road (Matt, 
xxi. 1; Mark, xi. 1; Luke, xix. 29). Probably W. of Bethany (Matt. xxi. 19). The 
locality of the miracle of the withered fig-tree. 

Beth-Phelet. (Neh. xi. 26.) 

Beth-rapha (house of the giant). Judah (1 Chr. iv. 12). Lost. 

Beth-rehob (house of room). Naph. Near Dan Laish (Judg. xviii. 28). A 
little kingdom of Aram (2 Sam. x. 6). Now called Hunin, and was one of the 
strongest forts in the North P., and commanded the plain of Huleh. Its bevelled 
masonry marks its Phoenician origin (Roh., iii. 371). 

Bethsaida (house of fish). Two places on the Sea of Galilee. 1. B. of Galilee 
(John, xii. 21). The city of Andrew, Peter, and Philip (John, i. 44). In the land of 
Gennesaret. 2. B. on the E. of Jordan, raised to importance by Philip the Tetrarch, 
and named Julias, after the emperor's daughter (Jos. A. xviii. 2, § 1). The 5,000 were 
fed near this place y!juke, ix. 10 ; John, vi. 3-10 ; Mark, vi. 39 ; Matt. xiv. 19). A blind 
man was healed here (Mark, viii. 22-26). About two miles N. of the lake, and half a 
mile E. of the Jordan, is a long hill called Tell Julias, now covered with extensive 
ruins (Rot., ii. 413). 

Bethsa'mos. Beth-azmaveth. 

Beth-she'an, Bethshan (house of rest). Town of Manasseh in Issachar 
(1 Chr. vii. 29; Josh. xvii. 11). In the Ghor, 18 m. S. of the lake of Galilee, 4 m. W. 
of the Jordan. Called Scythopolis, from the Scythians, B. c. 631 (2 Mace. xii. 29 ; 
Judith, iii. 10 ; Col. iii. 11). The corpses of Saul and his sons were fastened on its 
walls by the Philistines (1 Sam. xxi. 10, 12). Three or four large brooks run near, 
and Ain Jalud, one of these, was the fountain which was near Jezreel referred to in 
1 Sam. xxix. 1. The ruins of Beisan now cover about 3 miles in circuit, among 
which is a tower of Phoenician origin. The ruins are on several hills, high, steep, 
between whose black, rocky bases the four brooks run. The highest hllJ is nearly 200 
feet high, and overlooks the Jordan for many miles N. and S. It must have been a 
city of temples. (Roh., iii. 328; 1 Chr. i. 10.) Josephus names it as the chief city of 
the Decapolis (Jos. Wars, iii. 9, 7). 

Beth-she mesh (house of the sun). Several places of this name. 1. Judah, 
near Kirjath Jearim (Josh. xv. 10 ; 1 Sam. v. 13). The ark was sent here by the Phi- 
listines fromEkron (1 Sam. vi. 9-12, 18). Now Ain Shems. 2. Issachar (Josh. xix. 
22). 3. A fenced city of Naphtali (Josh. xix. 38). 4. An idolatrous temple in Egypt 
(Jer. xliii. 13). Aven. On. 

Beth-shittah (house of the acacia). In the N. of Palestine, to which the Midi- 
anites fled before Gideon (Judg. vii. 22). In the valley of the Jordan (Roh., ii. 356). 



54 GEOGRAPHY. 

Beth-tappuah {house of the citron). Judah, near Hebron (Josh. xv. 53; 1 
Chr. ii. 43). Now called Teffuh, and surrounded by olive groves, vines and fig-trees. 

Bethuel (1 Chr. iv. 30). Bethul. Simeon (Josh. xix. 4). 

Bethulia. S. of the Plain of Esdraelon, near Dothan, in which the chief events 
of the book of Judith occurred {Bob., ii. 313). The Frank Mountain was called Be- 
thulia in the middle ages. Safed was also called by the name of the lost city. 

Beth'zur {house of Rock). Judah. (Josh. xv. 58.) Josephus says it was the 
strongest fortress in Judea. Built by Rehoboam, or fortified by him, and built by the 
people of Maon (1 Chr. ii. 42, 45). In the days of Jerome this was considered as the 
place of the baptism of the eunuch by Philip. Robinson finds it in Beit Sur, 4 ms. 
N. of Hebron, near the Jerusalem road. 

Beto'nim {pistachio nuts). Gad (Josh. xiii. 26 ; Gen.xliii.il). 

Beulah {married). (Is. Ixii. 4.) The name which the land of Israel is to bear 
when it is married. 

Be'zek. Two places. 1. Adoni-bezek {lord of B). Judah (Judg. i. 5). 2. 
Where Saul mustered his army (1 Sam. xi. 8). Supposed to have been in the Jordan 
valley, between Shechem and Bethshean (Jos. Ant. vi. 5, § 3). Lost. 

Be'zer. A city of refuge in Reuben. In the wilderness (Deut. iv. 43 ; Josh. 
XX. 8). E. of Jericho (xxi. 36 ; 1 Chr. vi. 78). Bosor in Maccabees. East of the 
Dead Sea. Site lost. Supposed to have been near Um er Rusas. 

Be'zeth. Part of the Mt. of Olives (1 Mace. vii. 19; Jos. Ant. xii. 10, § 2). 
Bezetha ? 

Bil'eaxn. Manasseh, near Megiddo (1 Chr. vi. 70). 

Birhah. Simeon. Baalah. Balah. (1 Chr. iv. 29.) 

Bith'ron {the hroJcen-up place). A district in the Jordan valley, E. of the river 
(2 Sam. ii. 29). Not determined. 

Bithyn'ia. Province in Asia Minor, on the Black Sea (Acts, xvi. 7). Paul was 
not suffered to visit B., but the gospel was preached there (1 Peter, i. 1). The country 
is mountainous and well watered. 

Biayoth'jah. Judah, near Beersheba (Josh. xv. 28). Lost. 

Bo'chim {the weepers). W. of Jordan, N. of Gilgal (Judg. ii. 1, 5). 

Bo'han. A stone set up on the border of Benjamin and Judah, between Beth- 
arabah and Bethhoglah on the E. and Adummim and Enshemish on the W. (Josh. 
XV. 6, xviii. 17). 

Bo'sor. E. of Jordan, in Gilead (1 Mace. v. 26, 36). 

Boso'ra. Gilead. A strong city taken by Judas Maccabaeus ; probaby the same 
as Bozrah (1 Mace. v. 26, 28). 

Bo'zez {shining). {Teeth of the cliff.) The rock on the N. of the pass by which 
Jonathan entered the Philistine camp (1 Sam. xiv. 4, 5). In the Wady Suweinit, near 
Michmash. 

Boz'kath. Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 39; 2 Ki. xxii. 1). The native 
place of King Josiah. 

Boz'rah {enclosure; sheepfold). Chief city in Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 33). The 
modern name is Buseireh — little Busreh {Bob., ii. 167). It is still a strong fort on a 
hill'top among the mts., about 25 ms. S. E. of the Dead Sea, half way to Petra (Is. 
xxxiv. 6, Ixiii. 1; Jer. xlix. 13, 22; Amos, i. 12 ; Micah, ii. 12). It is the centre of a 
pastoral region. 

2. In the plain country (the land of Mishor) (Jer. xlviii. 24). E. of the 



GEOGRAPHY. 



55 



Dead Sea and Lower Jordan are high table-lands, called Belka, where there are three 
ruins, named Um-el-Jemal (Beth-gamul), Kureiyeh (Kerioth), and Busrah (Bozrah), 
in the K E. section, which is a rich district near the Hauran. The walls of Bozrah 
were 4 ms. in extent, and they did not include the suburbs. Temples, churches, 
mosques, and a beautiful theatre are all in ruins ; only a strong castle is left entire. 

Byb'lus. Gebal. The Greeks changed the name of Gebal to Byblus, and the 
Septuagint uses that name in 1 Ki. v. 18, &c. In mythology this was the birth-place 
of Adonis, and contained the principal temple and sanctuary of that god. Byblus had 
a fleet of war vessels in the time of Alexander. For many centuries it was a place of 
importance, and in Christian times had a bishop. 

€. 

Cab'bon. Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 40). 

Ca'bul {little). 1. Asher (Josh. xix. 27 ; Jos. vi. § 43, 45). Modern site, 8 ms. 

E. of Acre. 2. Region in Galilee given by King Solomon to Hiram, king of 

Tyre, which "pleased him not." (1 Ki. ix. U, 13; Jos. Ant. viii. 5, § 3.) 

Caesare'a. On the shore of the Great Sea, N. W. of Jerusalem 70 ms., and 35 
N. of Joppa, on the ancient road from Tyre to Egypt (Jos. Wars, i. 21, § 5). The 
political capital of Palestine, and a very important city in the time of the apostles 




(Acts, viii. 40, ix. 30, x. 1, 24, xi. 11, xii. 19, xviii. 22, xxi. 8, 16, xxiii. 23, 33, 
XXV. 1, 4, 6, 13). In Strabo's time there was at this place Strato's Tower, and a land- 
ing-place ; and Herod the Great, at immense cost, built an artificial breakwater, and 
founded a city, B. c. 22. The sea-wall was built of very large blocks of stone, 50 feet 
long, and extended into water of 120 feet depth, enclosing several acres, on which a 
large fleet could safely ride. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 9.) Named, in honor of Augustus, C. 
Sebaste (Joseph. Ant. xvi. 5, § 1). Sometimes called 0. Palestina and 0. Stratonis. 
Called Sebastos on coins. The residence of Philip, one of the 7 deacons of 'the early 
church, and the home of the historian Eusebius; the scene of some of Origen's labors 
and the birthplace of Procopius. Was noted in the time of the Crusades. Is now 
utterly desolate. 

It was at Caesarea that Origen (a. d. 185-201), a man of great natural ability, collated 
the text of the Septuagint, Hebrew, and other Greek versions, making a page of six 
columns, each version in its proper column, thus forming what was called the Hexapla 
=z Six-ply version of the Scriptures, which is the most important contribution to bibli- 
cal literature in ancient times. Of some books he gave eight versions. 



56 GEOGRAPHY. 

Caesare'a Philippi. Faneas {Pan), At the S. W. foot of Mt. Hermon, on a 
broad terrace, overlooking the Huleh plain ; behind the mountain range rising in rug- 
ged bold peaks, wooded and capped with snow. Groves of evergreens, oaks and olives, 
hawthorns, myrtles, oleanders, and beautifully carpeted with grass. One of the chief 
sources of the Jordan is in a cave near the castle, and pours out an abundance of water, 
spreading fertility in its course. Named by Philip in honor of Tiberius Caesar and 
himself. Agrippa II. named it Neronias, after Nero. Titus exhibited gladiators there, 
(Jos. Wars, vii. 2, § 1). On the coins it is C. Paneas. Its most ancient name is now 
only known at the spot. The castle (Subeibeh) is of Phoenician work, and one of the 
largest in the land. Supposed to be Baal Gad (Josh.xi. 17). The charge to Peter was 
given here by Jesus (Matt. xvi. 18), and near it was probably the scene of the Trans- 
figuration (xyii. 1, 2). 

Cai'n {the lance). Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 57). 

Calah. Assyria. Built by Asshur or Nimrod (Gen. x. 11). Halah (2 Ki. xvii. 
6; 1 Chr. v. 26). Shalmaneser carried Israel captive to this city. The Nimrud 
ruins which have yielded vast quantities of Assyrian remains is believed to be the an- 
cient Calah, which was probably at one time the capital of the empire. 

Caleb. South of. Given by Caleb to Othniel with Achsah (1 Sam. xxx. 14 ; 
Judg. i. 15). 

Calliro'hoe. Hot springs E. of the Dead Sea 8 ms., and S. of the inlet of the 
Jordan 12 ms. Water 12 ft. wide and 10 inches deep, and very swift, in a chasm 
whose walls are 125 ft. apart and 150 to 200 ft. high (Gen. xxxvi. 24). Ruins of a 
castle, imposing and extensive, are found on a high cliff, where John the Baptist was 
imprisoned and beheaded (Matt. xiv. 3-12). 

Cal'neh. Calno. Calnah. Canneh. Assyria. On the E. bank of the 
Tigris, opposite Seleucia (Gen. x. 10 ; Isa. x. 9 ; Amos, vi. 2). Ctesiphon, 200 ms. 
below Nineveh, 20 below Bagdad ; 6 N. of Babel. Tank Kesra is its present name, 
and the ruins are interesting, especially those of the palace. 

Cal'vary {hare shull). Golgotha. Place of the crucifixion of Jesus. Site lost. 
(Matt, xxvii. 33 ; Mark, xv. 22 ; Luke, xxiii. 33 ; John, xix. 17). 

Gammon. In Gilead (Jos. Ant. v. 7, § 6). Where Jair the Judge was buried 
(Judg. X. 5). Lost. 

Ca'na {tlie nest), 1. Galilee (John ii. 1). 7 ms. N. of Nazareth. Scene of the 
first miracle of Christ, turning water into wine; and another, healing the son of a 
nobleman (iv. 46-54). 

Now called Kana el Jelil, and in ruins, occupying a beautiful side hill overlook- 
ing the plain of Buttauf. 

Ca'naan {loiver country). That is, lower than Gilead. The ancient name of the 
country between the Jordan and the Great Sea, extending from Hamath on the N. to 
the desert below Beersheba on the S. (Zeph. ii. 5 ; Is. xix. 18; Judg. iii. 1 ; Ex. xv. 15). 
In Matt. XV. 22, the name is ajjplied to Philistia and Phoenicia, the low lands. 

Caper'naum {Village of Nahnm). On the N. W. shore of the Lake of 
Galilee. The scene of many of the works of Christ. Not mentioned in the 0. T. 
or the Apocrypha. Site located now at Tell Hum, where there are ruins of a magnifi- 
cent synagogue, with beautiful specimens of columns, some of which are double, and 
cornices, and massive walls ; and a wide extent of ruins, extending half a mile long by 
a quarter wide. The home of Jesus after leaving Nazareth on being rejected (Mark ii. 
3). Here Matthew was chosen (ix. 10). Simon, Peter, and Andrew belonged here 



GEOGRAPHY. 



57 



(i. 29). For the miracles wrought here, see Life of Christ. The son of the nohleman 
was healed here by words spoken at Cana. The woes denounced against this city and 
others near it have been so literally fulfilled that even their sites cannot be deter- 
mined {Stanly, S. & P., ch. x.; 7?oJ., ii. 403-4, iii. 344-358). Mentioned by Josephus 
(Wars, iii. 10, § 8). Wilson, Lands of the Bible (ii. 139, 149). 

Caph'tor. Crete. Caphtorim. Mentioned three times as the origin of the 
Philistines (Deut. ii. 23; Jer. xlvii. 4; Amos, ix. 7). By some supposed to be an an- 
cient name of a part of Egypt, kebt-hor in hieroglyphics. p57 

Oappado'cia. Asia Minor (Acts, ii. 9 ; 1 Peter i. 1 ; Jos. Ant. xii. 3, § 4). The 
road from Palestine passed through the famous Cilician Gates, which led through Mt. 
Taurus. It is an elevated table-land divided by chains of mountains, well watered but 
scantily wooded. Mazaca, afterward called Caesarea, was the Eoman capital, and at the 
base of Mt. Argaeus, the highest in Asia Minor. The people were mixed, Scythian and 
Persian. 

Carche'mish (fort of Chemosh). Assyria (Isa. x. 9). By Euphrates (Jer. xlvi. 
2; 2 Ohr. xxv. 20). Assyrian inscriptions discovered in modern times show it to have 
been a chief city of the Hittites, from B. c. 1100 to b. c. 850, who were masters of Syria, 
Taken by Pharaoh* Necho, B. c. 608, and 3 yrs. after by JSTebuchadnezzar. 

Ca'ria. S. "W., in Asia Minor. 

Car'mel {park— fruitful field), A mountain range branching off to the north- 
west from the mountains of Samaria, 15 miles long, 2 to 4 wide, and 600 to 1800 feet 
high, ending in a steep cape far out into the Great Sea, dividing the plain of Acre 
from Sharon (Josh. xii. 22, xix. 26; Jer. xlvi. 18). The plain of Esdraelon lies east, 
and the river Kishon washes its north side. No part of Palestine equals it in pictu- 
resque beauty and variety of scenery, the luxuriance of its herbage, and the brilliance 
and variety and abundance of its flowers (Isa. xxxv. 2; Cant. vii. 5). There are many 
deep ravines, which abound in partridges, quails, woodcock, hares, jackals, wolves, 
hyenas, and wild-boars ; and it is said, anciently also lions and bears. There are many 
caves in the vicinity of the convent, which were once occupied by hermits ; and one 
of these is said to be the one referred to in 1 Ki. xviii. 4 ; and also see Amos, ix. 3. The 
chief incident in its history is Elijah's sacrifice, the site of which is now located at 
el Mukrakah {the burning — the sacrifice), on a rock terrace. Tell el Kusis {hill of 
the priests), at the east end; from which was seen the whole of the plain of Esdr^lon, 
the river Kishon, Gilboah with Jezreel at its base, Jezebel's temple and Ahab's palace 
in full view, the sea being hid by the high ridge to the west, up which the servant 
could climb in a few minutes and see the sea in its entire expanse (1 Ki. xviii. 30; 
2 Ki. iv. 23). Pythagoras visited it; and Vespasian the emperor came to consult the 
oracle of Carmel. Elijah was sitting on the mountain when the "fifties" were sent 
by Ahaziah to take him prisoner for stopping his messengers to Baal at Ekron, and 
two bands were consumed by fire from heaven (2 Ki. i. 9-15). After the ascent of 
Elijah, EMsha went to reside on Carmel for a time (2 Ki. ii. 25), and was here when 
the woman from Shunem found him, and told him of her son's death (iv. 25). Called 
now Jebel Mar Elias. The convent was built A. d. 1830, over ancient ruins, and is 
famous for having been founded by St. Louis of France, and its name given to the 

Barefoot Carmelite Friars. 2. Judah, 6 miles southeast of Hebron. City of Na- 

bal (1 Sam. xxv. 2), and of Abigail, David's favorite wife (xxvii. 3), where Saul set up 
a "place" after his victory over Anialek (xxv. 12), and Uzziah had vineyards (2 Chr. 
xxvi. 10). It is mentioned by Jerome and Eusebius as having a Roman garrison ; and 



58 GEOGRAPHY. 

in the liistory of the Crusades, a. d. 1172. The heaps of ruins now called Kurmul, 
lie around the sloping sides of an oval valley, the head of which is shut in by rocky 
ridges. The castle {Kasr el Birheh) had walls 10 feet thick of bevelled stones, 60 feet 
long, 40 wide, and 30 high. Near it was a round tower, and there are the remains of 
several churches, one of which was 150 by 50 feet. There is a fine reservoir of sweet 
water supplied from springs near ( Van de Velde). 

Cas'phon, Casphor. In the "land of Galaad" (1 Mace. v. 24, 36, 54). Site 
lost. 

Cas'pis. Fortified city near a lake. Lost. (2 Mace. xii. 13.) 

Ce'dron. Near Jamnia and Azotus; fortified by Antiochus Sidetes. -- — 2. Ki- 
dron, the torrent east of Jerusalem, which see. 

Cen'chreae. Harbor of Corinth, on the Saronic gulf, east, whence Paul sailed 
for Ephesus (Acts, xviii. 18). There was a church here, of which Phoebe was a 
member (Rom. xvi. 1), and Lucius its first bishop, appointed by Paul. There was a 
temple at the end of each mole, and a statue of Neptune on a rock between, as may be 
seen on an ancient coin of Corinth. 

Chal'deea, Ohaldea, Casdim {Klicddi iii Armenian, the moon). Babylonia — the 
whole, or sometimes the southern part (Dan. v. 30, ix. 1; Gen. xi. 28). Haran died 
in Ur of Casdim. Kow called Mugheir (Ezek. i. 3), the whole of Mesopotamia occu- 
pied by Chaldeans. The native land of Abraham. The Chaldeans were one out of 
many Cushite tribes peopling Babylonia. Hence came Sabfeans to afflict Job (i. 15-17). 
Recently discovered inscriptions on ancient works show that there were two languages 
in use : one a Semitic for civil purposes, and another a Cushite for learned and religious 
purposes (Dan. i. 4, v. 11). The Chaldeans were priests, magicians, or astronomers — 
the depositaries of learning and science. The plains were formerly irrigated by canals 
led from the river, spread over the country like a network. Groves of palm-trees, 
pleasant gardens, fields of grain, and vineyards, proved the richness of the soil, and 
supported a dense population. It is now a waste of drifting dust and sand, with heaps 
of bricks and rubbish (Is. xiv. 23 ; Jer. 1. 38). The chief cities were Accad, Babel, 
Borsippa, Calneh, Cutha, Erech, Sippara, and Teredon. Herodotus mentions a vast 
number of cities, and the mounds over all the country prove his statements true. 

Char'asim {valley of craft synen). (1 Chr. iv. 14.) Judah, near Lydda, 

Che'bar {great river). Chaldea (Ez. i. 3). Some of the Jews were located here 
during the captivity (Ez. i. 1, 3, iii. 15 ; 2 Ki. xxiv. 15). Habor. This was the largest 
artificial canal of Babylonia, and was cut by the Jewish captives. 

Che'phar-Haam'monai {village of Ammonites). Benjamin (Josh, xviii. 24). 

Cheph'irah {the village). Benjamin (Josh. ix. 17). East of Yalo, two miles. 
Kefir (i^o5., iii. 146). The Gibeonites of this place (and also Kirjath Jearim and 
Beeroth) played the trick on Joshua mentioned in Josh. ix. 3, which led him to make 
a treaty with them. 

Che'rith. The brook Cherith, in a valley now called Kelt, running by Jericho 
to the Jordan (1 Ki. xvii. 3, 5 ; Jos. Ant. viii. 13, § 2). Some have supposed that it 
must be looked for on the east of Jordan. 

Che'saion {flanh). Judah (Josh. xv. 10). Now Kesla, 7 miles west of Jeru- 
salem. 

Che'sil. Simeon (Josh. xv. 30). Near the desert, S. 

Chesulloth {loins). Issa. Between Jezreel and Shunem (Josh. xix. 18). 
Iksal? 




GEOGKAPHT. 59 

Ohi'dou (javelin). Near Kirjath Jearim (1 Clir. xiii. 9; 2 Sam. yi). An acci- 
dent happened here to the ark while on its way to Jerusalem. 

Chil'mad. On the Euphrates; mentioned by Xenophon (Anab. i. 5, 10). Had 
traffic with Tyre (Ezek. xxvii. 23). 

Chin'nereth. Naph. Eortified city (Josh. xix. 35). Lost. It is a question 
which was named first, the lake or the city. Gennesar is a proper change of the same 
name. (See Gennesareth.) 

Chi'os. Island in the ^gean Sea, five miles from the shore of Asia Minor, 32 
miles long, 8 to 18 miles wide (Acts, xx., xxi.) 

Chisloth-Ta'bor {loins— flanks). West of Mt. Tabor (Josh. xix. 12). Iksal? 

Ohit'tim, Kittim {maritime). Josephus says it was Cyprus. Mentioned many 
times (Gen. x. 4 ; 1 Chr. i. 7 ; Num. xxiv. 24). Elects from Tyre sailed there (Is. 
xxiii. 1, 12 ; Jer. ii. 10). Cedar or box-wood was got there (Ez. xxvii. 6). Some sup- 
pose the name means all the islands settled by the Phoenicians, as Crete, the 
Cyclades, &c. 

Cho'ba. Ephraim (Jud. iv. 4). Cho'bai 
(XV. 4, 5). Hobah? 

Chora'shan {smolcing furnace). Visited or 
haunted by David (1 Sam. xxx. 30). May be the 
Ashan of Simeon, S. of Hebron (Josh. xv. 42). 

Chora'zin. One of the cities in which the 
mighty works of our Lord were done (Matt. xi. com or cyprus. 

21 ; Luke, x. 13), two miles from Capernaum. 

Supposed to be Kerazeh, a small Arab village three miles inland from Tell Hum. 
The Avoes pronounced upon this city have come to pass. Its site even is doubtful. 

Choze'ba, Chezib. Achzib (1 Chr. iv. 22). 

Cilicla {Cilix, son of Agenor. Herodotus, vii. 91). Asia Minor, southeast on the 
sea. Separated from Pamphylia, W., Lycaonia and Cappadocia, N., and Syria, E., by 
lofty mountains. Chief rivers are Calycadnus, Cydnus, and Sarus. Eertile and popu- 
lous. Tarsus waa its capital. Josephus supposed it was the Tarshish of Gen. x. 4 
(Ant. i. 6, § 1). Native land of Paul the Apostle. The high road between Syria and 
the West. 

Cin'neroth. Naphtali (1 Ki. xv. 20). Chinneroth. 
. Cni'dus. Caria, S. W., in Asia Minor (Acts, xxvii. 7). Passed by Paul. Cele- 
brated for the worship of the goddess Venus (Strabo, xiv. 965). 

Ccel'e-Syria {liolloiv Syria). Greek name for the valley between Lebanon and 
Hermon. Sometimes applied to Syria as far as the desert, east of Anti-Lebanon 
(Amos, i. 5). Plain of Aven {plain of idols), such as the vicinity of Baalbek was. 

Colos'se, Colossee. On the Lycus, a branch of the Mseander, in Phrygia, near 
Laodicea (Col. ii. 1, iv. 13). Pliny (Nat. Hist. v. 41) describes it as a celebrated city 
in Paul's time. Paul founded a church here, on his third tour. The ruins of the 
ancient city are near the modern village of Chonas. 

Corinth'. On the isthmus that joins Peloponnesus (Morea) to Greece. The 
rock, Acrocorinthos, south of the city, is 2,000 feet above the sea, on the broad top of 
which there was once a town. The Acropolis of Athens can be seen from it, 45 miles 
distant (Liv. xlv. 28). It had two harbors: Cenchrtsa, now Kenhries, on the Saronic 
gulf, 7|- miles distant, east; and on the west Lechaeum, on the gulf of Lepanto, IJ 
miles (Strabo, viii. 6). Corinth was the natural capital of Greece, and was the com- 



60 



GEOGRAPHY. 




com OP CORINTH. 



mercial centre. Eminent for painting, sculpture, and works in metal and pottery. 

Famous for a temple to Venus of great wealth and splendor, the most ancient in 

Greece. Was the military centre during the 

Achaian league. Destroyed by the Romans, 

B. c. 146, and after 100 years of desolation the 

new city yisited by Paul was built by Julius 

Caesar, and peopled with freedmen from Rome 

(Pausanias — Strabo). Paul liyed here eighteen 

months, and became acquainted with Aquila and 

Priscilla. The Posidonium, the sanctuary of 

Neptune, was the scene of the Isthmian games, 

which were celebrated eyery other year, and gave Paul some of his most striking 

imagery. It was N. E. of the city, near the harbor of Schoenus, now Kalamaki, on 

the Saronic gulf (1 Cor. ix. 24, 26). The foot-races were run in the Stadium; the 

boxing held in the theatre ; and the victors' wreaths were made from the pines that 

grew near. 

Cos. Coos. Island at the E. entrance to the Archipelago, and between Miletus 
and Rhodes, and the peninsulas on which are Halicarnassus and Cnidus (Acts, 
xxi. 1) ; 21 m. long, N. E. to S. W., and 6 m.^ wide. Was an important island in 
Jewish history from early times (1 Mace. xy. 23 ; Jos. Ant. xiy. 7, § 2). Stanchio. 

Crete. S. of the Archipelago ; 160 ms. long from E. to W., and 6 to 35 ms. 
wide. Homer says it had 100 cities (Iliad, ii. 649 ; Virgil, M. iii. 106). Minos, the 
great legislator, was a natiye. Very mountainous, but full of fruitful yalleys. There 
was a yery early connection with the Jews (1 Sam. xxx. 14 ; 2 Sam. yiii. 18 ; Ezek. 
xxy. 16 ; Zeph. ii. 5 ; 1 Mace. x. 67, xy. 23 ; Jos. Ant. xyii. 12, § 1). Cretans were at 
the feast of Pentecost at Jerusalem (Acts, ii. 11). Visited by Paul (see Life). 

Cush. Son of Ham (Gen. x. 6). Country in Africa. Ethiopia (Ezek. xxix. 10 ; 
2 Chr. xii. 3). Tirhakah, king of C. (Is. xxxyii. 9). Modern name, Kesh. Geez. 
People were black (Jer. xiii. 23). 

Cuth'ah. Cuth. In Asia. Shalmeneser transplanted people from here to 
Samaria during the Jews' captiyity (2 Ki. xyii. 24, 30). Mixing with the Jews of the 
10 tribes they became the Samaritans, and were called Cuthaeans (Jos. Ant. ix. 14, 
§ 3 ; xi. 8, § 6;^ xii. 5, § 5). Between the Tigris and the Euphrates. 

Cy'amon {leans). Tell Kaimon, near Esdraelon, on the E. slope of Carmel 
(Judith, yii. 3). Camon. Burial-place of Jair, the Gileadite. 

Cy'rene. Lybia, Africa. Founded b. c. 632, by Greeks. Built on a table-land 
1800 ft. aboye the sea, in a region of great beauty and fertility, 500 ms. W. of Alexan- 
dria. The Pentapolis of Cyrenaica were Cyrene, 
Apollonia, Ptolemais, Arsinoe, and Berenice 
(Strabo, xyii.). After Alexander the Great's 
death Jews were settled there with great privi- 
leges. In the time of Christ the Cyreneans had 
a synagogue in Jerusalem (Acts, yi. 9; Philo.) 
Simon, who bore the cross, was from C. (Matt. 
xxyii., &c.). Lucius of C. was with Paul and Bar- 
nabas (xiii. 1). Lucius and Mark are named as 
bishops of the church at C. Arabic name, 
Ghrenna. 




COIN OF CYRENE. 



GEOGBAPHT. 61 

Dab'erath. Iss. Leyit. (Josh. xxi. 28.) Now Deburieh, W. of Mt. Tabor. 
Beautifully situated on a rocky platform, with Tabor behind and the broad plaiii of 
Esdr^elon in front. Boundary of Zebulon (Josh. xix. 12). 

Dsilmanu'tha. On the shore of the Sea of Galilee ; visited by Jesus (Mark, viii. 
10). Near Magdala. Possibly it is the same as Zalmon, near Tiberias, now called 
Ain el Barideh {the cold fountain), where are fine fountains and the ruins of a city 
{Roh., ii. 396). 

Dalma'tia. Illyricum. On the E. shore of the Adriatic Sea, N. W. of Greece. 
Visited by Paul (Rom. xv. 19), and Titus (2 Tim. iv. 10) during Paul's imprisonment 
in Rome. 

Da'ma. Capital of the Ledja. (See Trachonitis.) 

Damas'cus. On the E. of Anti-Lebanon, 2,200 feet above the sea, in a fertile 
plain near the desert. The oldest city known to history. The city is cut through by 




the Barada river, which also divides into 
many branches on both sides of the city, 
together with the Helbon on the N. and the 
Awaj on the S., fertilizing a region 30 ms. 
in extent, which being favored by the finest 

climate, produces almost every valuable product of forest, field, or garden. First 
mentioned in Gen. xiv. 15 and in Gen. xv. 2, as the city of Abraham's steward. For 
800 yrs., from Abraham to David, the Scriptures are silent on Damascus. David 
put a garrison in D. (1 Ki. xi. 23 ; 2 Sam. viii. 6 ; Jos. Ant. vii. 5, § 2). During 
Asa's reign Benhadad pillaged cities in Naphtali (1 Ki. xv. 19, 20). After this it is 
mentioned many times. Naaman the leper, who was cured by Elisha the prophet, was 
of D. (2 Ki. V. 1). The Assyrian king, Tiglath Pileser, took the city and carried cap- 
tive the people to Kir (2 Ki. xyi. 7-9). Isaiah's prophecy (xvii. 3 ; Amos, i. 4, 5). 
Jeremiah described it, b. c. 600 : " D. is waxed feeble, and turneth herself to flee, and 
fear hath seized on her'' (xlix. 24). At the time of the Apostle Paul the city 
was under Roman rule, and Aretas, the Arabian, was king. (2 Cor. xi. 22; Jos. 
Ant. xvi. 11, § 9). Has now 150,000 people. The fine fabrics of D. were cele- 



62 GEOGRAPHY. 

brated as early as 800 b. c. (Amos, iii. 12). The damask silk and sword-blades are 
still famous. Certain localities are pointed out as having a historical connection 
with Paul's time. The " street called straight'' is now the street of Bazaars ; there 
is a "house of Judas;" the house of Ananias; the scene of the conversion, which 
is an open green spot surrounded with trees, now used as a Christian burial-ground ; 
the spot on the, wall where Paul was let down by the wall in a basket ; and also several 
spots connected with the history of the prophet Elisha. The old city stands on the 
S. bank of the principal river, surrounded by a ruinous wall of ancient Roman founda- 
tions, and a patchwork of all the succeeding ages. The city is splendid, when viewed 
at a distance, but the houses are rudely built ; the narrow streets, paved with big 
rough stones, or not at all, partly roofed across with mats, or withered branches ; the 
bazaars are covered ways with a few stalls on both sides, each trade having its own 
quarter. Although rough and rude on the street, yet the interior of the private houses 
is neat, paved, with fountain and fruit-trees, with grateful shade, and the rooms open- 
ing from the court decorated with carving, gilding, and all that wealth and taste can 
provide. 

Da'mon. Near Shefa Amer. E. of Acre. 

Dan {Judge). Fifth son of Jacob. First son of Bilhah, Eachel's maid (Gen. 
XXX. 6). One of the twelve tribes. The last to-receive its portion, and the least por- 
tion, but among the most fertile in the land. 

— —2. The city originally called Laish. Leshem (Josh. xix. 47). They were 
idolaters from the beginning (Gen. xiv. 14 ; Deut. xxxiv. 1 ; Judg. xviii). The wor- 
ship was continued by Jeroboam (1 Ki. xii. 29, 30 ; Amos, viii. 14). " From Dan 
to Beersheba," was the common form of speaking of the extent of Palestine (Judg. xx. 
1 ; 1 Sam. iii. 20, &c.). Tell el Kadi {judge^s mound) is the modern name, and is a 
long, steep hill, covered with ruins, from the base of which flows one of the largest 
fountains in the world {Bob., 396). 

Dan-Ja'aa (Dan in the wood). Same as Dan. 

Dan'nah. Judah, in the mts. (Josh. xv. 49). S. W. of Hebron. Lost. 

Daph'ne. Grove for the worship of Apollo, 5 ms. from Antioch, in Syria, 
planted by Seleucus Nicator (Jos. B. J., i. 12, § 5). The site has been identified 
in our day in Beit el Maa {house of the water), on the left bank of the Orontes, 
S. W. of Antioch, where there are fountains and fine groves ; a place of great natural 
beauty. 

Da'rom {south). (Deut. xxxiii. 23.) Naphtali was to possess the sea and Darom. 
Jerome and others so name Philistia, and the plain toward Egypt. 

Da'ron {south). Fort built by the Crusaders at Deir el Belah {convent of dates), 
near Gaza, on ancient ruins. 

Dath'ema. A fortress in Gilead (1 Mace. v. 9), near Mizpeh. 

Dead Sea. This name is first met in history, about 200 yrs. after Christ. In 
the 0. T. it is called the Salt Sea, sea of the Plain. ( See Salt Sea.) 

De'bir. Three of the same name. 1. In Judah (Josh. xv. 49), W. of Hebron. The 
seat of a king (x. 39, xii. 13), and the residence of Anakim (xi. 21). Anciently Kir- 
jath-sepher {city of book), and K. senneh {city of 2mhns) (xv. 49). Modern name, Dil- 
beh, 6 ms. S. W. of Hebron, where there is a fine spring and an aqueduct. 

2. Judah, in tlie N., near the valley of Achor (Josh. xv. 7). 

3. Boundary of Gad, "the border of Debir," probably not far from Maha- 

naim. Same as Lodebar. 



GEOGRAPHY. g3 

Decap'olis {ten cities). Mentioned three times in the N. T. (Matt. iv. 25; 
Mark, v. 20, vii. 31), and many times in Joseph us and other ancient writers. Soon 
after the Eomans conquered Palestine they rebuilt and colonized ten cities, and gave 
them especial privileges. The list of the names of these ten cities is given differently 
by various writers. Pliny names Scythopolis, Hippos, Gadara, Pella, Philadelphia, 
Gerasa, Dion, Canatha, Damascus, and Kaphana. Ptolemy includes Capitolias ; and 
an inscription in Palmyra makes Abila one. The name was probably given to a large 
district in Christ's time. Damascus is the only one of the ten cities left, all the others 
being in ruins. 

Des'ert. Four words of the Hebrew text are translated desert, and they are : 
1. Arabah. The Ghor — the Jordan valley ; Jericho at the S., and Bethshean at the N. 
(Ezek. xlvii. 8; Is. xxxv. 1, 6, xl. 3, xli. 19, &c.; Jer. ii. 6, v. 6, &c.). 2. Midbar. 
Pasture grounds, or the wilderness of the wanderings, where the Israelites had flocks 
and herds with them during the whole of the passage from Egypt to Canaan (Ex. iii. 
1, V. 3, x. 26, xii. 38, xix. 2 ; Num. xi. 22, xxxii. 21, xxx. 15). 3. Char'bah. 
Waste places, dryness, desolation (Ps. cii. 6; Is. xlviii. 21) ; W. of Sinai (Ezek. xiii. 4; 
Job, iii. 14). 4. Jesh'imon. Waste places on each side of the Dead Sea. Usually 
'translated Beth Jesimoth (Num. xxi. 20 ; 1 Sam. xxiii. 19). Is more expressive of 
utter desolation than any of the others (Deut. xxxii. 10). 

Des'san. Judah (2 Mace. xiv. 16). Nicanor's army encamped here. Supposed 
to be Adasa. 

Diblath. By some supposed to be the same as Riblah. By others it is located 
in Moab, where it is applied to a. district in which was Almon-Diblathaim (Num. 
xxxiii. 46), and Beth D. (Jer. xlviii. 22). S. E. of Heshbon. 

Di'bon. E. border of Moab, 3 ms. N. of Arnon river (Num. xxxiv. 45). Eebuilt 
by the Gadites. Dibon-Gad (xxxii. 34). In Reuben (Josh. xiii. 9, 17). The ruins 

are still called Dihan, and are extensive. Dimon (Is. xv. 9). 2. Judah. Dimo- 

nah (Neh. xi. 25). 

Dik'lah {palm-tree). There is a district in Arabia, extending along the Red 
Sea, from Edom to Medina, called Dahaloh, from its fruitful palm-groves. Another 
district is Yemen, now called Mincei, also fruitful in palms, is thought to be the real 
location ; where there is a tribe of Arabs named Duhlai. {Burchhardt.) (Gen. x. 
27, 31 ; 1 Chr. i. 21.) 

Dil'e^n {place of cucumbers). Judah (Josh. xv. 38). Lost. Possibly Tima, near 
Ekron. 

Dil'ly. Hauran, 6 ms. W. of Edraa, on the edge of a large marsh ; the aqueduct 
for conveying water to Gadara begins here. 

Dimas. Village on E. slope of Hermon ; on Damascus Beirut road. 

Dim'nah. Zeb. (Josh. xxi. 35 ; Levit.) Damon, near Accho. 

Di'mon. Waters of. Streams E. of the Dead Sea. Moab (Is. xv. 9). Dibon. 

Dimo'nah. Judah. S., near the desert (Josh. xv. 22). 

Dim'reh. V. 8 ms. S. of Askulan, on the W. Esneid. 

Dinha'bah {present). (Gen. xxxvi. 32.) Capital city and birthplace of Bela, 

son of Beor, king of Edom. Eight ms. from Ar toward the river Arnon. 2. Seven 

ms. from Heshbon, on Mt. Peor (Eusebius). Danaba was a bishop's see in Palmy- 
rene Syria (Zosimus, iii. 27). 

Diocsesarea. Sepphoris. 

Dir'weh. Ruin and fountain E. of Beth Zur, 4 ms. N. of Hebron. 



64 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Diz'ahab {place of gold). On the Red Sea, now Dohab (Deut. i. 1). 

Do'cus {small fort). Near Jericho (1 Mace. xvi. 15). Built by Ptolemens, son 
of Abubus, in which he entertained and murdered his father-in-law Simon Macca- 
baeus and his two sons (Ant. xiii. 8). Dagon, ruins near Ain Duk, are supposed to 
mark the site {RoK, ii. 309). 

Doph'kah. Station of the Exodus (Num. xxxiii. 12). 

Dor. Royal city of the Canaanites (Josh. xvii. 11 ; 1 Ki. iv. 11). On the Great 
Sea, 14 ms. S. of Carmel, 7 ms. N. of Caesarea. Its king was defeated wath others near 
the waters of Merom (Judg. i. 27), in Manasseh, but the ancient people were never 
expelled. Solomon made them pay tribute. This was the most southern city built 
by the Phcenicians. The ruins are on a hill, and extend half a mile, the most con- 
spicuous being an old tower, which is a landmark, called Tantura (the liorn). 

Do'than. Dothain {two wells). 14 ms. N. of Shechem (Gen. xxxrii. 17). Joseph 
was sold by his brethren here to the Egyptians (ib. 25). Elisha the prophet lived at 
D. when Beuhadad thought to capture him (2 Ki. vi. 8-23). Tell Dotlian is now at 
the S. end of a rich plain, separated by slight hills from Esdraelon, and the ruins are 
on a very large hill, and a fine spring is at its foot. The massive ancient Jew^ish or 
Roman pavement is to be seen in the road that runs near, from Beisan to Egypt. 

Du'hy, Jebel. Little Hermon. 

Du'kah. Ruin at W. Sulam, E. shore of Lake of Galilee. 

Du'mah. District peopled by Ishmaelites (Gen. xxv. 14, 16; Is. xxi. 11). Prob- 
ably near Seir, Edom. The Doornat el Jendel, in the N. of Arabia, is said to be the 
stony Dumah. 240 ms. E. of Petra, a town of 3,000, in a circular valley, having very 
productive gardens and orchards. There are ruins of an ancient castle built of mas- 
sive stones. 2. Judah. 17 ms. from Eleutheropolis, 6 ms. S. W. of Hebron. 

Du'ra {plain). Where Nebuchadnezzar set up the image (Dan. iii. 1). Lost. 



^£ 


1^ 




M 




ff^^^ 


^^^ 




Wr 


"tti^ 


|„fPiMj^ S>^Pl 




3^s 


m 



THE KING, CHIEF OFFICERS, AND GODS OF ASSYKIA. 

From a sculpture at Nimroud.— (Zaya/'cf.) 

At each end is the figure of a winged divinity, wearing a homed cap (symbol of power) ; in his right hand a Cr-cone, 
ftnd in his left a richly ornamented square bag. Their robes are highly ornamented, and have symbolic borders. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



E. 



65 



E'bal. Mt. N. of Shechem. Deut. xi. 29. Moses charged the Israelites to put 
the blessing upon Mt. Gerizim, and the curse on Mt. Ebal. Both mts. are now 
terraced and cultivated, from bottom to top, by fine gardens. Ebal is 2700 ft. high ; 
Gerizim 2600 above the sea, and about 1000 above Shechem. The valley is about 600 
ft. wide. 

Eben-ezel (stone of departure). 1 Sam. xx. 19. 

Eben-e'zer (stone of help). Set up by Samuel between Mizpeh and Shen 
(1 Sam. vii. 12). Site lost. 

Ebro'nah. N'ear Ezion-geber. 

Ecbata'na. Achmetha (Ez. vi. 2). Two cities of this name — 1. Capital of N. 
Media. Atropatene of Strabo. The 7-walled town of Herodotus, and said to have 
been the capital of Cyrus. Where the roll was found which proved to Darius that 
Cyrus had really made a decree allowing the Jews to rebuild their temple. Ruins the 
most massive and antique, now called Takht-i-Suleiman, are on a conical hill 150 ft. 
above the plain, enclosing 2400 by 1200 ft. An artificial lake 300 ft. across is filled 
with clear sweet water. The walls of the Temple were colored 7 tints, black, white, 
orange, blue, scarlet, silver, gold, in the order of the days dedicated to the planets. 
Was an important city as late as the 13th century, called Gaza, Gazaca, Cauzaca, by 
Greeks and Romans, and Shiz by Orientals. 2. The Southern city, capital of Greater 
Media, is now called Hamadan, and is one of the great cities of Persia, with 20,000 
inhabitants. Was the summer residence of the Persian kings from Darius down- 
ward. Was occupied by Alexander. The Jews say it was the residence of Ahazuerus, 
and show the tombs of Esther and Mordecai near it. 

Ec dip'pa. Achzib. 

E'dar (tower of flock). Where Jacob first pitched his tent after the death of 
Rachel (Gen. xxxv. 21). Near Bethlehem. Eder ? There is a Jewish tradition that 
the Messiah is to be born there. 

E'den (Garden of God). The idea of a paradise of purity and happiness is 
found in all nations and in every religion. The location of the garden is lost. 

Dr. Robinson proposed as the site of Eden the ruin called Jusieh el Kadimeh, in 
the valley of the Orontes, 30 ms. N. of Baalbek, 3 ms. S. E. of Riblah. A fortress in 
it was 396 ft. sq., having towers at the corners. Houses and streets are traced among 
the ruins over a space of 2| ms. . Much material has been carried away to build a new 
town of Jusieh, 1 m. N. W., toward Riblah. Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny mention 
Paradisus in this same district. It is now dreary and barren, and water is found only 
in cisterns. Beit-Jeun (the house of Paradise), S. W. of Damascus, on the E; slope of 
Hermon, near Mejdel, on a branch of the Pharpar. 

2. Ezek. xxvii. 23. In Assyria, with Haran, Canneh, and Sheba, trading with 

Tyre. Supposed to be Aden. 3. Beth E. A country residence of the kings of Da- 
mascus (Amos, i. 5). Near the cedars of Lebanon is a village of Ehden, but it is not 
identified with any historical event. 

E'dom. Idumea (Mark, iii. 8). The name of Esau (Gen. xxv. 29-34). The 
country settled by Esau's descendants. The ruddy hue of the mts. may have given 
the name Edom, which is red in the original. The ancient name was Mt. Seir. Seir 
means rugged. On the E. side of W. Arabah, from Elath on the S. to Moab on the 
N., at the brook Zered (Deut. ii. 13, 14, 18), about 100 ms. long by 20 ms. wide. The 

5 



66 



GEOGRAPHY. 



whole country is wild, rugged, and full of deep glens, hnt is also very fertile on tlie 
terraces ; while the desert on each side is barren. The people dwelt amid the rocky 
heights, in caves and houses perched on dizzy crags, like eagles in their nests, living 
by their swords (Gen. xxvii. 40 ; Jer. xlix. 16) ; yet, as Isaac promised, this land pos- 
sessed " the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of heaven " (Gen. xxyH. 39). The 
ancient capital was Bozrah. Sela (Fetra) was the stronghold, and Ezion-geber its sea- 
port, where Solomon built a fleet (2 Sam. viii. 14; 1 Ki. ix. 26). The crusaders 
built a fortress 12 ms. N. of Petra, on Mons Regalis, now a ruin, called Shobek. The 
people were always idolaters (2 Chr. xxv. 14; Jos. Ant. xv. 17, §9). The rock tem- 
ples and dwellings of Edom were cut in a soft rock ; were large, airy, well lighted, and 
dry, and a safe protection against robbers. 

Ed'rei. Bashan, one of its two capitals, the residence of Og (Deut. i. 4). In 
Manasseh (Josh. xiii. 12, 31). Two modern places claim this ancient name — (1) Edhra, 
at the S. W. angle of the Lejah, and (2) Dera, in the open plain of the Hauran, 14 ms. 
S. of the former. The ruins of Edhra are extensive and important above any other 
of the region ; on a rocky projection from the Lejah, 3 ms. in circuit, raised 30 feet 
above the plain, which is wide and of unequalled fertility. The walls, roofs, and doors 
are all of a dark stone. There were many public buildings. 

2. Naphtali, 3 ms. S. of Kedesh. Josh. xix. 37. 

Bglaim {ttco ponds). Is. xv. 8. Moab. Lost. 

Eglon. Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 39 ; x. 3-5). Now Ajlan, a shapeless 
mass of ruins, 10 ms. S. W. of Beit Jibrin, on the road to Gaza, from which it is 13 ms. 
Name of a very fat king of Philistia (Judg. iii. 14). 

Egypt. It w^ould be interesting and valuable if we could give here a full account 
of all the monuments which confirm Scripture, found in Egypt ; but as that would 
fill a large volume, we must admit only a few illustrations, referring the student to the. 
larger works. 

Concerning Abraham, we find that the account of his visit to Eg3rpt is confirmed 
by many facts which may be compared with the history and laws and customs of the 
country as found in Wilkinson, Lane, and other writers. The principal 
points illustrated by evidence derived from Egypt are : 1. That Egypt 
was then a rich, powerful, and civilized nation. 2. The lower part, or 
Delta, was dry. 3. Its kings w^ere called Pharaoh. 
4. Slavery was an institution. 5. There was a 
^amine in Canaan and abundance in Egypt. 6. Abra- 
ham's wife, Sarah, was fair and did not wear a veil. 

7. Pharaoh wished to place Sarah in his harem. 

8. Abraham was well received as a shepherd. 9. He 
had sheep, oxen, asses, men and maid servants, and 
camels. 10. Abraham accepted Pharoah's gifts be- 
cause he dared not refuse them, for the custom of 
the time then, as well as now, makes a refusal of a 
present an insult. 

Joseph was sold to the Ishmaelites for a house- 
hold servant ; was bought by Potiphar, an officer 
SIGNET RING OF stjpHis, of Pharaoh ; made an overseer in the king's house; was templed 
^^pTkamids^"^ ^y *^^^ queen; thrown in prison; interpreted the king's dream; 
was elevated to office ; was invested with a ring and robes of office, 






EOyPTIAN KINO 
RHAMSES IV. 



GEOaRAPHY. 



67 




a gold chain ; had his name changed to an Egyptian one ; was married to Asenath, 
daughter to a priest of On. 

The ring here engraved was found on a mummy in the necropolis of Sakkara, 
near Memphis, and is now in the Abbott Egyptian Museum of 
the Historical Society, New York. The mummy was entirely 
cased in pure gold, every limb, even to the fingers' ends, being 
wrapped separately, and the whole was inscribed with hiero- 
glyphics. Joseph was embalmed and put in a coffin (Gen. 1. 
26). The mummy cased in gold is of the age of Thothmes III., 
the Pharaoh who reigned in the time of Joseph, and his signet 
was found attached to a chain of gold, around his neck. The 
seal turns on a swivel, and so has two tablets, which are en- 
graved here. The whole is of very pure gold. Pharaoh made 
Joseph a ruler over all the land of Egypt, and called him 
Zaphnath-paaneah {preserver of the world). (Gen. xli. 37-45.) 
The seal bears the name of Pharaoh, and 
also the title Paaneah. (These, with the 
chain, are now in the Leyden Museum.) 
"He made him to ride in the second 
chariot" (v. 43). 

"Now there arose up a new king 
over Egypt, which knew not Joseph," 
and there was a period of bondage in 
which the Jews were held until the time 
of Moses and the Exodus. 

The monuments show us the taskmaster and his men, the several kinds of 
work, punishment by the bastinado, &c. 



SIGNET OP THOTHMES HI, 




IMPRESSION OF EACH SIDE. 




EGYPTIAN PRINCES IN A CHARIOT. 



This picture is m the tomb of Koschere, at Thebes. Kosellini (see his great 
work on Egypt, in the Astor Library) says : " Of the laborers, some are bringing clay 
in vessels ; some mingling the straw with it ; others taking the bricks out of the 
moulds and arranging them in order for the burning; others carrying away the burnt 



68 



GEOGRAPHY. 



bricks : all are different from the three overseers at the right-hand end of the picture, 
(a fourth is sitting), in complexion, physiognomy, and beard. The original is in colors 
and the figures are very large. 



^^MAtllt 





KING OP JUDAH. 



BRICK- MAKING IN EGTPT. 



The inscription at the top is translated, "Captives 
brought by his majesty to build the temple of the great 
God." 

The question has been asked, "Had the Jews the skill 



«<a»- p ^ -an 



•I 5:s? 'sp WW 4 I'I'iv'TS' 




WORKING IN METALS. 



requisite to make a golden image of a calf?" such as they 
made in Sinai. As proof that they had, we offer the pic- 
tures on the monuments, showing men actually at work at 
the furnaces, "the refiner's fire," weighing, &c. The " calf" 



•Ann^ 



^^'rm> 




WORKING IN METALS. 




OF CAIRO 
HIS KEY9. 



they made was an image of the Egyptian god Apis, which was a 
live bull, kept at Memphis ; and they had probably, while slaves, 
made many images of him for use in all parts of the country. 

Selections might be made showing workers in nearly every 
industry known in the east, but the student will be better satis- 
fied with the larger works ; and we have enough here to point 
the argument, that the Scriptures are true. 

Long after the Exodus, " Shishak, king of Egypt, came up 
against Jerusalem" (2 Chron. xii. 2), and on one of the walls in 
a temple at Karnac there is a picture of 63 prisoners, each one 
representing a city, tribe, or nation, and among them is a "king 
of the country of Judah." The names of Beth-horon, Megiddo, 
Mahanaim, and other cities in Palestine, are there, on shields. 
There are 84 names of persons or places of Canaan on the monu- 



GEOGRAPHY. 69 

ments at Abu Simbel, Thebes, and other ruins in Egypt, written in hieroglyphics. 
The word mizraim {the hvo Egypts) in the Hebrew Scriptures is translated Egypt in 
many passages (Ezek. xxix. 10, &c.). Misr is red mud in Arabic. The name on the 
monuments is keru (black). Upper E. extended from the cataracts to Memphis, and 
was called Thebais; and Lower E. from Memphis to the sea called the Delta. 
Upper E. was also called Pathros (Is. xi. 11). Land of Ham (Ps. cv. 23). The sign 
for Upper E. was a bent reed, and for Lower E. a bee (Is. vii. 18). 

Elah (Valley of TereUnth). Where David slew Goliath (1 Sam. xvii. 2, 19 ; xxi. 9). 

Elam. Oldest son of Shem (Gen. x. 22). The country peopled by his descend- 
ants was along the Ulai, and its capital was Shushan, one of the most powerful and 
magnificent cities of antiquity. The name is found in the ancient inscriptions. 
Called also Nuvaki. Extended from the Persian Gulf to Assyria on the N., to the 
Zagron mts. on the E., and the Tigris on the W. In the time of Abram the king of 
Elam was one of the most powerful in Asia (Jer. xlix. 34-39). The people were idola- 
ters, and their images are found in the ruins. Elamites were at the Pentecostal feast 
(Acts, ii. 9). 

£2lath. Idumaea, on the E. gulf of the Red Sea. First named in Deut. ii. 8 ; 
and the reference in 1 Ki, ix. 26, shows that E. was more ancient than Ezion-gaber. 
King Solomon built a navy here. A fort is kept garrisoned here now, called Akaba, 
for the benefit of the pilgrims to Mecca. 

Ele'aleh {God's height). E. of Jordan, on the plateau of Moab, 1 m. IST. E. of 
Heshbon, on the summit of a conical hill. Was once strongly fortified ; and there ar<? 
ruins of walls, cisterns. Eebuilt by Reuben (Num. xxxii. 37). 

Elea'sa. Near Azotus (1 Mace. ix. 15). 

El-elohe-Israel {Almighty, God of Israel). Name of the altar that Jacob built 
facing Shechem (Gen. xxxiii. 19-20). 

Eleph {ox). Benj. (Josh, xviii. 18). 

Eleutherop'olis. On the E. border of the plain of Philistia, at the foot of the 
hills of Judea, in S. Palestine, 25 ms. S. W. from Jerusalem. Not mentioned in Scrip- 
ture, but was an important city in the early Christian ages, when its name was Beto- 
gSLbrsi, House of Bread. Eusebius mentions it as the seat of a bishop; and reckons 
distances to other cities from it as a centre. The ruins are still shown of a fine chapel, 
and of a fort built by the Crusaders, 200 ft. square, in the 12th cent. Now Beit 
Jibrin, having 50 or more houses. The great attractions here are the caverns, or 
houses cut in the solid rocks. Rooms 100 feet or more in length, with smooth and 
ornamented walls, and lofty arched roofs; some 40 to 70 ft. by 60 ft. high; most of 
them lighted by openings in the roof, and connected by doorways. Jerome says they 
were built by Idumaeans. 

Eleu'therus. River in Syria (1 Mace. xi. 7; xii. 30). Strabo says it divided 
Syi'ia from Phoenicia. Now the Nahr el Kebir, Great River ; rising in Lebanon, pass- 
ing through the entrance to Hamath (Num. xxxiv. 8), emptying into the Great Sea 
18 ms. N. of Tripolis. 

Elkosh. Near the Sea of Galilee, not far from Tiberias. Lost. The birthplace 
of the prophet Nahum (i. 1). 

Ellasar. Of Arioch, Assyria (Gen. xiv. 1). Larissa, now Larsa. Near Elam 
and Shinar. 

Elon {oah). Dan (Josh. xix. 43). Same place as 

Elon-beth-hanan {oak of the house of grace). Dan (1 Ki. iv. 9). 



70 GEOGRAPHY. 

d'tekeh. Dan (Josh. xix. 44; Levit. xxi. 23). Lost. 

El'tekon. Judah, near Hebron (Josh. xv. 59). Lost. 

El'tolad. Judah. S. near Beersheba. Lost. 

Emma'us. 7^ ms. from Jerusalem (Jos. Ant. vii. 6, § 6). Now located at Kuriet 
el Anab (Luke xxiv. 28, 29, 33). 

2. In the plain of Philistia, at the foot of the hills of Judea, about half-way 

from Jerusalem to Joppa. Was fortified by Bacchides (Jos. Ant. xiii. 1, § 3 ; 1 Mace. ix. 
50). Destroyed A. D. 4 by the Romans. Eebuilt A. D. 220, and called Nicopolis. 

3. A village on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, S. of Tiberias, the same as 

Hammath {hot baths). 

E'nam (double spring), Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 34). The residence of 
Tamar. Gen. xxxviii. 14. 

En'dor {spring of Dor). In Issachar, but belonging to Manasseh (Josh. xvii. 11). 
The great victory over Sisera and Jabin (Ps. Ixxxiii. 9, 10). Saul visited the witch 
(1 Sam. xxviii. 7). Now a little village at the N. of Jebel Duhy, Little Hermon. The 
rocks around are full of caves. 

Sn-eglaim {sparing of two heifers). On the shore of the Dead Sea. Lost. (Ez. 
xlvii. 10.) 

En-gannim {spring of gardens). Judah, in the Shefelah, near Zanoah (Josh. 
XV. 34). 

2. Issachar (Josh. xix. 21 ; Levit. xxi. 29). Now Jenin, at the head of the 

plain of Esdraelon (Jos. Ant. xx. 6, § 1). The spring and orchards are still famous. 

Un-gedi {spring of the kid). In the wilderness of Judah, on the W. shore of the 
Dead Sea (Josh, x v. 62). Hazezon Tamar {the pruning of the pahns) was its origi- 
nal name, from its palm-groves (2 Chr. xx. 2 ; Ecclus. xxiv. 14 ; Jos. Ant. ix. 1, 
§ 2). A rich plain half a mile square, gently sloping up from the water to the base of 
the mts., watered by a fountain a mile from the sea, up a ravine 400 ft. above the level 
plain; the water is sweet and warm (81° Fah.) Euins of the ancient city are scat- 
tered over the hills and plain. The soil is rich and fertile, and the variety of trees 
even now produced give evidence of its ancient fruitfulness. The vineyards mentioned 
in Cant. i. 14, are still represented by fine vines. Its history is 4000 yrs., but may be 
told in a few words. The Amorites dwelt here (Gen. xiv. 7 ; 2 Chr. xx. 2). David 
cut off the skirt of Saul's robe in a cave at E. (1 Sam. xxiv. 1-4). 

!En-had'dah {swift spring). Issa., near Engannim (Josh. xix. 21). 

En-hakko're {sp. of the criei-). The spring which came forth in answer to the 
call of Samson (Judg. xv. 19). 

En-ha'zor. Naph ; a fenced city, near Kedesh (Josh. xix. 37). Lost. 

En-rim 'mon. - Reinhabited after the return from the Bab. Cap. (Neh. xi. 29). 
Probably Ain and Rimmon (Josh. xv. 32). 

E'noch. City in Assyria built by Enoch, eldest son of Cain (Gen. iv. 17). 

En-rogel {fuller's fountain). Spring near Jerusalem, at the junction of the 
valleys of Jehoshaphat and Hinnom (Josh. xv. 7 ; xviii. 16). Jonathan and Ahimaaz 
hid here (2 Sam. xvii. 17). Adonijah held a feast here, by the stone Zoheleth ; his 
first and last attempt on the crown (1 Ki. i. 9). Josephus (Ant. vii. 14, § 4; ix. 10, 
§ 4) mentions the royal gardens. 

En-she 'mesh {sp. of the sun). Boundary mark between Judah and Benj. (Josh, 
jcv. 7 ; xviii. 17). E. of the Mt. of Olives, on the road to Jericho, 1 m. E. of Bethany ; 
now called Ain Hand. 



GEOGKAPHY. 71 

En-tap 'puah {citron spring). Boundary of Manasseh near Shecliem (Josli. 
xvii. 7). 

£'phes-dain'inini {end of blood). Between Socoh and Azekah, where the Phi- 
listines encamped the evening before David slew Goliath (1 Sam. xvii. 1). Pas-dam- 
mim (1 Chr. xi. 13). 

iEph'esus. Abont the middle of the W. of Asia Minor, opposite the island of 
Samos. The capital of Asia, which province under the Romans included only the W. 
part of the peninsula. Built partly on hills and partly on the plain. The climate 
was excellent. The country around the city was very fertile, and its position most 
convenient for traffic with other regions of the Levant. In the time of Augustus it 
was the great metropolis of this section of Asia Minor. Paul's journeys indicate the 
facilities for travel by sea and land. 

The harbor was elaborately constructed, and at its head stood the famous temple 
of Diana. The first temple was burnt on the night Alexander the Great was born ; 
the second, which stood in Paul's time, was built by the contributions of all Asia : 
425 feet long by 2^0 wide, and had 127 marble columns, each 60 feet high. Built in the 
Ionic order, perfected here first. The magnificence of this great temple was a proverb 
throughout the world. Here the people held an uproar against Paul for two hours 
(Acts, xix. 23. See life of Paul). Public games were held here. The month of May was 
sacred to Diana, and Paul was probably there at that time (1 Cor. xvi. 8). Plutarch 
mentions the charms and amulets which were made and sold here, and accounts of 
faith in their A^alue reach as far down as the 6th century. The coins of E. have 
many allusions to the Diana worship. Josephus says the Jews were numerous there. 
Disciples of John the Baptist were found here after the ascension of Christ (Acts, xviii. 
25 ; xix. 3). Paul established a church here, of which Timothy was at one time the 
head. It is supposed that St. John the Divine wrote his Gospel and Epistles here ; the 
Apocalypse being written on Patmos. E. was one of the seven churches, and is named 
first ; and its " candlestick" has been removed surely, for all is desolation now where 
the city once stood. The fine columns have been carried to other cities, Constantinople, 
and Italy. Ruins cover the hills and a swamp the plain. There is a tradition that 
the mother of Jesus was buried here, and also Timothy and St. John. 

H'phraim {double fruitfulness). Second son of Joseph by his wife Asenatli. 
Blessed by Jacob above his elder brother, Manasseh (Gen. xlviii.). Joshua, the son of 
Nun, was of E. The portion of E. in Canaan was 55 ms. from E. to W. and 70 ms. 
from N. to S. in extent ; elevated, hilly, and having the plain of Sharon, a narrow strip, 
on the W., Esdraelon on the N., and the Jordan valley on the E., in the centre of the 
country, the whole called Mt. E. (1 Sam. i. 1; vii. 17; 2 Chr. xiii. 4, 19; xv. 8). It 
had the " precious things of the earth, and the fulness thereof," as blessed by Moses. 
The finest and most fruitful of all the land. Afterward called Samaria. Its wealth 
and importance were increased by the presence of the Ark of the Covenant and the 
Tabernacle at Shiloh within its borders. The people were jealous, and at enmity with 
the tribe of Judah from the time of David. Very few attempts to conquer E. were ever 
made, and Shalmaneser only succeeded through the internal divisions of the king- 
dom of Samaria (721 B. c. See Shechem : Samaria). 2. A city on a hill N. E. of 

Jerusalem, 10 ms. (See Ophrah). 3. A forest E. of Jordan, near Mahanaim, where 

Absalom was caught by his hair in a tree and killed, when fighting against his father 
David, the king (2 Sam. xviii. 6). 

E'phrain. Ephron (2 Chr. xiii. 19). Supposed to be Ophrah. 



72 GEOGEAPHT. 

Eph'ratah. Ephrath. Ancient name of Bethlehem. 

E'phron. E. of Jordan, a strong city, between Carnaim and Bethshean (1 Mace. 
V. 46-52; 2 Mace. xvi. 27). Lost 

E'phron, Mount. Citie* of landmarks (Josh. xv. 9). Said to be Ain Lifta 
(Nephtoah), and Knriet el Anab (Kirjath-jearim). 

E'rech. Land of Shinar : built by Nimrod (Gen. x. 10). Now Irak, 43 ms. E. 
of Babylon. The place seems to have been the metropolis of the Assyrian kings, 
mounds and the remains of bricks and coffins being found through a wide district. 
People from this city were transplanted to Samaria by Asnapper (Ezra, iv. 9). 

Esdraelou. Greek form of the Hebrew word Jezreel (see J.). 

E'zek {strife). Well with a spring in it, in Gerar, dug by the herdsmen of Isaac 
(Gen. xxvi. 20). 

Esh'col {cluster). Valley N. W. of Hebron, visited by the spies who were sent by 
Moses from Kadesh Barnea, from which place they brought away a huge cluster of 
grapes, so remarkable as to name it the valley of the cluster (Num. xiii. 24). The 
valley was named from Eshcol, the brother of Mamre the Amorite, in Abraham's time 
(Gen. xiv. 13, 24). 

Esh'ean. Judah, near Hebron (Josh. xv. 52). Lost. 

Esh'taol. Judah, in the Shefelah, allotted to Dan. The residence, during his 
youth, of Samson; and here he was buried (Judg. xiii. 25; xvi. 31). Some of the 
Danites who were sent to look for a new home in the N. were from E. (xviii. 2, 8, 11). 
Lost. 

Eshtexno'a. Judah, in the mts. (Josh. xv. 50; 1 Chr. vi. 57). Erequented 
by David (1 Sam. xxx. 28). Now Semna, 7 ms. S. of Hebron. Eounded by the 
descendants of the Egyptian wife of Mered (1 Chr. iv. 17). 

Eso'ra. Perhaps Hazor or Zorah. Fortified by the Jews on the approach of 
Holofernes (Jud. iv. 4). 

E'tam. Simeon (1 Ohr. iv. 32). 2. Judah; fortified and garrisoned by 

Eehoboam (2 Chr. xi. 6). Near Bethlehem and Tekoah. 

E'tam {the roclc). To which Samson retired after his slaughter of the Philis- 
tines (Judg. XV. 8, 11). Probably in the valley of Urtas. 

E'ther. Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 42). Lost. 

Ethio'pia. Cush {hlach). S. of Egypt, from Syene (Ez. xxix. 10). Libyan 
desert W., Abyssinian highland E. and S. The Hebrews traded with E. (Is. xlv. 14) 
in ebony, ivory, frankincense, gold, and precious stones (Job, xxviii. 19 ; Jos. Ant. viii. 
G, § 5). Settled by a Hamitic race (Gen. x. 6), dark (Jer. xiii. 23) men of stature (Is. 
xviii. 2), and fine-looking (xxxviii. 7). The Sabseans were the most noted tribe. 
There are ruins of many temples in E., built during the reigns of the Hyksos kings of 
Egypt. Queen Candace is mentioned in Acts, viii. 27. 

Euphra'tes {the good river). Now called ERAT. Called in Scripture the river. 
The largest, longest, and most important river in W. Asia. Rises in the mts. of 
Armenia, near Erzeroum and Mt. Ararat. Gf two branches : one is called Frat, and 
Black River {Kara su), and is 400 ms. long; the other, Murad Cliai {chief), 270 ms. 
long; and both unite at Kebban Meden, in a stream 360 ft. wide, and from this point 
to the Persian Gulf it is 1,000 ms., making in all nearly 1,800 ms., 1,200 of which is 
navigable for steamers. Nebuchadnezzar dug canals to carry the water of the annual 
inundation across the wide plains of Chaldea. Herodotus describes the river and its 
traffic (i. 185). First mentioned in Gen. xv. 18, in the description of the promised 



GEOGRAPHY. 78 

land (Dent. i. 7, xi. 24; Josh. i. 4). Fulfilled partially by Reuben (1 Chr. v. 9), and 
completely-by David (Ps. cxxxvii. 1). 

• E'zel. (1 Sam. xx. 19.) Where Dayid parted from Jonathan. 

H'zeia. Simeon (1 Chr. iv. 29 ; Josh. xix. 3). 

E'zion ge'ber (gianfs hacJchone). As the head of the eastern arm of the Eed 
Sea. Now Akabah (Num. xxxiii. 35 ; Deut. ii. 8 ; 1 Ki. ix. 26, xxii. 48 ; 2 Chr. viii. 
17). Station of the Exodus. Port for Solomon's fleet. Jehoshaphat's fleet was 
broken here (2 Chr. xx. 37). 



Fair HaVens. Harbor on the south side of Crete, east of Cape Matala, and 
near Lasea (Acts, xxvii. 8). Visited by Paul on his voyage to Rome, A. D. 60. Kaloi 
Limenes (Gr.). 

Fuller's Field. Near Jerusalem (»2 Ki. xviii. 17 ; Is. xxxvi. 2). So close that 
one speaking in the field could be heard by one standing on the city wall (Is. vii. 3, 
xxxvi. 2). Supposed by some to have been near the upper pool of Gihon. Others 
have looked for the site on the north side of the city, on which side Rabshakeh {the 
chief cup-hearer and a general of Sennacherib) and his "great host" most probably 
came (Is. x. 28). 

Ga'ash {earthquake). Mount Gaash, on the north side of which was Timnath- 
cheres, the city given to Joshua at his request (Josh. xix. 49, 50), and where he resided 
and was buried (Josh. xxiv. 30 ; Judg. ii. 9). Lost. 

Ga'ba. Geba. 

Gab 'hatha. Pavement (John, xix. 13). Outside the Praetorium (judgment 
hall), where Pilate delivered Jesus to death. The bema was an elevated pavement, 
the usual place of justice. 

Gad {troop). Jacob's seventh son, first-born of Zilpah, Leah's maid; brother to 
Asher (Gen. xxx. 11-13, xlvi. 16, 18). The country given to the tribe was the centre 
of the east of Jordan (Deut. iii. 12), from Heshbon to Mahanaim. On the east was 
Aroer, that faces Rabbah (Josh. xiii. 25) ; west was Jordan (v. 27), and including the 
Arabah, from the Jabbok to the Sea of Chinnereth. The most beautiful district in 
Syria. It is a high range of purple-tinted mountains, cut down by deep ravines^ par- 
tially clothed with forests of oak, terebinths, sycamores, ilex, beech, fig, and evergreen 
shrubs. The climate is fine and soil fertile, affording the best pasturage. At one time 
the tribe possessed the land as far east as Salcah (1 Chr. v. 11, 16). Jephthah was a 
Gadite of Mizpeh (Judg.xi. 34). Carried into captivity, and its cities inhabited by 
Ammonites (1 Chr. v. 26; Jer. xlix. 1). ■ 

Gad'ara. Five miles southeast of the Sea of Galilee, three miles from the river 
Hieromax. There were warm springs near the river, called Amatha. Joseph us says 
it was a Greek city, and the capital of Peraea (Jos. B. J. iv. 7, § 3 ; Mark, v. 1 ; Luke, 
viii. 26-37). Here the Lord healed the demoniacs (Matt. viii. 28-34; Mark, v. 1-21; 
Luke, viii. 26-40). The most interesting ruins at Gadara are the tombs, which are 
very numerous in the cliff's around the city, cut in the solid rock, being rooms ten to 
twenty feet square, and some larger, with small recesses out of them for bodies, the 
doors being stone, turning on stone hinges. The space over which the ruins are 
scattered is about two miles, on a narrow high ridge, sloping east, anciently walled all 



74 GEOGRAPHY. 

around. There was a straight street from end to end, with a colonnade on each side, 
and two very large theatres. Not a house or a column is standing. 

Gala'tia {country of tlie GalU, Asia). Used in two senses — 1. Some suppose 
France (Gaul) is meant in 2 Tim. iv. 10, and 1 Mace. viii. 2. France (Gaul) .may have 
been the origin of the people wlio invaded Greece and Asia Minor in the fourth cen- 
tury B. c, and were first checked by Antiochus, who was called Soter {savior) for tl>e 
success; and were finally subdued by the Eoman Manlius, b. c. 189, when they gathered 
into a district in the central region of Asia Minor. Visited twice by Paul (Acts, xviii. 
23). The Epistle to the Galatians was written after the second visit. 

Galilee {Galil=a circle). At first applied to a small district about Kedesh, on 
the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee (Is. ix. 1). Afterward, during the Roman 
rule, the name of the whole country north of the Kishon river and Mount Gilboa, to 
the Leontes and Hermon, from the Jordan to the Sea (Josephus, Life, 12 ; Wars, iii.). 
Divided into Upper, as far as the northwest angle of the Sea of Galilee ; and Lower, as 
far south as Ginea (Jenin), including the great plain of Esdraelon. The hills are now 
wooded, with gentle slopes, and are fruitful of all that man uses, and luxuriant in 
flowers of every variety (Deut. xxxiii. 18 ; Gen. xlix. 20). The chief towns were Caper- 
naum, Kedesh, Bethsaida, Tiberias, Nazareth, Can a, besides many other smaller, the 
ruins of which are scattered over nearly every hill-top or hill-side. Here was the scene 
of the greater part of the works and life of Jesus, which are the subject of the first 
three Gospels almost wholly. The Sea of Galilee — Gennesaret. 

QrollircL {heaps). Twice mentioned (1 Sam. xxv. 44; Is. x. 30). It was probably 
near Dan, Laish, but is lost. 

Ga'reb, the hill. Near Jerusalem (Jer. xxxi. 39). Now occupied by the new 
and fine buildings of the Russian mission. 

Gath'he'pher {wine-press of the well). Zebulon, near Japhia (Josh. xix. 13). 
Gittah-hepher. Benjamin of Tudela says that in his time (a. d. 1140) the tomb of 
Jonah was shown on a hill near Sepphoris. 

Gath {wine-press). One of the fire royal cities of Philistia. The residence of the 
Anakim giants (Josh.xi. 22). The ark was carried there by the Philistines (1 Sam. v.). 
David was in danger of his life at Gath, and saved it by a ruse of madness (ib. xxi. 
10-15). Many of the people were attached to David all his life (2 Sam. vi. 10, xv. 18). 
The site has been lost for ages, and is now located by Robinson at Deir Dubban ; by 
Thomson at Beit Jibrin ; and by Porter at Tell es Safieh. 

Gath-Riiu'znon. Dan, m the plain (Josh. xxi. 24). Lost. 2. Manasseh, 

west of Jordan (ib. 25). Probably Bethshan. 

Ga'za {strong). Az'zah {desert). The last town in the southwest of Palestine, 
on the coast toward Egypt. On the high road between Egypt and Syria. Mentioned 
in Genesis (x. 19), one of the oldest cities in the world (Gen.x. 17), and is a town now. 
Joshua could not subdue it (x. 41). Held by Judah a short time (Judg. i. 18, iii., 
xiii. 1). Samson carried off its gates (xvi. 1-31). Gaza is mentioned in the inscrip- 
tions at Nineveh {Layard, p. 144). The Ethiopian was baptized by Philip on the 
way to Gaza. There are deep wells of good water, orchards of varieties of fruit, and 
palm-trees, and olive-groves. Settled by Avim or Hivites, who were driven out by the 
Caphtorim from Egypt. Became one of the five royal Philistine cities, the last home 
of the giant Anakim (Josh. xi. 22). Taken by Alexander the Great, who was wounded 
there (Arrian, ii. 26). A church was established there early, but idolatry was only 
abandoned publicly when the last eight temples were destroyed, A. D. 406. Taken by 



GEOGRAPHY. 75 

the Saracens, A. d. 634. The Crusaders built a fort in 1152. The ancient harbor is 
covered by the sands. Now called Guzzeh. 

Gaz'ara. Near Azotus, Philistia (1 Mace. xiv. 34; Strabo, xvi. 2). A very- 
strong hold (2 Mace. x. 32). Supposed the same as Gazer — Gezer of 2 Sam. v. 25. 
Taken by Pharaoh, father-in-law to Solomon (1 Ki. ix. 16). Josh. x. 33, xxi. 12, xvi. 
3, point to a site between Bethhoron the nether and the sea, probably at the foot of 
the hills in the border of the Shefelah. There may have been two cities of the same 
name. Neither is located. 

Ge'ba (the hill), Benjamin (Josh. xxi. 17; 1 Chr. vi. 60). Was held by the 
Philistines (1 Sam. xiii. 3), who were expelled by Jonathan (1 Sam. xiv. 5). Isaiah 

(x. 28) describes the march of the Assyrians, and their halt at Geba. 2. Judith, 

iii. 10, where Holofernes is said to have encamped. 

Ge'bal {a line, or mountain ridge). (Ps. Ixxxiii. 7). A district S. of Moab, from 
W. el Ahsy S. to Shobek, near W. Shuweir. The cities were Arindela, Bozrah, Shobek, 

Tophel, and other smaller. 2. A very ancient city on a spur of Lebanon close to 

the shore, anciently having a fine harbor, which is now choked up with sand and ruins 
of buildings, quays, &c. The castle is one of the best specimens of ancient masonry, 
having stones 20 feet long and bevelled. The columns and walls, and their great ex- 
tent especially, prove the splendor and importance of the city (Ezek. xxvii. 9 ; Joshua 
xiii. 5). "Workers in stone from G. were employed on Solomon's temple (1 Ki. v. 18 — 
stone-squarers being a translation of GiUites=^Qo^\Q of Gebal). Jehail 

Ge'bim (the ditches). Village N. of Jerusalem, near Anathoth (2 Ki. iii. 16 ; Is. 
X. 31). 

Ge'der. Judah, extreme S. (Josh. xii. 13). Lost. 
Ged'erah (sheep-cote). Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 36). Lost. 
Ged'eroth (sheep-cotes). Gederothaim (two sheep-cotes). Lost. 
Ge'dor. Judah, in the Mts. (Josh. xv. 58), near Hebron, or half way to Bethle- 
hem. The modern name is Jedur. 2. Benj. (1 Chr. xii. 7). 3. (1 Chr. iv. 

39). A place from whence Simeon expelled the Hamites, dwellers in tents, and the 
Maonites. Probably on the way to Petra. Lost. 
Gehen'na. The Greek name of Hinnom. 

Gelil'oth (to roll or luind as a river). Benj., near Adummim ; the same as Gil- 
gal (Josh, xviii. 17). 

Gennes'aret, Sea of (the garden). The Sea of Tiberias ; the Sea of Chinnereth ; 
the Sea of Galilee (Num. xxxiv. 11; Josh. xii. 3). Named from a town of the same 
name (Josh. xix. 35), which is lost, if it is not the site between Tiberias and the hot 
baths (Josh. xi. 2; Deut. iii. 17). Most of the life of Jesus was passed near this lake. 
Capernaum was on its shore, "His own city" (Matt. iv. 13). He called his first disci- 
ples from among its fishermen (Luke, v.). Near it were spoken many of his parables, 
the Sermon on the Mount, and a number of the miracles were performed. There 
were 9 cities on its shores, and many others near. It is about 13 ms. long and 6 ms. 
wide, and the surface is 700 feet below the level of the ocean. The water is in some 
places 250 feet deep. The E. shore is 2,000 feet high, bare of trees, and cut down by 
deep ravines, quite flat and uniform on the summits. The W. banks are similar, but 
not so regular in height, and being opened for the plain of G. The whole basin has a 
scathed volcanic look. The climate is quite tropical. Palms and all kinds of trees 
and vegetables grow luxuriantly, and indigo is cultivated. The beach is pebbly every- 
where. Only one of the 9 cities now remains, Tiberias, almost in ruins, and even the 
sites of the others are disputed and in doubt. 



76 GEOGRAPHY^ 

Ge'on. Gihon. One of the four rivers of Paradise (Gen. ii. 13). Perhaps only 
used as a poetic figure (Ecclus. xxiv. 27). - 

Ge'rar. A very ancient city S. of Gaza (Gen. x. 19, xx. 1, xxvi. 1). Near 
Kedesh in Shur, peopled by pastoral Philistines. Isaac was born there (xxi. 2, 3), 
and found it a very fertile land (xxvi. 12), and grew so rich that the Philistines 
envied him (14). 

Ger'asa. (In Matt. viii. 28. Mistaken translation). On the E. border of Peraja 
(Jos. Wars, iii. 3, § 3), in the Mts. of Gilead, 20, ms. E. of the Jordan, 25 N. of Rabbath 
Amnion, Philadelphia. It was once one of the proudest cities of Syria, as its abundant 
ruins testify. The Saracens have never occupied it. Built in a narrow valley, on 
both the sloping sides, 5 ms. from the Jabbok. Through ifc a small creek winds, fringed 
with many trees and shrubs. There was a colonnade from end to end of the city, and 
a circular forum at one end. Hundreds of columns are still standing. 

It was one of the cities of the Decapolis, but is not mentioned by name in the 
Bible. 




TKiuMPHAL ARCH. GERASA. {N^ozc Called Jevaj^k.) 



Geriz'im {desert or shoni). S. of Shechem. The law was given on Mt. Sinai, 
and the blessing and cursing on the two mountains Ebal and Gerizim. (See Ebal.) 
Jotham stood on G. when he denounced Abimelech (Judg. ix). When Alexander 
took Palestine he gave Sanballat (the Persian governor under Darius) permission to 
build a temple on Mt. G. ; and Manasseh, brother of Jaddua the high priest at Jerusa- 
lem, was made high priest at Shechem, about 420 B. c. This temple was destroyed by 
the Jews, 129 B. c. The ruins are still shown. The Samaritans worship here yet, 
without temple or altar. The view from the summit is one of the finest in Palestine, 
commanding the deep blue of the Great Sea, snowy Mt. Hermon, purple Gilead and 
Moab, and tlie lovely green valley of Mokhua at its foot. 

Ge'shur (bridge). N. E., in Bashan (Deut. iii. 14). David married Maacha the 



GEOGRAPHY, 



77 



daughter of Talmai, king of G. (2 Sam. iii. 3), mother of Absalom. Joab found 
Absalom in this place (2 Sam. xiii. 37, xv. 8). It is supposed to be the district now 
called El Lejah. 

Gethsem'ane {oil-press garden). By some, toine-press (gaih=wme); and by- 
others, " a small farm." East of Jerusalem, on the lower slope of Olivet, 850 feet from 
St. Stephen's Gate, and 800 feet from the closed Golden Gate, at the angle between 




GETHSEUAMK. 



the direct road up Olivet, and that leading to the right around the hill (both leading 
to Bethany). Tradition only locates the "garden" (John, xviii. 1) here; the "place' 
(Matt. xxvi. 36 ; Mark, xiv. 32) was "over the brook Kidron," on Olivet somewhere, 
perhaps nearer Bethany on the road to the right ; or rather away from any road. 
From the days of Eusebius, Jerome, and Adamnanus some such place has been spoken 
of as "a place of prayer for the faithful" (Jerome), and having a church built on it. 
The place might have been selected by the Empress Helena (as many others were), to 



78 GEOGRAPHY. 

represent that mentioned in the Gospels. It is now walled in, enclosing eight very old 
olive-trees, and ornamented with beds of flowers. One of the trees is' 25 feet in girth. 
The city walls and the top of the dome on the Great Mosque are in plain view. The 
Turks have pleasure-grounds, or gardens, farther up the valley, where they resort to 
enjoy the cool shade of the olive-trees, some of which are quite as large as those in 
" Gethsemane." The antiquity of these trees is argued from the tax of one medina 
for each tree, which rate was fixed for trees that stood at the time of the conquest; 
all those planted since being taxed one-half their produce {Chateaubriand). This 
would carry the date back to a. d. 634, when Omar took Jerusalem ; or, if the tax 
was decreed after the Turks took the city, to A. d. 1087. 

Ge'zer. City of Canaan, not far from Beth-horon, the west limit of the tribe of 
Ephraim (1 Chr. vii. 28). Horam, king of Gezer, came up to help Lachish, and was 
killed by Joshua (x. 33). David smote the Philistines from Geba to Gezer (2 Sam. 
V. 25). Site lost. 

Gib'eah {rounded — a hill). 1. G. of Saul (1 Sam. xv. 34). The native place of 
Saul (1 Sam. x. 26 ; 2 Sam. xxi. 6), where he was a farmer ; and he made it his capital 
(xxii. 6). Seven of his descendants were hanged by the Amorites (Is. x. 29). The site 
is pointed out, four miles north of Jerusalem, at Tuleil el Ful {little hill of leans), 
where is seen an ancient ruin on the top of a canical hill. — 2. G. of Judah (Josh. xv. 
57). Jeba, in Wady Masurr, near Hebron. — 3. G. in Benjamin (Josh, xviii. 28), near 
to Kirjath Jearim, where the Ark of God was kept for a while (2 Sam. vi. 3), in the 
time of Saul. — 4. G. of Phineas (Josh, xxi v. 33). Where Eleazar, son of Aaron, was 
buried, in Mt. Ephraim, 12 miles north of Jerusalem, near a glen of the same name. 
— 5. G. of Benjamin (Judg. xix., xx.). A city, having a square, and 700 "chosen 
men," near Bethel; mentioned during the Philistine wars of Saul and Jonathan 
(1 Sam. xiii., xiv.). Jeha in the Wady Suiveinit. — 6. G. in the Field (Judg. xx. 31). 
On one of the highways leading from Gibeah of Benjamin. Lost.— 7. Several other places 
are also called Gibeah. 1. (Josh. v. 3), called afterward Gilgal. — 2. The hill of Moreh 
(Judg. vii. 1). — 3. Gibeath-ha-elohim, the hill of God (1 Sam. x. 5). Lost. — 4. G. of 
Hachilah (1 Sam. xxiii. 19, xxvi. 1) ; 6^. of Ammah (2 Sam. ii. 24) ; G. of Gareh (Jer. 
xxxi. 39). 

Gib'eon {belonging to a hill). (Josh. ix. 3-15.) One of the 4 cities of the Hivites, 
the people who made a league with Joshua by an artifice, and so escaped the fate of 
Jericho and Ai. It was in Benjamin (xviii. 25). Tuleil el Ful {hill of beans). The 
contest of the two parties of 12, of David and of Ishbosheth, was by the pool of Gibeon. 
Joab killed Amasa (2 Sam. xx. 10) at the great stone in Gibeon ; and Joab himself 
fled to Gibeon for sanctuary, when condemned by Solomon, and was killed by Benaiah 
(iKi. ii. 34). 

Gi'dom (Judg. xx. 45). Near Rimmon ? 

Gi'hon. The second river of Paradise (Gen. ii. 13). 2. Near Jerusalem, where 

Solomon was anointed and proclaimed king (1 Ki. i. 33, 38, 45). The waters of Gihon 
were " stopped" by Hezekiah ; that is, were conducted " straight down to the west side 
of the city of David" (2 Chr. xxxii. 30). See Jerusalem. 

Gil'boa {bubbling fountain). A mountain range between the plain of Esdraelon 
and the Jordan, near which is the city of Jezreel (1 Sam. xxviii. 4, xxix. 1). Men- 
tioned only in connection with the death of Saul and Jonathan (xxxi. 1 ; 2 Sam. i. 6, 
xxi. 12 ; 1 Chr. x. 1, 8). The fountain from which it was named is at its northern base, 
and was called the well of Harod (Judg. vii. 1), and the spring of Jezreel (1 Sam. 



GEOGRAPHY. 79 

xxix. 1). The modern name is Jebel Fuhuah, and it is 600 feet high above the plain, 
and there is on its highest summit a village and ruin called Gelbus by Eusebius, and 
Wezar by the Arabs. 

Gil'ead (rugged), Mount. The land of (Gen. xxxi. 21). First known in Jacob's 
time. It next appears when the. Israelites were on the march from Egypt, as divided 
in two sections and governed by Og and Sihon. It is rich in pastures and forests, well 
watered, and the great number of ruins bear witness of a former numerous population. 
It was occupied by Reuben and Gad. The whole extent, from Rabbath Ammon to 
the Hieromax is one broad elevated region, or mountain (Deut. iii. 12). The same 
elevation is called Bashan, north of that river. The Lord showed Moses, from the top 
of Pisgah, all the land of Gilead unto Dan. Probably a popular phrase, as was also 
"from Dan to Beersheba" (Josh. xx. 8). 

The Gadites are supposed to have imitated the habits of the people they displaced, 
which are now preserved by the Bedouins in the same district. Thus Jephthah 
appears like an Arab sheikh of our day (Judg. xi.) ; and some of David's captains 
were trained there (1 Chr. xii. 8, 15). Ramoth Gilead was its chief city (1 Ki. 
xxii. 4). Gilead first fell before the Assyrians (2 Ki. xv. 29). It was an asylum for 
refugees (2 Sam. ii. 8), David fleeing there from Absalom. 

It is now known south of the Jabbok as Jebel Jilad, and tiorth of that river as 
Jelel Ajhcn, and the capital is Fs Solt, on the site of the ancient Ramoth Gilead. 

The whole country is like a fine park. Graceful hills, rich vales, luxuriant herb- 
age, bright wild-flowers, noble forests, wooded heights, and winding glens clothed with 
tangled shrubbery, open glades and flat meadows of richest green, all so strongly in 
contrast with the general barren aspect of Western Palestine. 

Gil'gal (circle). (Josh. iv. 19.) Near Jericho; the first encampment of the 
Israelites in Palestine, where they set up twelve stones as a memorial of the passage 
of the Jordan. An ancient city (Deut. xi. 30). It was for centuries the great place 
of the nation's assembly (ix. 6, x. 6, 43). The Tabernacle was pitched here until it 
was removed to Shiloh (xviii. 1). It was visited by Samuel and Saul and David (1 
Sam. X. 8, xi. 14, xiii. 4, xv. 12, xix. 15). There was a high place there for idolaters 
(Hos. iv. 15 ; Amos, iv. 4, v. 5). As prophesied, the place is utterly desolated. It is im- 
possible now to find where the city was. It was probably not far from Jericho. 2. 

A royal city of the Canaanites, near Dor (Josh. xii. 23). Jiljuleh (?) 4 miles south of 
Antipatris. 3. G. in the Mountains (2 Ki. ii. 1), Jiljilia, 6 miles north of Bethel. 

Giloh (Josh. XV. 51). Judah. Native place of Ahithophel (2 Sam. xv. 12). Lost, 

Gim'zo (2 Chr. xxviii. 18). Judah, near Dan. Jimzu, a large village on a hill, 
well shaded with trees, 3 miles S. W. of Lydda, where the two roads from Jerusalem 
(by the Beth-horons and by the Wady Suleiman, which parted at Gibeon) join and 
go on to Jaffa. There are some large underground granaries here. 

Gir'gashites, The (Gen. x. 16, xv. 21). The descendants of the fifth son of Ca- 
naan, who settled on the east of the Sea of Galilee. Called Gergesenes in Matt. viii. 28. 

Git'taim (two wine-presses). (2 Sam. iv. 3.) A place built by the Gibeonites 
after they had been expelled from Beeroth (Josh. ix. 17). Inhabited by Benjamites, 
after the return from captivity. 

Go'ath (to loiVy as a cow). Goah (heifer's pool). (Jer. xxxi. 39.) Near the hill 
Gareb. 

Gob (pit). (2 Sam. xxi. 18, 19.) The scene of two battles between David's sol- 
diers and the Philistines. Ge'zer, in 1 Chr. xx. 4. 

Gog (high-chief). Chief tribe in the land of Magog. Ezek. xxxviii. 



,80 GEOGRAPHY. 

Golan (Deut. iv. 43). A city of Bashan in Manasseh (Josh. xxi. 27). One of 
the cities of refuge (xx. 8). The site is lost. The city is not mentioned after the 
time of Joshua in the Scriptures, but the city and the district of the same name is 
often mentioned by Josephus. Gamala {El Husn), on the east shore of the Sea of 
Galilee, was in the district (B. J. iv. i. 1). Its principal cities were Golan, Hippos, 
Gamala, Julias or Bethsaida, Seleucia, and Sogane (Josephus), and about 121 others, 
nearly all of which are unknown. 

The country is high (2,500 feet), flat, and fertile, well watered, and good pasture. 
This is the Mishor of 1 Ki. xx. 23, 25, where the Syrians were defeated near 
Aphek (now called Fih). The low, rounded hills, called Tells, extending south from 
Hermon for about 20 ms., are partly covered with forests, or groves, of oak and tere- 
binth. The wandering Bedawins {Anazeh) visit the region every year in May, with 
their flocks and herds. 

Gol'gotha {a skull). (Matt, xxvii. 33, &c.) Where Jesus was crucified, outside 
of the city-gate (Heb. xiii. 12), but near the city (John, xix. 20) ; near a road leading 
from the country, where there were passers-by (Matt, xxvii. 39) ; and there was a gar- 
den or orchard at the very spot (Mark, xv. 46). The place is not mentioned again 
until A. D. 335, when a church was built to honor the spot. 

The city at that time had a wall about Zion, and another around Acra. Beyond 
these to the north, the suhurds were enclosed by another wall by Agrippa. This 
seems to leave no place for the site on that side, and therefore denies the claim of the 
present Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in the centre of the modern city. Another 
theory places the site on Mt. Moriah, where now stands the great mosque called the 
Dome of the Rock, which is claimed to be the real church built by Constantine. 
There is a cave in a rock under this building, which is claimed to be the tomb ; and 
also that it was Araunah's threshing-floor. Another theory is, that the site was not 
far from St. Stephen's gate. 

Go'iner (Gen. x. 2, 3 ; Ezek. xxxviii. 6). Eldest son of Japheth. Progenitor of 
the Cimmerians, whose traces are found in the Cimmerian Bosporus, C. Isthmus, Mt. 
Cimmeriun, Cimmeria, and the C. walls (Herodotus, iv. 12, 45, 100), and also in the 
modern name Crimea. The Cymri of Wales, Cambria, and Cumberland in England 
are assigned to the same origin. 

Gomor'rah {Mihmersion). One of the 5 cities of the plain, or vale of Siddim, 
whose kings joined battle against four kings (Chedorlaomer and his allies, Gen. xiv. 
2-8), when Abram came to the rescue. Eour of them were destroyed, leaving only 
Zoar or Bela, which was spared at Lot's request (xix. 23-29). Their fate is alluded 
to by the prophets as a warning to Israel (Deut. xxix. 23 ; Is. xiii. 19) ; to Edom (Jer. 
xlix. 18 ; 1. 40) ; to Moab (Zeph. ii. 9) ; and again to Israel by Amos (iv. 11) ; and by 
Peter (2 Pet. ii. 6) ; and by Jude (verses 4-7), as a warning to those who should " deny 
Christ" 

The site of these cities is a question that it has been impossible to solve. They 
were said to be in the vale of Siddim, which lecame (is) the Salt Sea (Gen. xiv. 3), or 
sea of the plain (Josh. xii. 3). Josephus says the region was not submerged (B. J. iv. 
8, 4), but remained visible, and parched. It is now known that the Dead Sea was a 
lake from the creation, being a natural formation which has been undisturbed, not 
even by a volcano, and the water being very deep (500 to 2,300 feet), leaves no place 
for sites of cities; and although the south bog (below Lisan) is shallow (3 to 12 feet), 
its bed has been elevated by the rivers which flow north from the Arabah. Not one 
of the cities has ever been found, except it may be Zoar. 



GEOGEAPHT. 81 

Gorty'na. In Crete (1 Mace. xv. 23). It was the capital of the island under 
the Eomans. The famous Cretan labyrinth was here, the ruins of which are found at 
the foot of Mt. Ida. Paul may have preached here, while his vessel was at Fair 
Havens, where "much time" was spent (Acts, xxvii. 9). 

Go'shen. That part of Egypt, east of the Delta, near the way of the land of the 
Philistines (Ex. xiii. 17), where there was pasture-land, suited to the habits of Joseph's 
brethren. The only limits that can be indicated from the ancient accounts are the 
present Wady El Tumeylat, and the desert lakes, Temsah and Bitter Lakes. This 
region is still very productive wherever it is watered, either from the Nile or from 
wells (Gen. xlv. 10, xlvi. 28, xlvii. 27, 1. 8; Ex. viii. 22, ix. 26). The plagues of 
Egypt did not affect this land. 

Greece. First known to the Jews in the slave-market of Tyre, where the 
prophet Joel charges the Tyrians with selling Hebrew children to the Grecians (Joel, 
iii. 6), B. c. 800; and Ezekiel says, "traded the persons of men and vessels of brass in 
thy market" (Ezek. xxvii. 13). Greek slaves Avere highly valued in all the East 
(Bochart, i., c. iii. 175). Daniel mentions Greece (viii. 21, &c.) in his sketch of Alex- 
ander and his successors. Alexander visited Jerusalem, and respected its religion 
(Ant. xi. 8, 3). The Lacedemonians sent an embassy and a letter to the Jews, b. c. 
300 (Ant. xii. 4, 10), when King Areus claims kinship for his people with the Jews. 
Paul visited Greece (Acts, xx. 2), staying there three months. 

Gulloth (Josh. XV. 19 ; Judg. i. 15). Springs, upper and lower, added by Caleb 
to his daughter Achsah's dower. They were near Debir, but cannot now be identified. 
Possibly Ain Nunhar, and Dewir Ban, east of Hebron. 

Gur {lianas whelp). Where Ahaziah was wounded (2 Ki. ix. 27) at Ibleam, 
between Jezreel and Bethhaggan (garden-house), which is now said to be Jenin. The 
pass may be the very steep place on the road from Jezreel to the plain of Esdraelon, 
near Megiddo. 

Gur-ba'al (2 Chr. xxvi. 7). "And God helped him (Uzziah) against the Arabi- 
ans that dwelt in Gur-baal." Supposed to mean Gerar. 



H. 

Habor (1 Chron. v. 26). A river and district in Assyria, where Tiglath Pileser 
placed some of the Jews of the tribes of Reuben and Gad, during the First Captivity ; 
and where, 17 years after, Shalmaneser, his successor, settled captives from Samaria 
and Israel (2 Ki. xvii. 6, xviii. 11). The Khabur (name of a river) is found in an 
Assyrian inscription of the date of 900 b. c. 

Hach'ilah, the hill (1 Sam. xxiii. 13, 19). On the S. of Jeshimon (the barren 
district), near Ziph, in a forest, where David and his 600 men hid away from Saul, 
and David in the night took away Saul's spear and bottle of water from his couch, and 
showed them to Abner, the captain of Saul's guard, next morning from the opposite 
bank of the ravine (xxvi. 5-20). 

Ha'dad Kimmon (both words are names of Syrian idols). The city was a 
stronghold before Abraham's time. Here king Josiah " went against" Pharaoh Necho, 
and was wounded, and died at Jerusalem (2 Ki. xxiii. 29 ; 2 Chron. xxxv. 20-23). 
Mentioned by the prophet Zechariah (xii. 11). Four or five miles south oi Lejjun is 
a ruin on a hill, which {Rumaiia) is supposed to be the ancient site. 

6 



82 GEOGRAPHY. 

Ha'dar (Hadad, in 1 Cliron. i. 30). Eighth son of IshmaeL. TheMt.Hadadon 
the borders of the Syrian desert north of El Medineh, is supposed to mark the locality 
of this branch of Ishmael's family. 

Hada'shah (Josh. xv. 37). Judah, in the Shefelah. Adasa (1 Mace. yii. 40), 
where Nicanor was killed by Judas Maccaba3us. Lost. 

Hadat'tah (Josh. xv. 25). Judah, betAveen Beersheba and Kedesh. 

Ha'did {sharp). (Ez. ii. 33 ; Neh. vii. 37, xi. 34.) Three miles from Lydda, 10 
miles from Joppa (1 Mace. xii. 38). Alexander was defeated here by Aretas (Ant. xiii. 
15, 2), and Vespasian made it an outpost during his siege of Jerusalem. Adida. 
Adithaim. 

Hado'ram. Fifth son of Joktan (Gen. x. 27; 1 Chron. i. 21). 

Probably located, with Joktan's other descendants, in South Arabia, but not yet 
identified. The Adramitse and Hadramaut have been suggested, but rejected on 
philological grounds. 

Ha'drach (Zech. ix. 1). A district somewhere in the vicinity of Damascus. 
Lost. 

Ha'gar {stranger). An Egyptian slave (Gen. xii. 16, xvi. 1), presented to Abra- 
ham by Pharaoh. Mother of Ishmael. The Hagarites settled in Paran (Gen. xxi. 21 ; 
Gal. iv. 22). They are mentioned in 1 Chron. xi. 38, where Mibhar, a Hagarite, is one 
of David's captains. A Hagarite had charge of David's flocks, and an Ishmaelite of 
his camels, because they had experience in the care of such animals. The Hagarites 
occupied the country south of Palestine, from the sea to the Euphrates, as the Be- 
douins do now. 

Halah (2 Ki. xvii. 6). In Assyria, where Tiglath Pileser planted some of the 
captive Jews. Now called Kalah, an ancient ruin on the side of the upper Khabur. 

Halak, the mount {the smooth, hald mountain). (Josh. xi. 17, xii. 7.) The 
south limit of Joshua's conquests near Mt. Seir, The name of the east end of the 
Akrabbim. 

Hal'Iiul (Josh. XV. 58). Judah. Four miles north of Hebron, on the top of a 
hill, is a ruin, and at its foot is a village bearing the ancient name. 

Hali (Josh. xix. 25). On the border of Asher. May be Alia, 5 miles northeast 
of Acre. 

Halicarnas'sus (1 Mace. xv. 25). In Caria, on the Ceramian gulf. The 
birth-place of Herodotus and of Dionysius. The Jews residing here were, by a decree 
of the Romans, allowed the exercise of all their sacred rites. Alexander destroyed the 
city by fire. 

Ham {warm). (Egyptian, Chem, dark.) One of the sons of Noah (Gen. vi. 10), 
perhaps the third, if Japheth was the elder brother (x. 21). Settled in Africa (Ps. 
Ixxviii. 51', cv. 23, cvi. 22), and also sent many branches into Asia (Canaanites). There 
is no ancient name so well preserved and located. Ham is identified with Jupiter 
Ammon; and also with Zeus, because both words are derived from a root meaning 
hot, fervent, or sunburnt. 

For tht last 3,000 years the world has been mainly indebted for its advancement 
to the Semitic races ; but before this period the descendants of Ham — Egypt and 
Babylon — led the Avay as the pioneers in art, literature, and science. Mankind 
at the present day lies under infinite obligations to the genius and industry of those 
early ages, more especially for alphabetic writing, weaving cloth, architecture, astron- 
omy, plastic art, sculpture, navigation, and agriculture. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



83 



The Sons and Grandsons of Ham, and their location. 



Ham. 



rCush. 



Mizraim. s 



Phut. 



Canaan. 



1. Seba Meroe, in Egypt. 

2. Havilah Abyssinia, Bab el Mandeb. 

3. Sabtah S. W. coast of the Red Sea. 

4. Eaamah -j ^if^^^ I • .Arabia, Persian Gulf. 

5. Sabtechah Ethiopia. 

6. Nimrod (Belus) Shinar. Chaldaea. 

1. Ludim '. West, in Africa. 

2. Anamim Mareotis. 

3. Lehabim Libyans. 

4. Naphtuhim Memphis. 

5. Pathrusim Thebes. Pathros = south. 

6. Oasluhim Arabia Petraea — coast. 

7. Caphtorim Damietta. 

Libyans. 

1. Sidon Sidon and Tyre. 

2. Heth Hittites. 

3. Jebusites Jerusalem (Jebus). 

4. Amorites Judaea. 

5. Girgasite Gergesenes. 

6. Hivite Shechem, Mt. Hermon. 

7. Arkite Arke, N. of Tripolis. 

8. ' 
9. 

10. 

11. Hamathite Hamath. 



Sinite , Sinnas, on Lebanon. 

Arvadite Island of Arvad. 

Zemarite Sumrah (ruin), Phoenicia. 



Ha'math {to defend). The principal city of North Syria from the time of the 
Exodus to that of the prophet Amos, and capital of a district of the same name. One 
of the oldest cities in the world (Gen. x. 18). In the centre of the Orontes valley. 
Toi, king of Hamath, paid tribute to David (2 Sam, viii.). Hamath was conquered 
by Solomon (2 Chron. viii. 3). Alexander conquered it and changed its name to 
Epiphania, in honor of Antiochus Epiphanes. It has now 30,000 people, in a well- 
built city in the narrow and rich valley of the Orontes, Four bridges span the rapid 
river. The chief trade is in silk, woollen, and cotton. ^' The entrance to Hamath," so 
often used as a landmark in the 0. T,, was the pass between the Lebanon range and 
the Nusariyeh mountains; or, as Tliomson (Land and Book, i. 354), and Tristram 
(Land of Israel, 621), the entrance into the valley as you look north from Baalbek. 

Ham'math {warm haths). One of the fenced cities of Naphtali (Josh. xix. 35). 
Josephus mentions a city called Ammaus {ivarm ivater), one mile from Tiberias, on 
the shore of the Sea of Galilea. Ibrahim Pacha built spacious baths over these warm 
springs. There are four springs. The water is 144° Fahr., very salt and bitter, with 
a strong sulphurous odor. There are ancient ruins for a mile or more around. 

Ham'mon. In Asher (Josh. xir. 28), near Zidon. 

Hammoth Dor. (Josh. xxi. 32). Levitical city in ISTaph. Lost. 

Han'aneel, the tower of. In the wall of Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 1). Between 
the sheep-gate and the fish-gate, on the N. E. corner of the city. 

Han'nathon. Zebulon (Josh. xix. 14). Lost. 



84 GEOGEAPHT. 

Haph'raim (Josh. xix. 19). Iss. Six miles east of Lejjun, two west of Shunem; 
now called El Fuleh. 

Ha'ra (1 Chr. v. 26). Province in Assyria, where some of the Jews of the 
tribes of Reuben and Gad were carried captive. 

Har'adah. Station in the wandering (Num. xxxiii. 24). Lost. 

Ha'ran (Gen. xi. 31). Terah and his family (including Abraham) came to 
Haran and dwelt there; where Terah died. Called Padan Aram (plain of Aram). 
Aram JSTaharaim (A. of the two rivers). In 2 Ki. xix. 12, it is connected with Gozan, 
Mesopotamia, taken by the Assyrians. Ezekiel groups it with Canneh, Eden, and 
other cities in Assyria (xxvii. 23). Harran (of the Arabs) stands on the banks of the 
small river Belilk, a branch of the Euphrates. From it a number of roads radiate to 
the great fords of the Tigris and Euphrates. Being in the route of the trade between 
Central and Western Asia it attracted Terah, and explains the allusion of the prophet 
Ezekiel. There is a Harran el Awamid 10 miles east of Damascus, on the shore of the 
lake Ateibeh, between *• the two rivers" Abana and Pharpar. 

Ha'reth, the forest of (1 Sam. xxii. 5). Forest in Judah, to which Daidd 
fled after leaving the cave of Adullam. 

Ha'rod, the well of. Correctly the fountain (Judg. vi. 33). The fountain by 
which Gideon pitched, having the Hill of Moreh on the north, in the valley of Jez- 
reel (vii. 1). Now called Ain Jalud, at the foot of Mount Gilboa. It is a very large 
spring, and is visited constantly by a great number of flocks and herds (Judg. vi. 5). 

Haro'sheth of the Gentiles (Judg. iv. 2). In the north of Palestine, the 
home of Sisera. Tell HarotMeh is an immense double hill, covered with the ruins of 
old walls and buildings, commanding a narrow pass where the Kishon flows close to 
the foot of Carmel. Barak and Deborah chased Sisera and his scattered host as far as 
this pass, after their terrible defeat and slaughter along the plain of Esdraelon. 
{Tlwmson, Land and Book.) 

Hashmo'nah (Num. xxxiii. 29). Near Mt. Hor. 

Haii'ran. Part of the district of Bashan. Ezekiel (xlvii. 16, 18) probably 
meant a region including the Lejah, Batangea in the mountains (where the oaks of 
Bashan still grow around the ruins of ancient cities), and what is now Hauran. The 
Hauran is a vast fertile plain, the "granary of Damascus." Not a rock or stone en- 
cumbers its soil. More than a hundred ruined cities are found — though only deserted, 
not ruined; for the houses are quite perfect and habitable still, being built of stone, 
even to the doors and window-shutters, hinges and all, and roofs — of fine solid 
stone. Some of the dates are before our era, and it is quite probable that these cities 
are the very same that Moses described (Deut. iii. 5). 

Havilah {sand). 1. Son of Cush (Gen. x. 7) ; and, 2. A son of Joktan (x. 29). 

1. On the Eed Sea, in Arabia, between Mecca and Sanaa. It is a fertile region, 

abounding in fruit, gum,- and myrrh ; mountainous, well watered, and has a numerous 

population. The people were called by Eratosthenes (in Strabo), Chaulanitae. 2. A 

district southeast of Sanaa. A third district of the same name is sought for in an- 
swer to Gen ii. 11, which was compassed by one of the rivers of Eden. In Gen. 
XXV. 18, it is stated that the tribes of Ishmael dwelt "from Havilah unto Shur;" and 
this seems to call for a locality on the Persian Gulf or the Euphrates. 

Ha'voth Jair (Num. xxxii. 41). Jair took a number of small towns in 
Gilead, in the mountain district south of the Hieromax, and named them JaiYs 
villages. A descendant of his, of the same name, was a Judge of Israel, and lived 



GEOGRAPHY. 85 

here in 30 cities (Judg» x. 3, 4). Bashan-havoth-jair were among the 60 cities of 
Argob (Deut. iii. 14, &c.). 

Hazar Addar {walled space for a camp, named Addar). (Num. xxxiv. 4.) A 
south boundary of the promised land, near Kadesh-barnea. There are walled-in places 
all over this district, but without names known to history. 

Ha'zarma'veth. Third son of Joktan (Gen. x. 26). Located in the south of 
Arabia, on the Indian Ocean. Now called Ifadramaut. Capital city Shibam. Chief 
ports Mirbat, Zafari (Sephar), and Kisheem. The native name of a person is Ha- 
dramee — very similar to their name in ancient history, Adramitae. The country is 
well cultivated, and exports frankincense, myrrh, aloes (from Socotra), gum arabic, 
and dragon's blood. 

North of Hadramaut, the Great Eed Desert of Arabia, called Dahna {red sand), 
extends to Nejed and the Persian Gulf, occupying a third of the whole peninsula. 

Ha'zer {enclosed, as a court-yard or camp). These walls are found in many parts 
of Palestine and Arabia. Sometimes they are roofed in with a tent and become a 
dwelling for a short time (Is. xxxviii. 12) by shepherds. The name is used with others 
for several places : 1. H. addar (which see). 2. H. enan {village of springs). The 
north boundary of the promised land (Num. xxxiv. 9), the N. E. corner (ver. 10). Kury- 
etein (village of fountains), 40 miles east of Riblah, and 60 north of Damascus. It is a 
large place, and has the only fountains in the region. There are ruined columns, 
probably of the city called by the Greeks Coradsea. 3. H. gaddah (Josh. xv. 27). 
In the south of Judah, between Moladah and Beersheba, now Jerrah. 4. H. sliual 
(1 Chr. iv. 28). A city near the last named, now called Saweli. Both of these places 
are in ruins, on low hills. 5. H. liatticon (Ezek. xlvii. 16). On the boundary in 
Ilauran. Lost. 6. H. susali {horse village). (Josh. xix. 5.) Allotted to Simeon, 
near Ziklag. 7. H. susim {village of horses). Probably the same as the last. 8. Haz- 
eroth. Station in the wilderness on the route from Sinai to Ezion geber. See Wan- 
derings. 

Hazere. Eour ms. W. of Bint Jebeil, has extensive ruins, and the right location 

(Land and Book, i. 439). 2. (Josh. xix. 37.) Ten ms. S. W. of Safed, Hazur, 

near El Mughar. 

Hazezon tamar. Engedi. 

Ha'zo (Gen. xxii. 22). Azon of Nahor, settled on the Euphrates, in Chazene 
(Strabo). 

Ha'zor (Josh. xi. 1-12). An ancient, royal city, fortified, near Lake Merom. 
" The head of all those kingdoms," i. e., the chief city in North Canaan. Taken by 
Joshua, and given to Naphtali. In after-times a King Jabin, of Hazor, held the 
Israelites in subjection 20 years. Jabin's army, including 600 chariots of iron, led by 
Sisera (perhaps intending to conquer all Palestine), were routed by Barak and Debo- 
rah ( Judg. iv.). Portified by Solomon (1 Ki. ix. 15). Referred to by Josephus, and 

in 1 Mace. xi. 67. 2. (Josh. xv. 23.) Judah, south. Lost. 3. (Neh. xi. 

33.) Benjamin, after the captivity. Tell Azur. Five ms. N. E. of Bethel. 4. (Jer. 

xlix. 28.) Some noted camping-ground of the Arabs. Lost. There are two or three 
Hazors named in Josh. xv. 23-25 ; one of them a 7ie?o village {Hadattah) ; and one 
changed to Hezron. There were also Baal hazor and En hazor. 

He'ber. The ancestor of Abraham; from whom the Jews derive the name 
He"bre"ws; given to them, in the Scriptures, only by foreigners, and where they are 
contrasted with other peoples. Others derive the name from a root meaning nomads. 



86 



GEOGRAPHY. 



or passers-through, as distinguished from settlers. This describes Abraham and his 
immediate descendants, but not the nation after the passage of the Jordan. 

He'bron {the friend). Third son of Kohath, who was the second son of Levi 
(Ex. vi. 18). The clan is mentioned in the time of David (1 Chron. xv. 9, xxiii. 19) 
as of the sons of Levi, who only ought to carry the ark of God; and also miglity men 
of valor of Jazer, in Gilead (xxvi. 31), who were officers in David's government; and 
another branch held the same rank on the west side of Jordan. There was a Hebron 
among the sons of Caleb. 

The City of Hebron is one of the most ancient, built 7 years before Zoan 
(Num. xiii. 22), and even older than Damascus (Gen. xiii. 18). Its original name was 




Arba, or Kirjath Arba (city of Arba), from Arba, the father of Anak (xxxiii. 2; Josh, 
xiv. 15, XV. 13). It was also called Mamre (Gen. xxiii. 19, xxxv. 27). The ancient 
city was in a valley, and its pools help fix its site and identity (2 Sam. iv. 12). Many 
years of the lifetime of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were spent here, where they were 
all buried ; and from Hebron Jacob and his family set out for Egypt, by way of Beer- 
sheba. The city was given to Caleb by Joshua, who drove out the Anakim. One of 
the Cities of Refuge. It was David's royal residence for 7 years and a half; "where 
most of his sons were born ; and here he was crowned king over all Israel (2 Sam. ii.), 
when King David changed the royal residence to Jerusalem. Fortified by Kehoboam. 
It was occupied after the captivity ; but fell into the hands of the Edomites, from 
whom it was recovered by Judas Maccabaeus (1 Mace. v. 65). It was called Hebron 
or Castle of Abraham during the Crusades. 

The modern town is called Khulil {the friend "of God"), by the Arabs, and lies 
on the eastern and southern side of a narrow and beautiful valley. The houses are all 
of stone, well built, having flat roofs with many domes. The streets are only a few 



GEOGRAPHY. 87 

feet wide, and the bazaars are covered, either by awnings or arches. Glass is the only 
manufacture; lamps, and the bracelets and rings worn by women. The court in 
which the mosque over the tombs of the patriarchs is built is surrounded by an exten- 
sive, and lofty wall, formed of large stones, strengthened by square buttresses, the 
greatest antiquity in Hebron, and probably the same as that seen and described by 
Josephus (Ant. i. 14; B. J. iv. 9, 7). The only other antiquities are the two cisterns 
for rain-water (pools). The one close to the south gate of the city is 133 feet square 
and 22 feet deep, and built of hewn limestone, with steps at each corner, down to the 
water. The other pool at the north end of the town is 85 by 55 feet, and 19 feet 
deep. The surrounding country is productive, and the many ruins show a once dense 

population and high state of cultivation. Population, 5,000. 2. In Asher (Josh. 

xix. 28). Abdon ? 

He lam. On the west bank of the Euphrates, where David met and defeated the 
army of Hadarezer (2 Sam. x. 16). 

Hel'bah (Judg. i. 31). Asher, not far from Sidon. 

Herbon (Ezek. xxvii. 18). "In the wine of Helbon." A village 10 miles north 
of Damascus, in a wild and beautiful glen, which is clothed in vineyards. There are 
many ruins of temples, some with Greek inscriptions, and many other marks of ancient 
wealth. 

Heleph (Josh. xix. 33). Where the north boundary of Naphtali began. Beit 
Lif, east of Ras Abyad and west of Kades. 

Hel'kath (Josh. xix. 25). Boundary of Asher. Lost. Ikkrith ? 

Hel'kath Hazzurim (2 Sam. ii. 16). Near the pool of Gibeon, where 12 of 
Joab's men and 12 of Abner's killed each other, and brought on a general battle. 

Hem'dan (Gen. xxxvi. 26). East of Akaba there is an Arab tribe of the name 
of Hamran. 

He'na (2 Ki. xix. 13.) Some ancient ruins, called Ana, are found on the Eu- 
phrates, near Mosaib. (Sippara.) 

He'pher (Josh. xii. 17). West of Jordan, as was also the land of Hepher. 
Lost. 

Her'mon. The highest peaks of Anti-Lebanon, on or beyond the north border 
of the land (Josh. xi. 17 ; Deut. xxxiv. 1 ; 1 Sam. iii. 20). The Amorites called it 
Shenir {to slime, as a coat of mail) ; the Sidonians, Sirio7i {to glitter) ; also called Sio7i 
{elevated) ; and now by the Arabs Jehel esh Sheikh {chief mountain), and Jebel eth 
Thelj {snonry mountain). Its head is crowned with perpetual snow ; and when the 
whole lowland country is burnt by the summer sun, long lines of snow streak down 
the sides of Hermon, like the white locks of some old man about his shoulders. 

There are three summits, about a quarter of a mile from each other, in a tri- 
angular position, and 10,000 feet high. They are visible (at a distance as one peak) 
from every part of Palestine north of Shiloh, and from the Jordan valley near the 
Dead Sea, and from the Moab mountains as far south as Nebo. 

Its rivers are Jordan, Abana, Pharpar, Orontes, and Leontes. 

It was the religious centre of pagan Syria, and the temples of Baal gave it a 
name. The ruins of these temples are now found on many of its lower shoulders, as 
at Rakleh, Sed Dan, Bustra, Mutaleih, Kefr Kuk, Burkush, Aiba, Hibariyeh, Tilthatha, 
Ain Hersha, Asheir, Bekkeh, Munseh, and Paneas. At Eakleh there is a god's face, 
40 inches in diameter, surrounded by a wreath, all well cut in bold relief, and set in the 
wall of the temple facing the summit of Hermon. The temple at Asheir is on an 



88 GEOGRAPHY. 

elevated platform (which is ornamented with a frieze and cornice), 126 by 69 feet, and 
itself 89 by 40 feet, and 54 feet high. In the Ionic style, with cup ^nd ball ornaments. 
On the very highest peak are the foundations of a circular wall, of large stones, 
enclosing hewn stones (some bevelled), in heaps, disclosing the plan of a small temple 
(Deut. xii. 2; 2 Ki. xvii. 10). The central peak is a bald cone of gray limestone, 2,000 
feet higher than the surrounding ridges. These lower ridges are thinly clothed with 
evergreen oaks. 

Hesh'bon (Num. xxi. 26). Capital city of Sihon, king of the Amorites, on the 
western border of the Mislior (Josh. xiii. 17), and on the boundary between Eeuben 
and Gad. The ruins are 20 miles east of Jordan, opposite the north end of the Dead 
Sea, on an insulated hill, scattering over a space more than a mile in circuit, with not 
a single edifice entire. Many cisterns are entire, and a large reservoir near the base of 
the hill recalls the text in Cant. vii. 4, "Thine eyes are like the fishpopls of Heshbon." 
The view from the summit is very extensive over the great undulating plateau, em- 
bracing the ruins of a great number of cities, whose names resemble those of the 
Scriptures. 

Hesh'mon (Josh. xv. 27). On the south border of Palestine. Lost. Azmon ? 
(Num. xxxiv. 4). 

Hethlon (Ezek. xlvii. 15). On the north border; probably the same as "the 
entrance of Hamath." 

Hid'dekel (Gen. ii. 14). One of the rivers of Eden — the 3d, "flowing toimrd 
the east of Assyria." Daniel saw one of his poetic visions near its banks (Dan. x. 4). 
The Aramaean name of the river Tigris is Digla — Arabic, Diklah ; and the Hebrew 
name seems to be compounded of the ancient name with the prefix for active, Hid- 
diklah or Hiddekel. Pliny writes it Diglito, "an arrow;" Josephus, Diglath, "swift" 
(Ant. i. 1, 3), all of which refer to the great swiftness of its current. (See Tigris.) 

Hieropalis (Col. iv. 13). Five miles north of Laodicea. There are mineral 
springs, whose waters form stalactites, which gave it an ancient celebrity (Strabo, xiii. 
629). A great number of sepulchres are found in its vicinity. The ruins show its an- 
cient greatness, and traces are still distinct of a temple of Apollo, a theatre (346 feet), 
a gymnasium (400 feet sq.), and three Christian churches (one 300 feet). 

High places. From the top of Hermon to the crest of the low hills, all over 
the land, there are evidences that they were used for religious rites, both in idolatrous 
and in pure worship. The temple on Moriah was intended to supersede all other 
high places, and no other worship was allowed, except on special occasions. 

Hilen (1 Chr. vi. 58). Judah. 

Hin'nom, the valley of (Josh, xviii. 16). On the south and west of Mt. Zion. 
The origin of the name is unknown (Jer. vii. 31). An idol of bronze of great size 
was set up in the valley, facing Olivet, where children were sacrificed in the fire, which 
seems to have been kindled inside the idol. Josiah abolished the worship, and strewed 
human bones over the place, making it unclean, and thus prevented the renewal of 
worship there (2 Ki. xxiii. 10). These inhuman practices gave the place a horrible 
character, and caused its name to be detested and used as a figure for a place of tor- 
ment. 

Hittites. Children of Heth. (See Ham.) The name is found in the Egyptian 
hieroglyphics, where are also found the names of their gods, Ashtoreth and others. 

Hi'vites. Of the sons of Canaan. (See Ham.) They lived under Hermon, in 
the land of Mizpeh (Josh. xi. 3), and in Lebanon as far as Hamath (Judg. iii. 3). 



GEOGRAPHY. 89 

Jacob bought a small field of Hamor, the Hivite, at Shalem near Shechem (Gen. 
xxxiii. 18, xxxiv. 2). Esau married Aholibamah, a Hivite. The Hivites of Gibeon 
made a treaty with Joshua by a deceit (Josh. ix. 3) ; and for this act they were con- 
demned to the temple service. 

Ho 'bah (Gen. xiv. 15). Where Abraham's pursuit of the kings he defeated at 
Dan ended, north of Damascus. Three miles northeast of Damascus is a village 
called Jobar, where there is a synagogue dedicated to Elijah ; and another village, 
Buzeh, near, in which there is a very ancient sanctuary of Abraham. Both places are 
offered as the site of Hobah. 

Holon (Josh. XV. 51). Judah, between Goshen and Giloh. Lost. 2. In 

Moab, in the Mishor, near Dibon. Hilen. Lost. 

Homam (1 Chr. i. 39). Homaima, a ruin south of Petra, half way to Ailath, on 
the ancient Roman road. The native city of the Abassides {RoK, B. R., ii. 572). 

Hor, Mount {^Har= mountain). (Num. xx. 25.) On the edge of Edom, not far 
from Kadesh and Zalmonah. Aaron was buried here (22-29). The ascent is very 
steep and difficult — rocky; and on its summit is a rude building called Aaron's tomb. 
Juniper grows almost to the top. The view from the summit is very extensive in 
every direction; — on the north the passes of Akrabbim, where the Jews were defeated, 
and the mountains around the Dead Sea; on the east, the rugged range of Edom (with 
the Deir, or convent of Petra, in sight), red, bare, and desolate ; southward, the wide 
downs of Mt. Seir; and westward the Arabah, with its hundred water-courses; and 
above it the great white wilderness, fading into the hot and trembling distance. 
5,000 feet high. (See page 227.) 

Ho'reb. Sinai. 

Ho'rem (Josh. xix. 38). Naphtali. Hurah, a ruin on a low tell in Wady Ain, 
west of and near Merom. 

Hor hagid'gad. Gudgodah (Num. xxxiii. 32). 

Hormah (Judg. i. 17). Zephath. City of a king, in the south of Palestine 
(Josh. xii. 14). Es Sufa, S. E. of the Dead Sea. 

Horonalm {two caverns). (Is. xv. 5 ; Jer. xlviii. 3, 5.) Near Zoar, Luhith, Nini- 
rim, on a declivity, beside a noted road. 

Ho'sah (Josh. xix. 29). Asher, not far from Tyre. 

Huk'kok (Josh. xix. 34). On the south border of Asher and Naphtali. Yalcuh, 
m the Wady el Amud. An ancient Jewish tradition locates the tomb of Habakkuk 
here (Benj. of Tudela, ii. 421). 

Hul (Gen. x. 23). Second son of Aram, grandson of Shem. The plain or valley 
of the Jordan north of Lake Merom is called Ard el Huleh, and the lake's most ancient 
name is Huleh, and now so called by the Arabs. 

Hum'tah (Josh. xv. 54). Judah, in the hill country. 

Huz. Nahor's elder son (Gen. xxii. 21). " And Buz his brother." There is a dis- 
trict of Kaseem, in Arabia, which some suppose to be the land of Uz (Job, i. 1). 



Ibleam. Bileam (1 Chr. vi. 70; Josh. xvii. 11). Given to Manasseh, but in 
Asher. Jelama, north of Jenin, is perhaps the site. Ahaziah was wounded here by 
Jehu's soldiers (2 Ki. ix. 27). 

Ico'niiun (Acts, xiii. 51). Konieh, a large city, is on a table-land, a fertile plain, 



90 GEOGRAPHY. 



near a semicircle of snow-capped mountains in Asia Minor. This level district was 
Lycaonia, of which Cicero says it was the capital. It was on tlie route leading from 
Ephesus to Tarsus, Antioch, and the Euphrates. Here Paul was stoned, and left for 
dead (xiv. 19). The city is built out of the ruins of the ancient structures, and pieces 
of marble columns, capitals, and carved cornices appear everywhere in the masonry. It is 
now a large city, residence of a Pasha, surrounded with beautiful groves and gardens, 
well watered, and the resort of pilgrims who visit a saint's tomb. In the middle ages 
it was the capital of the Seljukian Sultans, and is called the cradle of the Ottoman 
empire. The traditional story of Paul and Thecla is located here. (See Conyheare 
and ITowson's Life of Paul.) 

Id'alah (Josh. xix. 15). Zebulon. Semuniyeh, three miles S. of Beit-lahur, was 
near it. 

Idumae'a. Greek form of Edom. 

lim. Ije abarini (Num. xxxiii. 45). Lost. 2. Judah, south; near Beer- 

sheba (Josh. xv. 28). Lost. 

Ije abarim {heaps, or ruins, of Aiarim), (Num. xxi. 11.) This region, east of 
the Dead Sea, is still unexplored by any Christian traveller in our day, and therefore it 
is impossible to say whether the stations of the Israelites can be located or not. 

Ijon (1 Ki. XV. 20; 2 Ki. xv. 29). In the north Jordan valley, now called Tell 
Dibhin. The hill is a favorable site for a city, overlooking the whole plain of Merj 
Aiyun, and on the road leading from the coast into the interior. 

Illyricum (Rom. xv. 19). Paul preached the gospel of Christ "from Jerusalem 
round about unto Illyricum." A country on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, north 
of Epirus. Illyricum was at one time one of the four great divisions of the Roman 
empire, and included the whole country between the Adriatic, the Danube, the Black 
Sea, and Macedonia {Gihhon, c. i.). 

In'dia (Esther, i. 1, viii. 9). The extent of tlie kingdom of Ahasuerus was from 
India to Ethiopia, 127 provinces. Acts, ii. 9, instead of Judaea read India. The 
country around the river Indus, now the Punjaub, which Herodotus describes as part 
of Darius' empire (iii. 98). At a later period it was conquered by Alexander. The 
name is found in the inscriptions at Persepolis (1 Mace. viii. 8). Modern India, or 
Hindostan, is more extensive than the ancient. Tlie articles obtained by Solomon 
from the East were Indian, such as horns of ivory and ebony, broidered work and rich 
apparel, sandal-wood, apes, peacocks, and tin. 

lo'iiia. That part of the coast of Asia Minor which is between Doris and JEolis. 
Ionia was celebrated for its 13 cities and its islands. The chief cities were Ephesus, 
Smyrna, Samos, Chios, and Miletus (Jos. Ant., xvi. 2, 3). 

I'raixi {duhe, slieihli). (Gen. xxxvi. 43). Where Iram was is not known. Prob- 
ably either in or near Edom, if not an original component of Idumasa. 

Irha'heres {the city of tlie sun). The sacred city Heliopolis (its Greek name), 
or On, in Egypt (Is. xix. 18). Beth Shemesh, in Jer. xliii. 13. (See On.) 

I'ron (Josh. xix. 38). Naphtali. Sarun. 

Ir'peel (restored by God). (Josh, xviii. 27.) Benjamin. Lost. 

Ir'shemesh (mount of the stm). (Josh. xix. 41.) Danite city. 

Ish'mael (ivhom God hears). Son of Abraham and Hagar (Gen. xvi. 15, 16). 
First-born of the patriarch. Born at Mamre, but was sent into the wilderness south 
of Beersheba, Paran, when he was 16 years old. He had a wife from Egypt (xxi. 21), 
who was mother of his 12 sons, besides a daughter. Esau married his daughter. His 



GEOGRAPHY. 91 

sons were Nebajoth, Kedar, Abdeel, Mibsam, Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadar, Tema, 
Jetur, Naphish, and Kedema. The Arabic historians divide the Arabs into two races : 
1. Pure Arabs, descendants of Joktan ; and 2. Mixed Arabs, descendants of Ishmael. 
Like the sons of Isaac his brother, or rather Jacob, Ishmael's sons were founders of 
tribes, some of which are known in history hy their names ; and " they dwelt from 
Havilah unto Shur that is before Egypt" (Gen. xxv. 18). Their language is spoken 
all over Arabia, with very few exceptions, and is the same in all rules and idioms now 
as in most ancient times ; and the poetical, or rhyming, and the current language, are 
one and the same, with a different arrangement of words only. 

The prophecy, " He shall be a wild ass of a man, his hand against every man, and 
every man's hand against him," is now and ever has been true; and also the other 
saying, Ishmael " shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren," for they have always 
been free. 

The desert is called in Arabic, Bedu, and the genuine Arab calls himself Bedawee 
{desert-man), Bedawin (desert-men,). 

Four thousand years have not changed their disposition, manners, habits, occu- 
pation, government, or dress. 

Ish'tob (2 Sam. x. 6, 8). A small kingdom (m the east of Jordan, in Aram. 

Israel, kingdom of. The ten tribes which were divided to Jeroboam by the 

prophet Ahijah of Shiloh (1 Ki. xi. 31, 35), leaving Judah alone to the house of David ; 

Benjamin, Simeon, and Dan joining Judah afterward. Shechem was the first capital 

(1 Ki. xii. 25) ; Tirzah the second (xiv. 17) ; and Samaria the third. Jezreel was 

occasionally a royal residence. The holy cities were Dan (Paneas) and Bethel. 

The population was at one time over three millions, if the number in the armies 
is correct as given in 2 Chr. xiii. 3. The area of the whole country, in the time of 
Solomon, occupied by the twelve tribes, was 12,810 sq. miles, of which 9,375 belonged 
to Israel and 3,435 to Judah. New Hampshire has about 9,000 sq. miles. 

Ephraim and Judah had always been rivals, and were nearly matched in numbers 
from the first, and the two largest of the twelve. For three, or, perhaps, nearly four 
centuries, the ark was in the territory of Ephraim, at Shiloh, until the time of Eli. 
But when the theocracy was superseded by the kingdom, Saul, the king, was a Ben- 
jamite, and Solomon, the son of David, of Judah; but Jeroboam, the leader of the 
revolt, was an Ephraimitj^ and, before Solomon's death, was accused of treason, and 
fled to Egypt. 

The burdensome taxes of Solomon's reign probably hastened, if it did not cause 
the revolt of the ten tribes; and the death of Solomon was the notice for Jeroboam's 
return, and the establishment of the new kingdom of Israel, b. c. 975. This was the 
most important event, and the greatest misfortune, since Joshua crossed the Jordan. 

Some of the mistakes which were fatal were: — the driving out of the Levites from 
their possessions, for they carried with them their sacred character and powerful sup- 
port of the king; the alliance with the kings of Egypt and Damascus; the marriage 
of Ahab with Jezebel, of Phoenicia. The want of a system of union among the 
tribes composing the kingdom, and the presence of a large number of slaves, were 
other elements of weakness. The Philistines took some towns; Damascus took its 
chances for plunder and revenge; Edom and Moab rescued themselves; and Assyria, 
after many visits to the once rich and prosperous country, finally carried away the 
gleanings of so many years of religious decline, moral debasement, national degrada- 
tion, anarchy, bloodshed, and deportation. 



02 



GEOGRAPHY. 



KINGS OF ISRAEL. 



1. Jeroboam . . 



2. Nadab.. 

3. Baasha. . 

4. Elah. . . . 

5. Timri. . . 

6. Omri . . . 

7. Ahab... 

8. Ahaziah 

9. Jehoram 



10. Jeliu. 



11. Jelioahaz. . . . 

12. Jehoash 

13. Jeroboam II. 

Interregnum. 

14. Zachariali . . . 

15. Shallum . . . . 

16. Menabem . . . 

17. Pekahiah.... 

18. Pekah 



2d Interregnum. 
19. Hoshea 

Samaria taken . . 



REIGN. 


B. C. 


22 


975 




957 


2 


954 


24 


953 


2 


930 





929 


12 


929 


22 


918 




914 


2 


898 


12 


896 




892 




885 


28 


884 




878 


17 


856 


16 


841 




839 


41 


825 




810 


11 







773 





772 


10 


772 


2 


761 


20 


759 




758 




742 


9 




9 


730 




721 




698 




643 




641 




610 




610 




599 




599 




588 ' 



KINGS OF JUDAII. 



Eehoboam , 
Abijah. . . . 
Asa 



Jehosbaphat , 

Jehoram . . . , 

Ahaziah 

Athaliah . . . . 
Jehoash , 

Amaziali . . . , 
Uzziah 



Jotham 
Ahaz . . 



Hezekiah. 



Manasseh 

Amon 

Josiah 

Jehoahaz .... 
Jehoiachim. . 
Jehoiachin . . 
Zedekiah 



REIGN. 



17 

3 

41 



25 



1 

6 

40 



29 

52 



16 
16 



29 

55 
2 

31 


11 


11 



Jerusalem destroyed. 



QUEENS IN JTJDAII. 



Naamah. 

Michaiah. 

Maachah. 



Azubah. 

Athaliah. 
Zibiah. 

Jehoaddan. 
Jecholiah, 



Jerusha. 



Abi. 

Hephzibah. 

Meshullemeth. 

Jedidah. 

Hamutal. 

Zebudah. 

Nehushta. 

Hamutal. 



Is'sachar (7uVe). (Gen. xxx. 17.) In Hebrew Isascar. Ninth son of Jacob and 
fifth son of Leah. He is not mentioned again as a person — his name only, as the name 
of a tribe. In the order of march in the desert, Issachar's place was on the east of 
the tabernacle, with Judah and Zebulon. Only the tribes of Judah and Dan outnum- 
bered them at the passage of Jordan, Issachar having 64,300 fighting men. (For loca- 
tion, see map of the Twelve Tribes.) Its location and boundaries are recorded in Josh, 
xix. 17--23. Its land was and is now the richest in Palestine. Esdraelon, the plain 
(called Jezreel, the seed-plot of God, on account of its rich soil), Mt. Tabor, and 
Gilboa were in its border, and the river Kishon ran through it. 

Jacob blessed Issachar in the image of "a strong-boned he-ass, couching down 
between the two hedge rows," which is a picture of contented ease and quiet. 



GEOGRAPHY. 93 

When David took the census, near the close of his reign, Issachar had 87,000, of 
whom 36,000 were mercenary "bands." 

Shalmaneser carried the tribe captive to Assyria. 

Italy. In the time of Paul the whole peninsula south of the Alps was included 
under this name (Acts, x. 1). The Italian band were soldiers recruited in Italy. 

Rome was the capital of the Eoman Empire. 

The church was planted in Italy very early, since the Epistle to the Romans was 
written only about 25 years after the crucifixion, when there must have been a large 
number of Jews there. From that day to this it has been the seat of civil and religious 
power, with many fortunes of revolution and persecution, the church always profiting, 
in all ages, so far as increasing in influence and power. 

It'tah Kazin (Josh. xix. 13). Boundary of Zebulon. Lost. 

Iturae'a {from Jetur, the son of Ishmael). (Gen. xxv. 15.) N. E. of Palestine, 
along the base of Hermon (Luke, iii. 1). Philip was "tetrarch of Ituraea and the 
region of Trachonitis." Now Jedur. It is table-land, with conical hills at intervals, 
well watered, rich soil, and excellent pasture. The rock is basalt, and the houses are 
built of it. Its ancient cities are deserted, but standing. Bedouins still pitch their 
tents there. 

I'vah (2 Ki. xviii. 34). Hit, on the Euphrates. Ahava of Ezra (viii. 15). The 
ancient city was dedicated to Iva, the god of air. Shalmaneser brought people fi'om 
it to Samaria, who carried their gods with them, according to custom among all 
ancient people. 



Ja'akan (Deut. x. 6). The Israelites camped around the wells of this tribe, next 
after Mosera. Taiyibeh (Rob.). 

Ja'azer and Ja'zer (Num. xxxii. 1, 3). In Gilead (Gad), near Heshbon, built 
by the Amorites. A large section around it was named the Land of Jazer, which was 
fertile, rich in pasture-land and in vines (Is. xvi. 8 ; Jer. xlviii. 32). 12 miles north 
of Heshbon and 9 west of Amman are the ruins of Szir, which marks the site. 

Ja'bal (Gen. iv. 20). Son of Lamech and Adah, and father of such as dwell in 
tents; that is, the inventor of tents, and the first Bedouin. 

Jab'bok (pouring out). River in Gilead (Josh. xii. 2), falling into the Jordan 
about midway between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Jacob and Esau were 
reconciled on its banks (Gen. xxxii. 22). The border of the children of Ammon was 
strong (Num. xxi. 24), for the river runs in a deep defile, narrow and wild, fringed by 
willows, cane, and oleanders, evergreen oak, pine, and arbutus. Wady Zurlca. 

Jabesh' Gil'ead (dry land in Gilead). (Num. xxxii. 1.) Chief city in Gilead, 
first mentioned in the story of the sin and punishment of the Benjamites (Judg. xix., 
XX., xxi. 8-14). Saul afterward defended it (1 Sam. xi. 1-15) ; and the people took 
the bodies of Saul and his sons from the walls of Bethshan and buried them under a 
tree at Jabesh, with funeral honors (xxxi. 13). Ed Deir in Wady Yahes, 6 miles 
east from Pella, is a ruin marking the site. 

Ja'bez (1 Chr. ii. 55). Judah, the residence of certain families of the Scribes. 

Jab'neel ( God causeth to le built). Two of the name. 1. (Josh. xv. 11) Judah, 
not far from j;he sea, in Philistia. Jamnia. Now Yebna, on a low hill in the midst 
of a rich plain, 2 miles from the sea-shore. East of it is Mt. Baalah, a low ridge of 



94 GEOGRAPHY. 

limestone hills. The Crusaders built a castle called Ihelin, and a church, the ruins 
of which are still to be seen. 2. In Naphtali. Lost. 

Ja'gur (Josh. xv. 21). Judah, near Edom. Lost. 

Jano'ah (2 Ki. xv. 29). Naphtali, 15 miles north of Nazareth. Taken by Tiglath 
Pileser. 

Jano'hah. On the N. E. border of Ephraim, 10 miles S. E. of Nablus, called 
Yannm, in a valley which slopes toward the Jordan valley. The ancient remains are 
extensive and interesting; whole houses entirely covered up with rubbish, and the 
modern huts built over them. About a mile N. E. of the village there is a fine foun- 
tain, near a ruined village called Kirbet Yanun. 

Ja'num (Josh. xv. 63). Judah among the hills. Lost. 

Japhi'a {splendid). (Josh. xix. 12.) On the boundary of Zebulon, 2 miles south 
of JSTazareth, called Yafa. In Josephus' time it was " a very large village of Lower 
Galilee, fortified with walls, and full of people" {Vita, § 37, 45). A tradition makes 
Yafa the birthplace of Zebedee, and of the apostles James and John, his children. 

Ja'pheth (to extend). Eldest son of Noah. See Gomer, Magog, Javan, Tubal, 
Mesech, and Tiras. p94 

Jar'muth (Josh. xv. 35). In the Shefelah; a royal city. Some of the children 
of Judah lived there after the return from Bajoylon (Neh. xi. 29). It was one of the 
five cities whose kings joined in a league against the Gibeonites, and were defeated 
by Joshua (x. 3). Ya7ni2i7c, near Tell Ermuh, is 1|- miles from Beit Netif. 
2. Issachar (xxi. 29). Lost. Kemeth ? 

Jashu'bile'hem {the return to hread). (1 Chr. iv.22.) A poetical selection from 
the Book of Euth. Naomi and Euth returned to Bethlehem. 

Jat'tir {height). (Josh. xv. 48.) Judah, among the hills. David sent the town 
a share of the spoils of Ziklag (1 Sam. xxx. 27). One of "the places which David and 
his men were wont to haunt" (ver. 31). 12 miles south of Hebron, Attir (Arabic for 
height). Stands in ruins on a hill. 

Ja'van (Gen. x. 2, 4). Fourth son of Japheth, and father of Elisha, Tarshish, 
Kittim, and Dodanim. The Hebrew name of Greece (Ezek. xxvii. 13; Dan. viii. 21). 
In the Cuneatic inscriptions the name is Yanun. Homer calls the early settlers of 

Attica laonas (II. xiii. 685). 2. The Javan of Ezek. xxvii. 19 is Uzal in Arabia, 

which supplied Tyre with sword-blades, cassia, and calamus. 

Je'arim, Mount (Josh. xv. 10). Chesalon (now Kesln) stands on a steep ridge 
between Wady Ghurab and Wady Ismail, 7 miles west of Jerusalem. 

Je'bus {trodden donm). (Josh. xv. 8, xviii. 16, 28.) "Which is Jerusalem." 

Jegar-sahadutha {the heap of witness). Jacob called it Galeed. 

Jehosh'aphat, Valley of (Joel, iii. 2). The deep valley between Scopus and 
Olivet and Jerusalem. Named after the greatest king, after Solomon (2 Chr. xx.). 
The prophet speaks (poetically ?) of the assembly of the nations in this valley. Some 
believe that Christ will appear the second time here, according to the words of the 
angels in Acts, i. 11. Kidron. 

Jeho'vah jireh {God will provide). (Gen. xxii. 14.) The name given by 
Abraham to the place where he was commanded to sacrifice his son Isaac, in the land 
of Moriah. The name did not continue. 

Jeho'vah Nis'si {God is my banner). (Ex. xvii. 15.) An altar built by Moses 
after the victory over the Amalekites. It was on Horeb (Aben Ezra). 

Jeho'vah Shalom {God is peace). (Judg. vi. 24.) An altar erected by Gideon 



GEOGRAPHY. 



95 



in Ophrah, and so named in memory of tlie salutation of the angel, " Peace be unto 
thee." 

Je'kabzeel (Neh. xi. 25). Kabzeel. The name given to it after the return from 
captivity. 




ELISUA S FOUNTAIN. JERICHO. 



Jericho {city of the moon; and another, a fragrant j^lcice). (Num. xxii. 1.) In 
the Jordan valley, 8 miles from the Dead Sea and 6 from the Jordan. When the 
Jews crossed the Jordan, Jericho was a large and strong city; and its origin is not 
recorded. Since it is not mentioned in Gen. xiii., when Abraham and Lot looked 
over the plain, it must have been built after that time. It was anciently surrounded 
by piilm-trees, of which there were many kinds (Deut. xxxiv. .3 ; Jos. B. J., 8, § 3), 
thickly dotted about in pleasure-gardens; besides balsam, figs, rose-plants, cypress, 
and many others. Josephus says, "It will. not be easy to light on any climate in the 
habitable earth that can well be compared to it." It was the first city west of the 
Jordan taken by the Israelites. Joshua cursed the city (Josh. vi. 26), and the curse 
was fulfilled in the person of Hiel the Bethelite (1 Ki. xvi. 34). 

The Roman general Pompey camped there one night, and Gabinius made it one 
of the five cities of assembly. Under Herod the Great it rose to some importance; 
was full of treasure of all kinds, and had valuable revenues. Antony gave it to Cleo- 
patra. Herod built a fort there, which he named Cyprus, in honor of his mother ; 
and a tower, Phasselis. He also built a new town higher up the plain, which he also 
called Phasaelis. 



96 ' GEOGRAPHY. 

Near Jericho was a copious spring, which was healed by Elisha (2 Ki. ii. 19-21), 
and is now called Ain es Sultan. It is about a mile and a half from the modern 
village of Er Eiha. 

There are extensive ruins, rubbish, and foundations, in several places, on both 
sides the Wady Kelt (Brook Cherith) and at the Ain es Sultan, marking ancient sites — 
the most ancient at the fountain. The city of the New Testament was on the banks 
of the Wady Kelt, on the direct route from Peraea to Jerusalem. It was visited several 
times by Jesus. Approaching it he cured one blind man (Luke, xviii. 35), and leaving 
it he cured another (Mark, x. 46). In the house of Zaccheus (probably in a garden in 
the suburbs) he related the parable of the Ten Pounds. 

Vespasian made it the head of a toparchy. It was destroyed during the siege of 
Jerusalem. It revived under Saracen rule, and in the time of the Crusades was one 
of the most fertile regions in Palestine. 

Jeru'el, the Wilderness of (2 Chr. xx. 16). Between Tekoa and Engedi, near 
Berachah, now Bereikut. There was a watch-tower (ver. 24), from which the enemy 
was seen, and reported to Jehoshaphat. 

Jeru'salem {foundation of peace). Eirst mentioned in Gen. xiv. 18, by the 
name of Salem, whose king was Melchizedek (who is said by the Eabbis to be the 
patriarch Shem). The name Shalaim (Ps. Ixxvi. 2) means two cities, and is applied 
to the cities or quarters on (modern) Zion and in the Tyropoeon valley. At the con- 
quest of Canaan the name of its king was Adoni-zedek (Josh. x. 1, 3), almost precisely 
the same as Melchizedek. Joshua speaks of the city as "The Jebusite" (xv. 8), after 
the name of its occupiers. In the time of the Judges the name was Jebus (xix. 10, 11). 
Judali could not and Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites (Josh. xv. 63 ; Judg. i. 
21), and the city only became the capital of the nation after about 450 years from the 
time of Joshua, when David made it his royal residence, and the sanctuary, near the 
centre of his kingdom (Ezek. v. 5), — leaving Hebron, where he had reigned seven years. 
The seat of the religion had been before this at Shechem, Shiloh, G-ibeah, Nob, and 
Gibeon. Zion was now called the City of David, and was soon enlarged by walls, 
strengthened by towers, and beautified by a palace for the king, built by the mechanics 
of Hiram, king of Tyre. After the ark, which had rested at Kirjath Jearim 20 years 
after Eli's death, was brought to Zion, Dayid assumed the duties of priest as well as 
king, offering burnt-offerings and peace-offerings under a new tent in the citadel of 
Zion. The ark was only removed from here to the Temple of Solomon. David's 
royal gardens were in the valley at En Eogel. David and most of his successors were 
buried in the citadel, but there are no traces of their tombs. The sepulchres of David 
were in or near Ophel (Neh. iii. 16, xii. 37). The three great works of Solomon were the 
Temple, with its east wall and cloister, the Palace, and Wall of Jerusalem (Josephus). 
Also a palace for his Egyptian wife ; which was not on Zion (1 Ki. vii. 8, ix. 24 ; 2 
Chr. viii. 11). "All of these were costly stones, * * saioed with satus," just such stone 
as is now found in the great quarry under the city, north of the Temple area, which 
may be sawed almost as easy as chalk. The buildings probably required for resi- 
dences by the thousand women of Solomon's house, who were of several nations and 
of different religions ; the colleges for the several priests (very much such a state 
of things as is now found in the city, except that the various sects support themselves 
independently of each other) ; the 1400 chariots, and 12,000 riding-horses requiring sta- 
bles ; and besides all these, " all that he desired to build in Jerusalem and in Lebanon," 
shows the activity of his reign. And we are compelled to notice that he also built 



GEOGKAPHY. 



97 





shrines for Aslitoreth, Chemosli, and Milcom, heathen divinities, on the site now oc- 
cupied by the village of Siloam, on that part of Olivet called the Mt. of Corruption (1 
Ki. xi ; 2 Ki. xxiii) ; which Josiah destroyed, together with an 
image of Molecli in Hinnom, 360 years after. 

The first relic that we have in onr day of the time of Solo- 
mon is a part of the foundation wall of the Temple platform, 
lately uncovered, an outline sketch of Avhich is in the margin. 
These are the kind of stones that were " sawed," now very much 
harder, after long exposure. 

The Son of Sirach (and also Tacitus) speaks of a "sea" of 
waters that was Tinder the Temple, and this was recently brought 

to light by Robinson 
and Barclay, who give 
its dimensions, and a 
sketch (Cityof the Great 
King, 526). It is 736 
feet in circuit, 42 in 
depth, and capable of 
holding two million 
gallons. 

The columns were 
once covered with metal, 
but are now bare, or 
plastered stone. 

The rain from the 
mosque of Aksa, and 
other buildings, is 
drained into it. N"o fountain has been discovered. 

Under the S. E. corner of the Temple area are many columns 

arched over, support- 
ing the platform above 
at its level, resting on 
the uneven surface of the original hill. 
The piers, or columns, are from 3 to 8 feet 
in diameter, from 5 to 23 feet apart, and 
there are 15 rows; and opening into this 
place, which is called Solomon's stables, is a 
triple gate, under the Aksa mosque. West 
of these, under the actual temple site, now 
under the Aksa mosque, is another series of 
piers and vaults, which seem to have been 
built up from more ancient materials. Be- 
sides the citadel, now called David's tower, 
^^^ there are scarcely any very ancient re- 

ips I Hl^ ^^ pltoh IJlB ^^^Si^S iff^'^Sr ^^i^^s in the city that have not been thrown 
!| gijj^-| I) g^^^m^^^Bl^^^^ ^^^^ ^ down and built up again several times. 
I^^JBliilii"- II g^^ "'"" rrr^g^g^^ "Wilson's arch" is one of a series 

CORNER 02- iirE TEMPLE PLATFon^i. fomiing au approach from Zion to the 



THE ROYAL CISTERNS OF THE TEMPLE. 




TEMPLE FOUNDATION 
BY SOLOMON. 



98 



GEOGBAPHT. 



temple enclosure. Solomon's aqueduct from the Pools above Etham passes over tins 
arch, and under the street above. This arch has at one time been used as a cistern. 
The rock was found on sinking a shaft 51 
feet 6 inches below the floor. Below this 
room there were found vaults, tanks, &c., 
and a secret passage east and west, prob- 
ably connecting the Temple with Zion. 

The extent of the filling up above 
the original rock can be seen from this 
plan, where the debris is 85 feet deep at 
the S. W. corner of the Haram wall. The 
" chippings" of the stones and absence of 
any pieces of pottery, &c., show that this 
dirt, close to the wall, had never been 

disturbed since Hiram's builders put it there. The spring of '' Eobinson's Arch" is 
seen in its place ; and the stones composing the arch were found by Lieut. Warren 




%^ ^ J'^^7r-a.^/: ^f//^ 







PLAN SHOWING THE EXPLORATIONS OF THE 
'•PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND SOCIETY" 
AROUND THE TEMPLE SITE. 






buried under 40 feet of rubbish ; one stone having broken through the roof of an 
aqueduct, lay on the rocky bottom at the depth of 63 feet. (See page 107.) 



//Ar'Af^ ,^>^^6t. 








e/^^TTx'w^ 



SECTION EAST AND WEST, SHOWING KIDRON VALLEY, 



This plan is of the city as it now is ; with a few signs indicating ancient works, 
sites of ancient walls, churches, towers, and other structures in different ages; as 
many as could be laid down without confusing the work. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



99 



' There are almost as many different theories ahont these ancient walls, &c., as 
there are writers about them, and as our space will admit only one, that one has been 
selected for its simplicity. 



TiiiLN or 

JERUSALEM 

By A. L. RAWSON 

New Yokk, 1870. 




[ cs?t^ y ;^#Mf^^^i 



PLAN OP THE CITY OF JERUSALEM. 



Many localities are named on the plan ; others are numbered and named here. 
Beginning on Mt. Zion : — 1. Armenian convent and other buildings, hospital, college, 



100 



GEOGRAPHY. 



&c. 2. English consulate and the church of St. James. 3. Tower of Hippicua. 
4. Hezekiah pool. 5. Citadel (modern). 6. Greek convent. 7. Coptic convent. 
8. Latin convent. 9, 9, 9. Via Dolorosa. 10. Pilate's house (ancient citadel). 
11. Bethesda pool. 12. St. Ann Church. The heights above the ocean level are given 
in English feet on several localities. 

The city is small, but there is scarcely a place of any note, not even Kineveh or 
Babylon, that has been, to modern scholars, such a profound puzzle. The descriptions 
of Josephus are minute, his knowledge being exact and complete ; and the hills on 
which the city stands are so marked and distinct from each other, that it seems almost 
marvellous that there could have been any difficulty, until we are reminded of the 
fact that during the middle ages, and especially during the Crusades, it was regarded 
as a peculiarly sacred city, and as such must needs have every event that is mentioned 
in the Bible as having happened in or near it, located and honored with some monu- 
ment, costly and showy in proportion to the importance of the event so honored. 




v^.L.TK-AwXo/vj* Ciel 



CHURCH OF THB HOLY SEPULCHRE. 



One of the most extensive of these monuments is the Church of the Holt/ Se^nd- 
chre, a collection of buildings in a vast mass, without order, 350 feet long by 280 wide, 
including seventy sacred localities, presided over by seventeen different sects in sepa- 
rate chapels inside the edifice. To describe these various ^'stations" would require a 
volume, and it has been already done completely by Bartlett (Walks about Jerusalem: 
Jerusalem Revisited) ; Barclay (City of the Great King) ; Thomson (Land and Book) ; 
in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible; Kitto's Cyclopedia; by Tristram, and others. The 
numbers on the plan of the church indicate: — 1. The entrance. 2. Chapel of thf 



GEOGRAPHY. 



101 




PLAN OF THE CUUKCH OF THE 
HOLT SEPULCHRE. 




Angel ; a small model of a church, 10 feet wide and 20 feet high, standing under 
the great dome, built of marble, and containing The Holy Sepulchre (3). 4. Is 

the "centre of the world," according to the Greeks 
(based on Ezek. y. 5). 5. Latin church. 6. Forty-nine 
steps of solid rock lead down to the Chapel of the 
"Finding of the Cross." 7. Calvary; to which there 
is an ascent of marble steps from near 1. Although it 
is no proof of the truth of the traditions which locate 
the " stations" in this church, yet De Vogue and others 
(Sandys) give us a great mass of historical evidence that 
there has been a Church of the Holy Sepulchre for many 
ages in the city. The oldest engraved seal of the city is 
that given here, dated A. d. 1150; and there seems to 
have been a small church 
inside the larger one at 
that time, as there is now. 
The next one, dated 1162- 
1172, gives the Tower of 
David and the Temple, be- 
sides the Sepulchre; which 
would favor the opinion of 
Fergusson, in Smith's Diet, (article Jerusalem), that 
Moriah, Zion, the City of David, and the Holy Sepulchre 

were all on the same hill, 

now called the Haram. holy sepulchke, a. ». iiso. 

The history is continued 

in the seal of Baldwin IV., 1174, with the inscription 

'' Tower of David ;" and also by many others, which may 

be seen in De Vogue's work. 

The plan of the church of 

those ancient times is very 

much like that of the pres- 
ent day. That in Sandys, 

of 200 years ago, is almost 

identical. The Knights of 
*civiTAS. REGIS EEGiDf OMNIUM, gt, j^hn, the ruius of whose hospital are in the next 

Holy Sep. Tower Of David. Temple. \l ^ xi, o ^^ /^i i. i, i^i. ^ 

amorium I. 1162-1173. blocK south 01 the bepulchre Church, have left a seal 

of their order, which gives a hint of their objects 
and duties also. Jerusalem is now a sort of collection of churches and hospitals, with 
a great many vacant places strewed with ruins. Pilate's house, where Jesus was 
judged, is located at the N. W. corner of the Haram area, and it probably stood on 
the site of the Citadel of David. The Crusaders respected the Dome of the Eock, and 
held sacred service in it, but used the Aksa mosque for a stable, despising it as a work 
of Jews, the Temple of Solomon. It was so only in location, for El Aksa was built by 
the Mohammedans in the seventh century, on the site of the Temple of Solomon, 
whom they reverence among the prophets, as well as David, and also Jesus, the son 
of David. 

The twelve columns around the centre (with four square piers at equal inter- 





TURIS DAVID* 

Baldwin IV. 1174— 11S5 A. D. 



102 



GEOGRAPHY. 



vals) are of porphyry and have gilded capitals; the canopy is of crimson silk. 

The outside of this church is eight-sided, of marble, covered in the upper part 

with the finest glazed tiles, in colors, to the top of the 

dome, which is finished with a spire and bronze crescent. 

The piece of native rock, the top of which shows white 

in the picture, is 60 feet long by 55 wide, and 12 feet high 

above the floor at the highest point, and is hollowed out 

underneath, — forming a large room, which is believed by 

many to have been the real sepulchre of Jesus, now very 

much enlarged. 

The Temple has so entirely disappeared, that " not 
one stone is left on another." And besides, its very loca- 
tion is still a matter of guesses and speculation. Sev- 
eral churches, a pagan temple, and other buildings have 
occupied the platform for ages, and have disappeared, 
leaving very few traces. 

The first mention of a street in the city is in 2 Chr. 
xxix. 4, where Hezekiah gathered the priests and Levites into the East street and his 
soldiers in the street of the City of David (xxxii. 5, 6). The Bakers' street is men- 
tioned as that from which the prophet Jeremiah was to receive his daily allowance, 
while he was in prison (Jer. xxxvii. 21). The Cheesemongers' street of Josephus is 
supposed to have been in the Tyropoeon valley. 




HOSPITALIS JERUSALEM. 

Knights of St. John. 




INTERIOR OP THE DOME OF THE ROCK. 

(The Rock of Araunah is shown inside of the railing.) 



The circuit of the outer wall in the time of Christ was about four miles. Jose- 
phus says (Wars, v. 4) there were many towers 30 feet square (some larger), and solid 
for a height of 30 feet. Above the base there were rooms for the soldiers; and over 
these again rooms, and cisterns for water. There were on the third wall 90 towers, 
300 feet apart ; 40 on the middle wall, and on the old wall 60. Psephinus, the 
most northern, was on high ground N. W. of the city, was 105 feet high, and eight- 
sided. From its top could be seen the Jordan and the Dead Sea eastward, and the 





VIEAV OF JE1U:?AI.KM FROM THE SPOT AVnEKE JESUS AVEPT OVER THE CITY. 



Great Sea westward. The tower Hippicus was named by Herod after his friend ; and 

Phasaelus after his (Herod's) brother, and it was 135 feet high ; finished inside and 

outside "like a royal palace." Another was named after Mariamne, Herod's queen. 

It was 75 feet high and equally splendid. The Castle of Antonia, at the N. W. corner 

of the Temple area, was built by John 

Hyrcanus. Pilate's judgment-hall was 

in this castle,, which was probably on 

the site of David's citadel (John, xviii. 

28, xix. 9). The towers of Meah and Ha- 

naneel are also mentioned in Neh. iii. 1 ; 

Jer. xxi. 38. 

The ancient plans located St. Ste- 
phen's Gate on the north side of the 
city, at what is now called Damascus 
Gate. The view shows a few of the 
tombs and gravestones, of which there 
are thousands in this valley of Jehosha- 
phat. The lions on each side of the 
gateway may date from the Crusades. 

The water supply of the city has 
been remarkable in all ages for being sufificient in times of extreme drought, siege, 
and famine. Hezekiah "stopped" some sources, which have remained hidden to the 
present ; and it can only be supposed that they were north of the city (2 Chron. xxxii. 




"--^•^''^^^■£> 



ST. STEPHEN'S GATE. 



104 



GEOi&RAPHY. 



4, &c.). Nearly every house has its cistern, or several, large or small. But the one 
pool of all others was Bethesda, which was near the Sheep-gate. 

The masonry is of large blocks of stone, 18 to 20 inches square (a). The joints 
are hollowed out and blocks 16 inches deep inserted half their length (b) ; the spaces 
between these blocks being filled by others 8 inches deep. Over these 
is a coarse plaster with gravel (d) : and the inside finish is a thick 
coat of cement. 

The identity of this pool with that mentioned in the Gospel has 
been the source of many and long arguments, but the conclusion that 
it is the real Bethesda seems to be gaining in favor. 

Siloam is supplied by an underground passage from the Virgin 
Fountain, 1700 feet long. Recent explorations have discovered a 
water supply of the Virgin Fountain from a vault in the side of Ophel 
above it, shown in the plan and section here given. From this and 
many other recent discoveries it appears that Jerusalem is under- 
mined with a series of water-courses, and they are frequently alluded 
to by Josephus and other ancient writers. 

In all the accounts of the sieges of the city we read of the besiegers sufiering 
from thirst, but of the besieged from hunger only, since there never was a scarcity of 
water inside of the walls. 




MASONRY LINING 
BETHESDA. 




PLAN AND SECTION OP PASSAGES DISCOVERED 
AliOVE THE virgin's FOUNTAIN. 



The proof of the connec- 
tion, by an underground pas- 
sage, of the Fountain of the 
Virgin with the Pool of Siloam 
was obtained, with great labor, 
and peril, and imminent risk 
of life, by Lt. "Warren, Sergeant Birtles, and an 
Arab laborer. They were obliged to crawl along 
on their backs, carrying instruments, books, and 
pencil, a lighted candle in the mouth, and in a 
stream of dirty water 12 inches 
deep, in a passage which was 
sometimes only 16 to 20 inches 
high. The passage is about 
1700 feet between the two 
pools, crooked, and occupied 
the party about four hours in 
its exploration. 



Abundance of water was required in the Jewish public worship, a part of which 
was a ceremonial of ablution. The many sources of supply and the means of storing 
it for use during the dry season, sieges, and times of drought, may be seen in the follow- 
ing list of fountains, pools, &c. 

The brook Kidron. There was "a little river" in this valley, seen by Sir John 
Maundeville as late as 1322 : the waters of Gilion were called " the brook that flowed 
through the land," and was brought straiglit down to the west side of the City of 
David (2 Ohron. xxxii. 30). Solomon was anointed king at the lower fountain of 



GEOGRAPHY. 



105 



Gihon (1 Ki. i. 33-45), which was located somewhere between Acra, Bezetha, and 
Moriah, and not in Hinnom, as now stated {Barclay) ; the Gihon valley would then 
commence north of the Damascus Gate, and end in the Tyropoeon ; Siloam ; En 
Rogel; Motza {spring-head), Ain el Durrage (?), S. E. of En Kogel; Dragon^ s Well (in 
Hinnom, not far from the Jaffa Gate, the ancient Valley Gate) ; Aqueduct of Pilate, 
" whereby he brought water from a distance of 400 furlongs" (Joscphus, Wars, ii. ix. 
4) ; the Stone Aqueduct described by Aristeus ; Solomon's Fools at Etham, and the 
aqueduct from them to the city, giving off a branch to the Great Fool, now Lower 
Gihon. Barclay thinks Herod brought the water from Etham by a more direct route 




ARCH OP ECCE HOMO, VIA DOLOROSA. 



than Solomon, and supplied the Upper Gihon Pool, the Serpen fs Pool of Josephus. 
Pool of Hezehiah, built by Herod ; a very large Pool near the Fish Gate (near St. Ann 
Church, Brocardus, in 1283) ; Lacus Quidam, not located; The Pool that was made 
somewhere in the Tyropoeon, of which there are no traces ; Ditch between Zion and 
Ophel — bears all the marks of having been an ancient pool : a krge Pool (100 feet 
around), near the Absalom Pillar ; the Well of Flagellation and two large tanks near 
Damascus Gate ; the " Sea" under the Temple site, into wliich there are eight well- 
holes, from the platform above ; 43 well-mouths in the Haram area lead down to wells 
or reservoirs ; Well of the Healing, in Valley street ; the Pilgrim Pool, near the Herod 
Gate; Helena's Cistern, in the Coptic convent; Cotton Megara Pool; Lady Mary 



106 



GEOGRAPHY. 




JERUSALEM BESIEGED. 

Assyrian Sculpture. Botta, pi. 78. 



Pool, Dear the St. Stephen Gate ; Bath of Tiberins, on Zion, near the English Cem- 
etery; several very large pools, or tanks, within a mile radius of the city, more or 
less in ruins ; and the great number of cisterns, before mentioned, under private 
houses, into which rain-water is conducted. 

This picture of a siege of the city 
was found sculptured on a slab in the 
ruins of Khorsabad (see plan on page 
47), in the " Retiring Chambei-" of the 
palace, and is a concise and interesting 
record. At that time, it seems that 
the brook Kidron was full of water, 
and there were a plenty of olive-trees 
on the hills about the city. There are 
now but a very few trees near the 
walls, the most interesting being those 
in the Garden of Gethsemane. Titus 
cut down all the trees around Jerusalem, and his tenth legion was camped on Olivet, 
building their part of the wall surrounding the city, along the bottom of the valley 
of Kidron. The Turks have pleasure-grounds, or gardens, farther up the valley (half 
a mile or so), where they resort to enjoy the cool shade of the olive-trees, some of 
which are quite as large as those in Gethsemane, and, it may be, as old. The an- 
tiquity of those in Gethsemane is argued from the tax, which is fixed by the Turks at 
one medina for each tree, which rate dates from before or at the time of their con- 
quest; all those planted since everywhere in the empire being taxed one-half their 
produce. This would carry the date back to A. d. 634, when Omar took Jerusalem ; 
or to the time when the Turks took it, A. d. 1087. 

There are no level streets, and the passenger is always ascending or descending, 
over rough and uncared-for ways. The houses are built on heaps of rubbish, which 
have been gathering for ages. The foundations for the Church of St. James (English) 
rest on piers, built up from the rock through 40 to 50 feet of debris. The streets are 
often very narrow, the widest being only eight to ten feet. The houses are often built 
across the street on arches; and the custom of shading them with awnings of mats or 
boards, suspended by ropes, makes them dark and cool, which is very grateful in that 
hot climate. Only two or three streets have a name, except such as are being adopted 
lately by the Franks, generally those used by the Crusaders. 

The materials used for building is the native limestone, generally broken into 
squares, not hewn, or sawn, except by the most wealthy. In many walls may be found 
fragments of ancient structures, such as cornices, columns, capitals, and mutilated 
structures, built in as raw material. Timber is only brought from other countries, 
and therefore very costly, and is only used for window-frames and doors, but not for 
floors or roofs. The windows are always small, and, if large enough to admit a thief, 
are barred with iron, and give the houses a jail-like appearance. Window-glass is 
only found- in the houses of the rich. Only one door opens on the street, and there 
are no windows in the lower story opening on the street, secluding the houses, but 
making dismal streets. The interior of the rooms is pleasing, because of the arches 
and domes required in forming the upper stories and roof The floors are frequently 
laid with colored stones, arranged in most beautiful patterns. 

The principal trade is in beads, crosses, incense, crucifixes, pilgrim-shells, stafis, 



GEOGKAPHY. 



107 



pressed flowers, and other keepsakes (besides relics, which are made in great quanti- 
ties), with the thousands of pilgrims and other travellers, who visit the country every 
year. Soap-making, and weaving of coarse cotton cloth, are almost the only active 
manufactures in the city. 

A vast number live professedly on charity. There are separate bazars, frequented 
by the different people : by the Jews, in the street near their great synagogue, on the 
east slope of Mount Zion ; by the Turks, in David, Damascus, and Temple streets ; by 
the Arabs, in Via Dolorosa (El Wad), near the St. Ann church ; and by the Chris- 
tians, in Patriarch street. The Cotton Bazar was once a very grand structure, but it 
is now abandoned to rubbish, and only used as a passage-way to the Haram area. 

This short account of the " Holy City" would be still more incomplete without 
some brief notice of Solomon's Temple, and its successors. 




"Robinson's arch.' 



Whatever we know about them is to be found in the First Book of Kings, in 
Jeremiah, in Ezekiel (who saw the first temple in a vision, ch. xL), in Josephus, in 
Aristeas; and after these, the modern books of Williams, Robinson, Barclay, and 
Paine, in our language; and of those in foreign, the best is the German of Dr. Neu- 
mann of Gotha (Die Stiftshtitte). Mr. Paine's plan is copied here, because of its 
simplicity, and seeming fidelity to the original, as critically and clearly interpreted by 
the author (Solomon's Temple — 71 0. Paine). 

Of the temple of Zerubbabel there is a very short account in Ezra, and in 
Hecataeus, quoted by Josephus. The size was a third larger than Solomon's, but 
its ornamentation was less showy. The size of either was less than the average of 
our churches in the country villages. Josephus is almost the only authority for all 
we know about the Temple of Herod, which was the one seen by Jesus. There is not 
a word in the New Testament about its appearance, nor even its location. But it is 



108 



GEOGEAPHY. 



supposed that while the figures of Josephus are correct as to the ground-plan, his 
figures of the elevation are twice the real height. (Ant. xv. 11. 3.) 

The bridge on which Titus stood at the siege and destruction of the 
city (described by Josephus), had fallen long ago, but its remains have 
been discovered by Robinson and Lieut. Warren, and minute accounts 
published. The view engraved here shows the 
spring of the arch which rested against the temple 

wall (Br., in the plan 
of Herod's Temple). 
The bridge was 51 
feet wide, and ex- 
tended across the 



._L1 


n 




i< 




BVIUNT, 5 BAKIN6 
PLACE fOR THf 


V 


*« 

^ 




K^ 






<*^ 


COU«T 




$ 




ft} 


* 

§ 


:c 


1 




! 



JMHIN (inSfA^ 



DfHif er l.Q.PAinC. 



GROUND-PLAN OF SOLOMON S TEMPLE, 



valley to Zion, 350 feet ; probably resting on five or six arches (see page 00). One of 
the stones, shown in the cut, is 21 feet long, and another 29, by nearly 6 wide. 

The famous " Wailing-place" of the Jews (where 
they go to bewail the desolation of Zion) is a few rods 
north of this place. 

" The past of Jerusalem is overflowing with thought. 
But the future is equally impressive. These ruins are 
not always to remain. The future Temple, and the 
restored Israel, when ' Jerusalem shall be the throne of 
the Lord to all nations,' claim the most earnest thought. 
The day when ' the feet' of the Lord ' shall stand on 
the Mount of Olives, which is over against Jerusalem 
toward the east,' is full of importance ; and whether we 
look back or forward, we have to speak of Zion as ' the 
joy of the whole earth,' for ' salvation is of the Jews.' 
The present missionary work in Jerusalem is deeply 
interesting. * * But surely there is no spot on earth like Jerusalem." — (Dr. Tyng.) 

Jesha'nah. Taken by Abijah from Jeroboam (2 Chr. xiii. 19). Lost. 




IIEROD 8 TEMPLE. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



109 



Jeshi'mon. Canaanite name for the wilderness of Judaja (1 Sam. xxiii. 19). 
Jesh'ua. S., near Molada (Neh. xi. 26). 

Je'tur {an encampment of nomads). Settled and named Itiirsea (Gen. xxv. 15). 
Jethlaii. In Dan (Josh. xix. 42), near Ajalon. Lost. 




EASTERN BAZAR. 



Jez'reel {^oliat God plants). .At the west foot of Mt. Gilboa, on a hill over- 
looking the great plain of Jezreel (Esdraelon, Judith, iv. 5). The hill is rocky and 
steep on the N.E. side, and about a hundred feet high. Carmel can be seen to the 
west, and the Jordan valley to the east. There was a temple here to Astarte, with 




JEZREEL. 



400 priests, supported by Jezebel ; Ahab's palace (ivory hoTtse^ 1 Ki. xxiii. 39) ; a 
watch-tower (2 Ki. ix. 17), which may be also the tower in Jezreel near which Pha- 
raoh encamped when Josiah " went against him" and was wounded (xxiii. 29) ; and 
the spring of Harod is about a mile east, where the story of Gideon's night adventure 
with lamps and pitchers is located, and also the defeat and death of Saul and 
Jonathan. To this city Elijah ran before Ahab from Carmel, 12 miles; here Naboth 
was murdered, that Ahab might have his vineyard; and the "house of Ahab" (the 



110 GEOGRAPHY 

whole family) wei e killed ; and Jezebel was thrown from a window and eaten by dogs 
There are about a dozen poor houses and a ruined tower in the modern village, which 
is called Zerin, 

Jiph'tah. Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 43). Lost. 

Jiph'thah-el, the Valley of. Jotapata (the same city) was besieged by Vespasian, 
held out, and stood a long time (B. J. iii. 7). JSTow Jefat, 12 miles N. W. of Nazareth. 
The valley of Abilin extends from near Jefat to the plain of Acre. 

Jog'behah {to he high). Built and fortified by the tribe of Gad (Num. xxxii. 
35). Mentioned in the account of Gideon, in Judg. viii. 11. Lost. 

Jok'deam {people^s toivn). SoutH of Hebron. Lost. (Josh. xv. 56.) 

Jokmeam (1 Chr. vi. 68). Kitzaim in Josh. xxi. 22. In the Jordan Valley, 
near the east end of Esdraelon (1 Ki. iv. 12). 

Jok'neam. An ancient Oanaanitish city at the eastern end of Mt. Carmel, now 
Tell Kaimon. (Josh. xii. 22, xxi. 34.) 

Joktheel. In the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 38). Jectheel {suhdued of God), was the 
name given by Amaziah to Petra, as a sign of his victory (2 Ki. xiv. 7). 

Joppa (Jafo, heauty). In Dan, on the sea-shore (Josh. xix. 46). It was made 
the seaport of Solomon's capital (2 Chr. ii. 16) ; and the cedar for Solomon's temple, 
and also the second Zerubbabel's, was landed here (Ezra, iii. 7). Jonah embarked 
here, to escape from the unpleasant mission to Nineveh (i. 3). During the wars of the 
Maccabees it was a principal stronghold (1 Mace. x. 75, &c. ; Ant. xiii. 15, 1). Peter's 
"vision of tolerance," which showed him that the distinction between Jew and Gentile 
was forever removed by the Gospel, was on a house-top in Joppa (Acts, x. 9-18). 

It was the seat of a bishopric up to its capture by the Saracens. Pilgrims from 
all Christian lands have landed here for many ages, to go up to Jerusalem. During 
the Crusades, it was taken and retaken many times by Franks and Saracens. Saladin 
destroyed, and Eichard of England (Lion-heart) rebuilt, its fortifications. In the 
13th century it did not contain a house. It now has about 5,000 people, and -stands 
on a hill, close to the sea, and is surrounded by several miles of orchards of orange, 
lemon, apricot, and other trees, which, for luxuriance and beauty, are not surpassed 
in the world. It has three convents — Greek, Latin, and Armenian — and several 
mosques. 

Jot'bah (2 Ki. xxi. 19). Native city of Meshullemeth, the mother of Amon, a 
king of Judah. 

Jot'bathah (Deut. x. 7). A land of torrents, or torrent-beds, which was some- 
where on the west side of the Arabah. 

Jut'tah {inclined f). An ancient city of Judah, allotted to the priests (Josh. xv. 
55). The residence of Zacharias, a priest, the father of John the Baptist. It is now 
a large village, five miles south of Hebron. (See Luke, i.) 




PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS, KING OF EGYPT. 
STKUCK AT TYRE. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Ill 



K. 

Kabzeel' {gathered hy God). Judah in the S. E. (Josh. xv. 21). The native 
place of Benaiah, one of David's " mighty men" (2 Sam. xxiii. 20; 1 Chr. xi. 22). 
Jekabzeel in Neh. xi. 25, where it is one of the places occupied after the return from 
captivity. It was probably a shepherd settlement (so many of which are known), and 
its name derived from " the gathering of the flocks. " 

Kades (Judith, i. 9). Summoned to aid him by Nebuchadnezzar. Kadesh 
Naphtali (Josh. xv. 23). 

Kadesh. K. barnea {holy places). El Mishpat {spring of judgment), which 
is Kadesh (Gen. xiv. 7). The most northern place reached by the Israelites in their 
direct road to Canaan. From whence the spies were sent, and to which they returned. 
Miriam (sister to Moses) died there. The people murmured for water, and Moses 
" smote the rock twice," and brought water out of the rock, and called the place Meri- 
bah {strife) ; and from here messengers were sent to the king of Edom (Num. xx.). 
Located at Ain el Weibeh, on the western side of the Arabah, N. W. of Petra, where 
there is the most copious fountain and the most important watering-place in that val- 
ley. There are no ruins of any "city" (v. 16), nor of the tomb of Miriam (Jerome, 
Onom.). (See Wandering.) 

Ka'nah {reed). (Josh. xix. 28.) Asher. Seven miles S. E. of Tyre, a village of 
300 families. A mile north of it is an ancient site (Em el Awamid, mother of col- 
umns), with ruins, some of which are colossal — foundations, oil-presses, cisterns, and 
posts of houses, and great numbers of columns (L. and B., 298). Ain Kanah, five 
miles S. E. of Sidon, is also claimed as the true site. 

Kanah, the river. River boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh, flowing 
into the Mediterranean two miles S. of Csesarea (Josh. xvi. 8, xvii. 9), now called Nahr 
ATchdar. 

Ka'rem (Ain). Ain Karim, four miles W. of Jerusalem ; the birthplace of John 
the Baptist. There is a convent and a church, which is said to stand on the site of 



o-'-^ • 







AIN KARIM. 



the house of Zacharias. In the Septuagint there is a list of eleven towns (one of 
which is Karem) lying west of Jerusalem in a group, which is omitted in the 
Hebrew. 



112 GEOGEAPHY. 

Karka'a {flat). On the boundary, next to Azmon, on the south of Judah (Josh. 
XV. 3). Lost. 

Karkor {level place). Where Zeba and Zalmunna felt " secure" with their host, 
and Gideon smote them (Judg. viii. 10, 11). Somewhere on the level Mishor, but not 
identified. 

Kar'tah {city). (Josh. xxi. 34.) In Zebulon. Lost. 

Kar'tan {tiuo toions). Naphtali (Josh. xxi. 32). Kirjathaim ? 

Katt'ath {small). Zebulon (Josh. xix. 13). Lost. 

Ke'dar {black). Second son of Ishmaei (Gen. xxv. 13). Settled his tribe in the 
N". W. of Medina, in Arabia, bordering Palestine. The glory of the sons of Kedar is 
mentioned by Isaiah (xxi. 13-17), their villages (xlii. 11), and their princes by Eze- 
kiel (xxvii. 21), who supplied Tyre with sheep and goats; and in Canticles (i. 5) their 
tents are noticed as " black, but comely." Mohammed traces his lineage to Abraham 
through the celebrated Koreish tribe, which sprang from Kedar. The Arabs in the 
Hejaz are called Beni Harb {moi of war), and are Ishmaelites as of old, from their 
beginning. Palgrave says their language is as pure now as when the Koran was writ- 
ten (a. d. 610), having remained unchanged more than 1200 years; a fine proof of the 
permanency of Eastern institutions. 

Ke'demoth {beginnings). Eeuben, east of the Dead Sea, near the Arnon (Deut. 
ii. 26). Name of a city and a wilderness {i. e., *the pasture-land) near it. Lost. This 
district has not been explored. 

Ke'desh {sanctuary). 1. Kedesh in Galilee, one of the Cities of Eefuge. A for- 
tified city in Naphtali (Josh. xix. 37). The residence of Barak (Judg. iv. 6), where 
he and Deborah assembled their army. The tree of Zaananim, under which was pitched 
the tent in which Sisera was killed, was in the vicinity. It was captured by Tiglath 
Pileser, with other towns, and its people carried to Assyria (2 Ki. xv). The tomb of 
Barak was shown in the 12th century {Benjami7i of Tudela). The site is beautiful. 
A little green plain among the mountains, with a border of wooded hills, and well 
watered. The ruins on a rounded tell, which was once fortified, and the broken col- 
umns and handsome capitals, sarcophagi, and heaps of hewn stones, show its former 
grandeur. 2. In Issachar. (Josh. xxi. 28 has Kishon, and 1 Chr. vi. 72, Ke- 
desh.) 3. South, in Judah (Josh. xv. 23). Kadesh Barnea? 

Kedron. Kidron. 

Kehelathah {assembly). (Num. xxxiii. 22.) Between Sinai and Kadesh. 
Lost. 

Kellah {fort). Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 44). David rescued it from the 
Philistines in harvest-time (1 Sam. xxiii. 1). It was then fortified (ver. 7). After the 
return from Babylon the people of Keilah assisted Nehemiah in rebuilding the walls 
of Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 17, 18). The tomb of the proj^het Habakkuk was said to be 
here, by Josephus and Jerome. The site is located N. W. of Hebron about ten miles, 
on a projecting cliff on the right bank of Wady el Feranj, where there is a large ruined 
castle called Kilah. 

Ke'nath {possession). A strong city of Bashan, or rather Argob. Taken by 
Nobah, who changed its name to Nobah (Num. xxxiii. 42). One of 60 cities, all 
fenced, with high walls, gates, and bars, taken by Jair in Argob (Deut. iii. 3, &c.). 
Gideon went up by Nobah after Zeba and Zalmunna. Now called Kenawat, and beau- 
tifully situated on the west slope of the Ilauran, in the midst of oak groves. The 
ruins extend a mile and a half long by h^lf ^ mile wide, and consist of temples, pal- 



GEOGRAPHY. 113 

aces, theatres, towers, churches (of the early Christians), and many private houses with 
doors and roofs of stone. A colossal head of Ashtoreth, found by Porter, shows that 
this goddess was worshipped there. 

Ke'naz ijiunting). One of the "dukes" (sheikhs) of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 15; 
1 Chr. i. 53). Caleb and Othniel were of this race. The modern tribes of the Ane- 
zeh, the most powerful of all the Bedouins in Arabia, cover the desert from the Eu- 
phrates to Syria, and from Aleppo to Nejed. Their army numbers 90,000 camel-riders 
and 10,000 horsemen. 

Kenezite (Gen. xv. 19). An ancient tribe of unknown origin, inhabiting the 
land promised to Abraham, east of Palestine. 

Ke'rioth {cities). (Josh. xv. 25.) Judah, south. Kuryetein {ttco cities), 15 

miles S. of Hebron. The town from which Judas Iscariot was named. 2. A town 

in Moab, mentioned with Dibon, Bozrah, and others (Jer. xlviii. 24). Now Kureiyeh, 
six miles east of Busrah, on the west slope of the Hauran. There are many ruined 
columns ; and a cistern having a stone roof supported on a triple row of columns, under 
which are benches, rising like a theatre. A Greek inscription on one of the benches 
dates the cistern A. d. 296. The houses had walls four to eight feet thick, of solid 
basalt, with roofs of slabs of stone reaching across from wall to wall. In Amos, ii. 2, 
Kirioth means the "cities" of Moab. 

Ke'ziz, the Valley of {end, or destruction). A city of Benjamin, named Emek- 
keziz, and mistranslated in Josh, xviii. 21. Near Jericho. Lost. 

Kib'roth Hattaavah {graves of lust). Station of the wandering. 

Kibzalm {two heaps). In Ephraim (Josh. xxi. 22). Jokmeam. 

Kid'ron {turbid). In the original Hebrew it is always called a dry water-course 
or wady {nachal. See Eiver). East of the walls of Jerusalem, at the foot of Olivet 
(2 Sam. XV. 23; John, xviii. 1). Now called the Valley of Jehoshaphat. It is in most 
places narrow, with steep naked banks, and only a few strips of cultivable land. The 
Tyropoeon joins it at the Pool of Siloam, and the Hinnom at En Rogel, and all three 
form what is now called the Wady en Nar {fire), leading to Mar Saba and the Dead 
Sea. The whole valley is filled with tombs and graves. The most ardent desire of 
every dying Jew (or Mohammedan) of Palestine is to be buried there. 

Dr. Barclay mentions a fountain in the north end of the valley, flowing in winter 
several hundred yards, and sinking out of sight, probably running under-ground, being 
covered many feet deep by rubbish, as proved by recent digging through the accumu- 
lation, near the temple area (see Jerusalem), and heard murmuring at En Rogel, 
and also two miles down the valley, where water was found in midsummer. William 
of Tyre and Brocardus heard the subterranean waters in their day. Where the path 
from St. Stephen's Gate crosses the valley there is a bridge, with one arch 17 feet high, 
near which are the church and tomb of the Virgin and the garden of Gethsemane. 
Another bridge, on a single arch, crosses near the Absalom tomb. The temple-area 
wall is here 150 feet above the bottom of the valley. The Eountain of the Virgin is 
on the side of Ophel, the hill forming the west side of Kidron, just south of the temple 
area (about 1000 feet). 

Ki'nah {lamentation). Judah, next to Edom (Josh. xv. 22). Lost. 

King's Dale (Gen. xiv. 17; 2 Sam. xviii. 18). Shaveh {level place). The Plain 
of Rephaim. Absalom's pillar, a name given to a modern structure (of the later Roman 
age in style), is a mistake, for his pillar was reared up in a plain or broad valley 
{Emeh See Plain). 



114 GEOGRAPHY. 

Kir (a wall). Where the people of Damascus were carried by the king of Assyria 
(2 Ki. xvi. 9). Elam and Kir are mentioned together by Isaiah (xxii. 6). The river 
C3TUS, flowing from the Caucasus to the Caspian Sea, still bears its ancient name,^wr. 
But it is not yet known where the city or district was located. Kerend is offered, and 
also Curna, both cities in Media. Elam (which see) was near the Persian Gulf, and 
Kir may have been a variant name for Kish, the eastern Ethiopia. 

Kir Haresh, Kir Haraseth, Kir Hareseth, Kir Heres, and Kir Moab 
(2 Ki. iii. 25; Is. xvi. 7; Jer. xlviii. 31, 36). One of the chief fortified cities of Moab 
(built of brick = heres). When Joram, king of Israel, invaded Moab, Kir was the only 
city not taken, and this was saved by the sacrifice by the king of Moab of his eldest 
son, on the wall (2 Ki. iii. 27). Captain Warren (of the Palestine Exploration) has 
this year found a Semitic monument in Moab, on which there is an inscription (trans- 
lated by Mr. Deutsch, of the British Museum), giving an account of many cities named 
in the Bible which King Mesha builr,, among which is Karkha (Kerak). This is 
the oldest monument in the Phcenician language that is known. Kerak (the modern 
name) stands on the top of a rocky hill, about 10 miles from the Dead Sea, and 3,000 
feet above its level. It was at one time strongly fortified, on the top of a high hill, 
surrounded on all sides by a deep valley, and again enclosed by mountains higher 
than the town, from which heights the slingers threw stones into the city, as men- 
tioned in 2 Ki. iii. 25. The entrances to the ancient city were only two, and tun- 
nelled through the solid rock for a hundred feet, on the north and south. On the 
western side stands the citadel, a strong building, built by the Crusaders, containing a 
chapel, on the walls of which are some rude paintings. On clear days Bethlehem and 
Jerusalem may be seen from here. 

Kir'iah {town). Kerioth, Kartah, Kartan, Kiriathaim (Ezek. xxv. 9). In Moab. 
One of the "glories of the country," named among the denunciations of Jeremiah 
(xlviii. i. 23). 

Kir'jath (Josh, xviii. 28). In Benjamin. Lost. 2. Kirjathaim, Kiria- 
thaim [donUe city). Reuben, a little south of Heshbon (Num. xxxii. 27). It was a 
large Christian village in the time of Eusebius and Jerome. Kureiyat is a ruin near 
Jebel Attarus, south of Wady Zurka Main, south of which is a level plateau called 
el Koura (plain), which may be the Plain of Moab. It is one of the oldest of Bible 
cities (Gen. xiv. 5). It was on the " Plain" (shaveh) Kiriathaim that the Emims were 
smitten by the eastern kings who plundered Sodom. 3. A town of Naphtali (1 Chr. 
vi. 76). Kartan. 4. Kirjath Arba. Hebron. It is supposed that Hebron was the 
ancient name, the Canaanites calling it Kirjath Arba on their taking possession, when 
the Israelites restored the ancient name. A tradition says the city was called Arba, or 
/o?<r, because Adam, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were buried there. But Joshua says 
Arba was a great man (xiv. 15). 5. Kirjath Baal {BaaVs city). (Josh. xv. 60, 
xviii. 14.) Kirjath Jearim. 6. Kirjath Huzoth. Where Balaam was conducted 
by Balak to offer sacrifice (Num. xxii. 30). Kureiyat (see above). 7. Kirjath Jearim 
{city of forests). (Josh. ix. 17.) One of the four cities of the Gibeonites, who tricked 
Joshua. Also Kirjath Arim, peopled after the captivity (Ezra, ii. 25). A boundary 
(Josh. XV. 9). The ark remained here twenty years after it was brought from Beth- 
shemesh, until it was removed by David to Jerusalem (1 Sam. vii.). Now Kuryet el 
Enab {city of grapes). 

The Danites pitched "behind Kirjath Jearim" on the eve of their expedition to 
Laifih, and the name Mahaneh Dan (camp of Dan) remained for a long time after they 



GEOGRAPHY. 115 

left (Judg. viii. 12). dnxnaus, where Jesus appeared after his resurrection (Mark, 
xvi. 12; Luke, xxiv. 13-35), is located here by recent scholars. The exploits of a 
noted robber sheikh who lived here has given it the name of Abu Gosh (father of lies) 
village. There are a few houses around an old convent (Minorite), and a Latin church, 
one of the most solidly built in Palestine. 8. Kirjath Sannah {city of palms), 
(Josh. XV. 49.) Kirjath Sepher {city of the hooh). Judah. Called also Debir. 

Kishiou {hard). Issachar, in Esdraelon (Josh. xix. 20). Kedesh (1 Chr. vi. 72). 

Kishon, the River (Judg. iv. 7). Drains Esdraelon and neighboring hills, 
being fed by the large spring of water at Daberath {Dehurieh) at the N. W. foot of 
Mt. Tabor, and by another large fountain at En Gannim {Jenin), which is its most 
remote source; and also by the waters of Megiddo (a spring at Lejjun),xwY\nmg along 
the north base of Carmel. After receiving many small tributaries from the hills on each 
side, it enters the plain of Acre by the narrow pass between Harosheth {Tell Horotieh) 
and Carmel, just below which it receives Wady Malik, with the drainage from the 
plain of Zebulon {Buttauf), as far as Mt. Kurn Hattin, Araba, and Jehel Kaukah, 
near Cana. Below this point it is fed by the very copious fountains {Saadiyeh) three 
miles S. E. of Hepha {Caiffa), and others from under Carmel (Shaw), when it empties 
into the Bay of Acre near Caiffa, the last few miles only being a river with water the 
year round, flowing between banks of loamy soil fifteen feet high, with a stream 50 to 75 
feet across. The whole system of tributaries above Harosheth are dry wadys through 
the summer or dry season. There are many historical associations belonging to this 
river, referred to in other places. See Armageddon. (Land and Book, c. xxix.). 

Kithlish (Josh. xv. 40). Judah, in the Shefelah, near Eglon. Lost. 

Kit'ron (Judg. i. 30), The Canaanites were not driven out, but remained as 
tributaries. Lost. 

Kit'tim (Gen, x. 4; 1 Chr, i, 7). Chittim. 



La'ban {white). (Deut. i. 1.) Libnah ? (Num. xxxiii. 20.) Ptolemy mentions 
an Auara ; the Peutinger tables a Hauarra; and the Arabs have a place called Ain 
Hoioara, — all of which words mean white, and may refer to the same locality. 

La'chish {obstinate). An ancient royal Amorite city (Josh. x. 3), whose king, 
Japhia, joined the alliance with Adonizedeo, king of Jerusalem, to smite Gibeon for 
making a treaty with Joshua. The allied kings were defeated at Beth-horon, and 
were hanged at Makkedah (v. 26). The city was taken on the second day. Dr. Rob- 
inson found the site on a rocky hill, haying but few ruins, 11 miles S. W. of Beit Jibrin, 
only two miles W. of Eglon. Lachish was fortified by Eehoboam, after the separation 
of the kingdom of Israel (2 Chron. xi. 9). Amaziah fled to it as a secure place (2 Ki. 
xiv. 19). It is supposed that the city was not taken, because it is said, in 2 Kings, xix. 
8, that " Sennacherib had departed from Lachish," and, in 2 Chron. xxxii. 1, that he 
had "thought to win" the fenced cities of Judah. It was taken by Sennacherib when 
on his way to Egypt, and required all his power (2 Chr. xxxii. 9). This siege has been 
found pictured on one of the chambers of the palace at Kuyunjik, under the name 
Lakhisha. 

The inscription sculptured with the picture is translated: "Sennacherib the 
mighty king, king of the country of Assyria, sitting on the throne of judgment before 
the city of Lakhisha. I give permission for its slaughter," There are several pictures, 



116 



GEOGRAPHY. 



one of which gives a plan of a circular city with double walls and many towers. The 
expedition moved on to Egypt, and on its return Lachish was a second time besieged, 
at the same time that the great host of the Assyrians were slain by a miracle on the 




The city of Iiflcntsh repelling oje 
eitack of Sranactierib. 



CITT OF LACHISH— FKOM LATARD'S NINEVEH. 



plain north of Jerusalem (Is. xxxvii. 36). It was rebuilt, and suffered a siege by 
Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. xxxiv. 1-7). The Jews occupied it after the return from 
Babylon. 

Ladder of Tyre. A high mountain, 10 miles north of Acre, which stands out 
into the deep sea without a beach, and is only passed by a zigzag road cut in its face. 
The cape 6 miles further north is passed by a similar way, which was built by Alexan- 
der. Simon was made governor of the country from the Ladder of Tyre to the borders 
of Egypt (1 Mace. xi. 59). Now called Kas en Nakhura (the excavated cape), and there 
is a small village of the same name on the height. 

Laha'iroi, the well {the well ivliere God was seen hy one who still lives). Where 
Hagar took refuge from her imperious mistress, in the desert, between Kadesh and 
Bered, in the way to Shur (Gen. xvi. 14). It was afterward a favorite camping-ground 
of Isaac (xxiv. 62, xxv. 11). 

Xjah'mam. In the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 40). Lahmas? 

Xialsh {strong, lion). An ancient Phoenician city, occupied by a colony of Sido- 
nians, in the valley between Hermon and Lebanon, at one of the great fountains of 
the Jordan. Its ancient name was Leshem (Josh. xix. 47), and it was an ancient 
sanctuary. 

The Xiaish of Isaiah x. 30 was near Jerusalem. Another (Laisa) is mentioned, 
where Judas encamped, in Mace. ix. 5. 

Xia'kum {to stop tip a way). In Naphtali (Josh. xix. 33). Perhaps near the 
bridge of the " Daughters of Jacob." 

Laodice'a (Rev. i. 11, iii. 14 ; Col. iv. 13, 15). There were four of the same name ; 
1. In Phrygia, near Hierapolis; 2. In the east of Phrygia ; 3. On the coast of Syria, 
the port of Aleppo ; 4. East of Lebanon. The first is the only one mentioned in 
Scripture, as one of the Seven Churches (which see). 

Lasse^a (Acts, xxvii. 8). City in Crete, identified in 1856 by Rev. G. Brown, 
5 miles inland from Fair Havens. A Venetian MS. of the 16th century describes 
Lapsea, with a temple in ruins, and other remains in the harbor. This city is one 
proof of the accuracy of Luke's account, even in minute details. 



GEOGKAPHY. 



117 



La'sha {fissure), (Gen. x. 19.) Southeast in Palestine, the limit of the coun- 
try. Callirhoe answers to the text in its position and character. Herod built a 
residence there ; and recently there have been found on the site, tiles, pottery, and coins. 
En Eglaim ? 

Lasharon (Josh. xii. 18). A Canaanite town, whose king was killed by Joshua. 

Lazariyeh. The modern name of Bethany — Lazarus' yillage. 




Lebanon (tvMte). The white mountain of Palestine, on the north of the country 
given to the Israelites (Deut. i. 7, xi. 24; Josh. i. 4). There are two ranges, Lebanon 
on the west and Anti-Lebanon on the east, almost parallel, extending from near 
Tyre to Hamath, about 110 miles. See (Geology, and Hermon.) 

The valley of Lebanon is alluded to in the description of the extent of the land 
taken by Joshua (xi. 17). It is 5 to 8 miles wide, the whole length of the Lebanon, 
and watered by the two rivers Leontes and Orontes. The original name was Bukaa 
{the valley), which was changed to Coele-Syria {hollow Syria), by the Eomans, and is 
now restored by the Arabs. Lebanon toward the sun-rising, was the name for Anti- 
Lebanon in Joshua, xiii. 5. (The best description is in Porter's Damascus.) 

Lebanon, from the Leontes to the Eleutherus, has an average elevation of 6,000 to 
8,000 feet, with two higher groups of peaks — Sunnin, 8,500, and Makhmel (Khodib) — 
10,051 (10,200 by one authority). The view of Lebanon from the sea is exceedingly 
grand. The wavy top is covered with snow during winter and spring, and the two 
highest peaks capped with ice on the sultriest days of summer. Cultivation, chiefly 
by terraces, extends to a height of 6,000 feet. Little fields and gardens are often seen 
on high places, difficult of approach, where it would seem that the eagles only could 
have planted the seed. Fig-trees and vines cling to steep rocks and narrow ledges ; 
long rows of mulberry-trees fringe the winding terraces, and olive-orchards fill the 
ravines. Hundreds of villages and convents cling like swallows' nests to the steep 
cliflTs. The mountain seems to be built of thousands of terrace-walls, rising like steps 
from the sea to the snow. Seen from below, the rocky walls alone appear, divided by 
many deep and wild ravines. Looking down upon the terraces from a height, the 



118 



GEOGKAPHY. 



vegetation is seen everywhere clothing the slopes with a great variety of tints, from 
fields of grain, gardens of vegetables, vineyards, and different fruit and forest trees. 
One of the most striking and beautiful scenes in the world is from the upper slopes of 
Lebanon, where far away over and beyond some deep dark glen, clothed with dense 
foliage, the broad and bright Mediterranean reposes under a cloudless sky. The beau- 
ties of Lebanon were noticed by the poets and prophets of Israel (Sol. Song, iv. 11 ; 
Hosea, xiv. 5, 6, 7). The coolness of its snows and waters was appreciated by Jere- 
miah, in contrast to the heats of summer in the lower lands (Jer. xviii. 14). The 
finest view of Lebanon from the east is at Baalbek, where the snowy crests extend 
north and south as far as the eye can see. The view from the range of Anti-Lebanon 
is more grand and extensive, but less picturesque, because more distant. 

The glory of Lebanon was its cedar, pine, and oak forests, which were used in 
Solomon^s Temple and his other grand edifices, for temples and palaces in Eome and 
Assyria, and in ship-building (1 Ki. vi.; 2 Sam. v. 11 ; Ezra, iii. 7 ; Is. xiv. 8 ; Ezek. 
xxvii. 4-6 ; Jos. Wars, v. 5, 2 ; Plmy, xiii. 11 ; Layard, 356). There are two groups 
of cedars now standing as witnesses of past grandeur. One is in a basin formed by 
the highest summits of Lebanon which rise in a semicircle around the headwaters of 
the Kadisha, 6,172 feet above the sea. The other is on the slope of Keniseh, near the 
new stage-coach road from Beirut to Damascus, from which our sketch was taken. 
The rivers are not very large nor long, but 
are among the most famous in the world's 
history. Beginning at the north: the Eleu- 
therus {Nalir el Kebir) rises in the plain of 
Emesa, flows around the north end of Leba- 
non, and falls into the sea between Arvad and 
Tripolis. The Kadisha {sacred river), now 
Nahr Abu Aly, rises near the cedars under 
the highest summits of Lebanon, and flows 
through a gorge of surpassing grandeur to 
the sea at Tripolis. The perpendicular 
walls of rock at one place are 1000 feet 
high. The Nahr Ihrahim, the classic 
Adonis (the scene of the romantic story of 
Venus and Adonis. Adonis being killed by 
a boar, his blood now annually colors the 
water of the river, which run red to the 

sea). Ezekiel mentions Adonis under the name Tammuz (viii. 14). It rises near the 
ancient Apheka, where there is a ruined temple of Venus, and falls into the sea near 
Gebal. The Lycus {Nahr el Kelb, Dog river) rises on Sunnin and empties into St. 
George's Bay, a few miles north of Beirut. At its mouth are the famous sculptured 
rocks on the side of the pass, where the armies of Assyria, Egypt, Greece, Eome, and 
France have left records of their deeds. Pliny mentions the Magoras, which is prob- 
ably tlie Nah Beirut. The Tamyras, or Damuras, of Strabo rises near Deir el Kamur, 
the modern capital of Lebanon, and reaches the sea about ten miles south of Beirut. 

The Bostrenus {Nahr el Awaly) is a small stream 8 miles further south. 

The Leontes (see Syria), in the lower part, rushes through a wild chasm, the 
banks of which are a thousand feet or more high, almost perpendicular, and are spanned 
at one place by a natural bridge 60 feet long, and 100 feet above the stream. All of 




CEDARS OF LEBANON. 



GEOGRAPHY. 119 

these are on the western slope ; and there are none on the eastern, except those in the 
valley of Lebanon, the Orontes and the Leontes. The rivers of Anti-Lebanon are the 
Abana Barada (the golden-flowing stream), which rises in the beautiful little plain of 
Zebedany, flows along the western side of the ridge, and then down through a wild 
gorge into the plain of Damascus, where it divides into several channels, and is lost in 
the marsh and lake east of that city. The Pharpar {Nahr el Awaj) rises high up on 
the eastern side of Hermon, flows across the Hauran, and is also lost in a marsh and 
lake south of the former. The Helbon waters the fertile glen of Helbon. 

It is supposed that the Maronites in Lebanon are descendants of the ancient Syrians, 
■ but there is no direct evidence. The Druses are Arabs. No other country has such a 
mixture of many races, holding to their ancient religions, more or less idolatrous. 
There are very few remains of ancient temples on Lebanon, while Hermon is crowded 
with them. The American Mission has a station at Abeih, a few miles S. E. of Beirut, 
not far from Deir el Kamar. Young men, and also young women, of every class and 
of every faith, are seeking education for its uses in commerce, and benefits in social and 
private life, and the Syrian college, lately established iil Beirut, will complete the 
work. 

Leb'aoth (lioness). Judah in the south (Josh. xv. 32). Given to Simeon out 
of Judah's lot. Beth Lebaoth [place of lions). The place may have been infested by 
wild beasts, and therefore so named. 

Lebo'nah {franhincense). Three miles west of Shiloh, now El Luhian. The 
village stands on the slope of a hill bordering the wady Lulian, and its houses have a 
gray and antique appearance. In the cliffs above are caves and sepulchres, witnesses 
of a former importance (Judg. xxi. 19). 

iLeha'biin (Gen. x. 13). Mizraim's third son, perhaps the ancestor of the Lubim, 
allies of the Egyptians, mentioned in the inscriptions on their monuments at Medinet 
Habu (dated 1250 b. c.) ; and also of the Libyans. Jeremiah noticed them in the 6th 
century b. c, and Daniel still later. They are located on the African coast, west of 
Egypt, as far as and beyond Gyrene. The great Arab ir'ihQ, ih^ Beni All, now extends 
from Egypt to the Atlantic, and illustrates the probable extent of the ancient Lubim 
and their accessions. There has been from the earliest times a constant stream of col- 
onization flowing along the coast of Africa, north of the Great Desert, from the Nile 
to the Straits of Gibraltar, from different nations and people. The Phoenicians and 
Greeks drove the Lubim into the desert and the mountains, where they still remain. 

Ije'hi. The place where Samson slew a thousand men with a jaw-bone (Judg. xy. 
9-19). L'chi is the Hebrew word for jaw-hotie, but the name of the place was Eamath 
lehi (v. 17). It was on the border of Judah and Philistia. The spring of Enhakkore 
was known, in Jerome's time, near Morasthi, the prophet Micah's birth-place, east of 
Eleutheropolis. Now Lost. 

Xje'shem [glancing — the stone jaci7ith). The city Laish (Josh. xix. 47 ; Rev. 
xxi. 20). 

Xietu'shim. Second son of Dedan (Gen. xxv. 3), who founded a tribe in Arabia 
called by Ptolemy Allumceoti (Heb. Leummim). There was a city called Luma in 
Arabia Deserta. 

Levi [to adhere). Third son of Leah, wife of Jacob. Born in Mesopotamia, b. c. 
1750 (Gen. xxix. 34). When Dinah went out to see the young women of Shechem, as 
Josephus says, at an annual festival of aatu re-worship, such as that mentioned in Num- 
bers xxv. 2, of the people in Moab, she was taken by Shechem for a wife ; which was 



120 



GEOGRAPHY. 



resented as an insult by her brothers, Jacob, Simeon, and Levi, who executed their 
revenge on the city in a fearful manner (Gen. xxxiv.), destroying the whole city for the 
error of one man. This is an early instance of a blood feud, which are so common in 
the East now. Levi plotted with others against Joseph. He went into Egypt with 
his three sons, Gershon, Kohath, and Merari, and as one of the eldest, was presented to 
Pharaoh. The descendants of Levi, among whom were Moses and Aaron, were made 
the ministers of religion and the representatives of the national faith. Jacob pro- 
phesied that Levi should be scattered among his brothers, which was fulfilled in the 
distribution of the tribe among the 48 Levitical cities, which were scattered through- 
out the whole country. The tribe displaced the earlier priesthood of the first-born as 
representatives of the holiness of the people. Their first enumeration gave 22,000, 
which was nearly equal to the number of the first-born males of all the other tribes, 
which was 22,273 — reckoning from one month old upward. The 273 were redeemed 
by 5 shekels each being paid to Aaron, They guarded the ark, and were reckoned 
separately as the host (of the Lord), and were not counted in the army. Their special 
duties were the daily sacrifice, and the work about the tabernacle (and Temple), in a 
certain appointed order (Num. iii., iv., vii.). 

A table of the family will show the division of the tribe into the separate branches 
according to their functions (Ex. vi. 16-25). 



Levi. 



Mahli 



Merari 

I 



Mushi 



I 
Uzziel 



Kohath 
I 



Hebron 



Izhar 



Gershon 
I 



Amram Libni 



Shimei 



Mishael Elzaphan Zithri Zithri Nepheg Korah Aaron 



Ithamar 



I 
Moses 



Eleazar 



The Levitical order proceeded from the people, and were not a privileged class 
(Ex. xxviii.) ; nor was the monarchy designed to be so (Deut. xvii. 14-20), and the 
people always took part in the coronation of the king and the installation of the high 
priest (1 Chron. xxix. 22 ; 1 Mace. xiv. 35). 

They did tiot cultivate land or work at trades, but were to receive a tenth as tithes 
from the people ; a part of which was again divided to the priests (Num. xviii. 21, &c.). 
Their duty was to instruct the people in the law, and to enable them to spread this 
knowledge through the land : 48 cities were assigned for residences to them, 6 of which 
were cities of Eefuge, and 13 were for the priests — distributed as follows : Koha- 
thites — Priests : Judah and Simeon 9 ; Benjamin 4. Not priests : Ephraim 4 ; Dan 
4; half Manasseh (west) 2. Gershonites — Half Manasseh (east) 2; Issachar 4; 
Asher 4 ; Naphtali 3. Merarites — Zebulon 4 ; Reuben ; Gad 4. 

Each of these cities was to have a suburb for pasture-ground, for the Levites' 
cattle (Num. xxxv. 4, 5). 

Saul massacred the priests at Nob, slew the Gibeonites in their service, and 
assumed the priestly office; but David reorganized and restored them to their proper 
service. The Choral service is first mentioned in David's time (1 Chron. xv. 16, 



GEOGRAPHY. 121 

and minutely in chap. xxv.). Ethan (1 Ohr. xv. 19), one of the singers, was a man of 
great talent (1 Ki. iv. 31), and author of the 89th Psalm. 

The tribe was divided into 12 orders or courses, to serve each one month in rota- 
tion. The porters served only a week, but the four chief porters lived in the temple 
court (1 Chron. ix. 27). The 134th Psalm was a song of the night-watchmen around 
the temple. 

The Levites appear as Scribes first in 2 Chr. xxxiv. 13, under Josiah. The books 
of Chronicles were probably compiled by scribes, under the direction of Daniel and 
Ezra. 

The age at which service was to be required was originally 30 years, but was re- 
duced to 20 in the tribe of Solomon (1 Chr. xxiii. 24-27). 

Ezekiel records the idolatry of the Levites in chapters 44 and 48. 

Psalm 137 is a mournful and touching record of the Levites' experience in captiv- 
ity. The priests, Levites, singers, and porters who returned from Babylon were (it 
seems from Ezra, ii. 36-42) a very small " remnant " (iii. 8). None of the Levites came 
to the first meeting of preparation for the return (viii. 15). 

Their service and residence were established as of old, and they joined in the last 
great song of praise which is recorded (Nehemiah, ix. 6-38). 

From this time down we have scarcely any account in the Old, and but a yery 
few notices of them in the New Testament (as in Luke, x. 32 ; John, i. 19, &c.). They 
were also dispersed among the Gentiles, with the otlier tribes (Acts, iv. 36). 

Lib'nah (whiteness). Station in the desert (Num. xxxiii. 20), between Sinai and 
Kadesh, near Rissah, perhaps on the Red Sea. Laban (Deut. i. 1). 2. A city in the 
S. W. of Palestine, taken by Joshua next after Makkedah, on the day that " the sun 
stood still." Sennacherib beseiged it (2 Ki. xix. 8). The great destruction of his 
army, when 185,000 died in one night (Is. xxxvii. 8-36 ; 2 Ki. xix. 8), took place either 
here (where Rabshakeh his general joined him with the force that had camped at 
Jerusalem), or, according, to Josephus and Herodotus, at Pelusium (Ant. x. 1, 4). 
King Zedekiah's mother was of this place (Jer. Iii. 1). A little village called El Men- 
shieh, 5 miles west of Eleutheropolis, on the direct road between Makkedah and 
Eglon, with a few ruins which are evidences of its former strength, marks the site of 
the ancient Libnah. 

Lib'ya (Acts, ii. 10). Libya about Cyrene. Lubim. 

Lod. Built by Shamer (1 Chr. viii. 12). Always connected with Ono. It is 
called Lydda in the Acts (ix. 32), where Peter healed ^neas of palsy. One of the 
murderers of Julius Cassar (Cassius Longinus) was stationed in Palestine, and sold the 
whole people of Lydda into slavery (Ant. xiv. 11, 2) ; and Antony restored them. 
Cestius Gallus burnt it, and Vespasian, some time after, colonized it. The Romans 
gave it a new name, Diospolis (on the coins of Septimus Severus), and it became a seat 
of Jewish learning, and a large and wealthy town. It was the seat of a bishopric at an 
early date. Tradition connects the birth of St. George with the ruins of a church in 
the town, once a splendid structure, built by Justinian (Eob., ii. 244). There are 
about 1000 people now in the place, which is called by its ancient name, as near as an 
Arab can speak it (Lud). 

Lo-de'bar (without pasture). The native place of Machirben Ammiel, in whose 
house Mephibosheth found a home, after his father's death, on the east of Jordan (2 
Sam. xvii. 27, ix. 4, 5). This same Machir was one of the first to supply the wants of 
David when he fled from Absalom. It was near Mahanaim. Lost. 



122 GEOGEAPHT. 

liOt. Son of Haran, nephew of Abraham (Gen. xi. 27), born in TJr of the 
Chaldees, and settled in Canaan. He took refuge in Egypt with Abram during the 
famine (xii. 4, xiii. 1), and returned with him into the south of Palestine. He chose 
the Jordan valley for his pasture land, leaving Abram on the hills of Benjamin and 
Judah. When the four kings captured him, he was rescued by his uncle (xiv). Lot 
had probably entered into the cities, adopted some of their customs, and gathered other 
property besides cattle and tents (v. 12), including women (servants). The last 
scene in his life is recorded in connection with the destruction of the cities of the plain, 
when there appears in contrast with some of th-e darkest traits of human nature in the 
people of the cities, the pleasant habits and customs of Lot's wandering life ; the chiv- 
alrous hospitality, washing feet, unleavened bread, the ready feast, such as we read of 
on the hills of Hebron among Abram's tents, and was referred to by Paul in the beau- 
tiful passage, " Be not forgetful to entertain strangers : for thereby some have enter- 
tained angels unawares" (Heb. xiii. 2). The traveller now meets with these traits 
among the Bedouin, which are almost identical with those of their ancestors of that 
early age. 

Where Zoar was, or in what mountain Lot dwelt, has not been determined (see 
Zoar). 

The story of Lot's wife, and especially the strange conclusion, might have been 
passed by as a mystery, but for the use of it as an example in one of the discourses of 
Jesus (Luke, xvii. 31, 32), where he says, "In that day he that is in the field let him 
not return back : remember Lot's wife" (who did). The author of the book of Wisdom 
(x. 7), and Josephus (Ant. i. 11, 4), seem to have believed in an actual monument of 
salt; and many travellers from their day to this have seen and described pillars of salt 
which they accepted as Lot's wife. See Geology for salt-mountain of Sodom. 

Ammon and Moab were the children of Lot (Deut. ii. 9, 19), and as such were ex- 
empted from conquest by Moses. (See Psalm Ixxxiii.) The Arabs have traditions of 
Lot {Koran, c. vii., xi.), in which he is described as a preacher sent to the cities of the 
plain, which they call Lot's cities. The Dead Sea is also called the Sea of Lot (Bahr 
Loot). 

Xiud. Pourth son of Shem (Gen. x. 22), from whom descended the Lydians ; 
who first settled north of Palestine, and afterward in Asia Minor. The name is found 
on the Egyptian monuments of the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries b. c. as a powerful 
people called Luden. (See Lydia.) 

Lu'dim (Gen. x. 13). Allies of the Egyptians (2 Chr. xii. 3, xvi. 8 ; Nahum, iii. 
9). Probably the same people as the Lehabim. 

Lu'hith, the ascent of (Is. xv. 5 ; Jer. xlviii. 5). A famous pass somewhere in 
Moab, not yet identified. 

Liuz. Luzah {almond-tree). An ancient city of Canaan, named Bethel by Jacob 
(Gen. xxviii. 19). It is likely that the place of Jacob's pillar, of the El-Beth-el sanc- 
tuary (xxxv. 6, xlviii. 3), and of Jeroboam's idolatry (1 Ki. xii. 29), were not in, but 
south of the city of Luz (Josh. xvi. 1, 2," xviii. 13). 2. One of the men of Luz was 
allowed by the house of Joseph to escape, when the city was destroyed, and he went 
into the land of the Hittites, where he built another Luz. Probably on the Orontes 
river (Porter). 

Lycaonia. An undulating plain, 20 miles by 13, among the mountains in Asia 
Minor, north of Cilicia. Iconium (its capital), Derbe, and Lystra were there, and 
visited by Paul. The speech of this district Was a corrupt form of Greek (Acts, xiv. 



GEOGRAPHY. 123 

11). It was a Roman colony, and had a good road. The streams are brackish, and 
there are several small salt-lakes ; but flocks find good pasture. 

Lyc'ia. A province and peninsula southwest in Asia Minor, opposite the island 
of Rhodes ; mountainous and well- watered with small creeks. Bellerophon, one of its 
ancient kings, is celebrated in Greek mythology. The Romans took it from Antiochus 
the Great, after the battle of Magnesia (b. c. 190). There are many ruined cities in this 
region, described in the excellent works of Fellows, Spratt, and Forbes, full of architec- 
ture, sculpture, and inscriptions of the ancients. It is mentioned in 1 Mace. xv. 23, 
during its golden period, just after its emancipation from the rule of the island Rhodes. 
Paul visited two of its cities, Patara and Myra. 

Lyd'da. Greek form of Lod. The first historical notice of this city, since Christ, 
is the signature of ^tius Lyddensis to the acts of the Council of Nicaea (a. d. 325) ; 
after which it is frequently mentioned, especially during the Crusades. The Arabs 
have a tradition that the final contest between Christ and Antichrist will be at Lydda 
(Sale's Koran, c. 43, note). 

Lydia. A province in Asia Minor, on the Sea, south of Mysia, and north of 
Caria. Taken by the Romans from Antiochus the Great, after the battle of Magnesia, 
B. c. 190, and given to the king of Pergamus, Eumenes II. (1 Mace. viii. 8). The India 
and Media of this passage in Maccabees should be corrected to read Ionia and Mysia. 

Lys'tra. In Lycaonia. Where divine honors, after the Greek manner, were 
offered to Paul, and where he was at once stoned. It was the home of Paul's com- 
panion, Timothy. The extensive ruins of Biyi Ur Kilissi {thousand and one churches) 
lie along the eastern declivity of the Karadagh (black mountain), where are the re- 
mains of about 40 churches, some 25 of which are quite entire {Haiiiilton, Asia Minor). 

M. 

Ma'acah. Maachah. A small kingdom on the N. E. of Palestine, near Argob 
(Deut. iii. 14), and Bashan (Josh. xii. 5), founded by a son of Nahor, Abraham's 
brother (Gen. xxii. 24). The people were not expelled, but mingled with the Jews. 
Eliphelet, of this nation, was one of David's 30 captains (2 Sam. xxiii. 34), and 
Jaazaniah was a captain in the army of Israel at the time of the captivity. 

Ma'arath {a bare place). In the hill country of Judah (Josh. xv. 58). 

Macedo'uia. The country north of Thessaly and the ^gean Sea, south of the 
Balkan mts., extending to Thrace on the east, and to Illyria on the west. There are 
two great plains— one watered by the Axius, 
which empties into the Thermaic gulf near Thes- 
salonica, and the other by the Strymon, which 
flows by Philippi and Amphipolis into the ^gean 
Sea. Mount Athos is a peninsula between these 
two plains. Philip and Alexander ruled here, and 
the Romans conquered it from Perseus (b. c. 168). 
In the New Testament times a proconsul of one 

district resided at Thessalonica, ruling over Mace- philip v. op macedon. 

denia, Thessaly, and a tract along the Adriatic ^— -,, ^^^.^ 

(Acts, xvi. 9, 10, 12, xix. 21, &c.). 

In the Apocrjrpha there are some notices of this country. Haman is called a 
Macedonian (Esther, xvi. 10). The Maccabees mention Alexander, son of Philip (1 




124: aEOGRAPHY. 

Mace. i. 1), who came out of the land of the Chettiim and smote Darius, king of the 
Persians and Medes. This was the first part of Europe that received the gospel, by the 
labor of Paul and his companions (Acts, xvi. 9), who first preached to a small congre- 
gation of women (v. 13), on the banks of the Strymon near Philippi; and the first 
convert was a woman, Lydia. See Page 220. 

Mach'pelah. The district in which was the field of Ephron the Hittite, con- 
taining the cave which was bought by Abraham, and became the burial-place of Abra- 
ham himself, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, Leah, and Jacob. This cave and the field around 
it was the only spot which belonged to Abraham in the country. The Haram at He- 
bron (see view of Hebron) is said to stand over this cave. It is a massive stone struc- 
ture, in the ancient style, of dark gray stone, 200 ft. long, 115 wide, and 50 high. 
Some of the stones are 12 to 20 ft. long by 4 to 5 thick, with bevelled edges, like the 
temple-wall at Jerusalem, and must be as old as Solomon's time. 

There are shown inside of this building, which is now called a mosque, several 
small monuments, standing on the floor, each enclosed in a shrine with iron railings. 
The first on the right as you enter is that of Abraham ; on the left, that of Sarah, each 
guarded by a silver gate. Isaac and Rebekah are also honored, each with a separate 
chapel ; and also Jacob and Leah, opposite the entrance. The cave is under the floor, 
is in two rooms, and most strictly guarded from intrusion. The best description is 
given by Stanley {Jewish Church, &c.). This is almost the only spot on earth which 
attracts all who profess the simple creed " I believe in God." And this is "only the 
grave of an old shepherd, who lived under a tent there 4,000 years ago, whose only 
title was " The Friend," which title is now the Arab name for Hebron, Al Khulil. 

Mad'ai (Gen. x. 2). Third of son Japheth, from whom descended the Medes. See 
2 Ki. xvii. 6 ; Dan. xi. 1 ; Esther, i. 3, in all of which passages the same original word 
is found, although differently translated in each. 

Madman'nah {dunghill). South in Judah, not far from Gaza (Josh. xv. 21, 31). 

Mad'men (Jer. xlviii. 2). Included in the curse of Moab. Near Heshbon. 

lyCadme'nah (Is. x. 31). A small village betv/een Anathoth and Nob. The 
prophet said Madmenah /ze5 (before the Assyrian). 

Ma'don. City of Canaan before the conquest, whose king, Jobab, was killed at 
the waters of Merom by Joshua (xi. 1-9). Somewhere in the north. 

Mag'bish {freezing). One hundred and fiftv-six of the children of Magbish re- 
turned from captivity (Ezra, ii. 30). In Benjamin. Lost. 

Mag'dala {tower). In most of the MSS. the name is Magadan. Christ came 
into the limits of Magdala, after the miracle of feeding the 4,000 on the other side of 
the lake (Matt. xv. 39). Now called El Mejdel, on the west shore of the Sea of 
Galilee, close to the water, about three miles north of Tiberias, at the southeast 
corner of the plain of Gennesaret. There was a watch-tower here that guarded the 
entrance to the plain. Here was the home of Mary Magdalene. 

IVEa'gog. Second son of Japheth (Gen. x. 2), and founder of a race (Per. xx. 8), 
the great Scythian tribe, now called Russian. Ezekiel places the nation in the north 
(xxxix. 2), near Togarmah, and the maritime regions of Europe (v. 6). They had 
cavalry, and used bows. In the 7th century B. c. they were a formidable power, felt 
through the whole of Western Asia. They took Sardis (b. c. 629), and overrun the 
country as far as Egypt, where they were turned back by a bribe given by Psam- 
metichus, and took Ascalon. 

Mahana'im {two camps). Eighteen miles east of Jordan, and ten north of 



GEOGRAPHY. 125 

Jerash, now Birket Manneh {Tristram). Here Jacob divided his people and flocks 
into two bands, through fear of Esau. At the conquest it was a city on the border of 
the two tribes, Gad and Manasseh, but given to Gad (Josh. xiii. 26, 30, xxi. 38). 
Abner selected it as the capital of the kingdom of Ishbosheth, crowning him there 
king over all Israel (2 Sam. ii. 8, 9). 

David took refuge there when Absalom rebelled, and sat between the two gates 
of the walled city when the news of the death of his son was brought to him (2 Sam. 
xvii. 24, xviii. 24, 33), and retired to the chamber over the gate to weep for him. It 
was the seat of an officer of Solomon, and is alluded to in Solomon's Song (vi. 13, 
"Two armies "=Mahanaim). The name is found on the monuments in Egypt, at 
Karnak. (See Egypt.) 

Maha'nehdan {camiJ of Dan). Behind Kirjath Jearim (Judg. xviii. 12). (See 
22-26.) Where the Danites camped just before setting out for their northern home. 

Mak'az {eiid. 1 Ki. iv. 9). In Dan. 

Ma'ked (1 Mace. v. 26). A strong and great city in Gilead. Where Judas 
Maccabseus delivered the Jews from the Ammonites. Lost. 

Mak'heloth {assemhlies). Desert camp (Num. xxxiii. 25). 

Mak'kedah (shepherd camp). An ancient royal city of Canaan taken by Joshua 
after the defeat of the allied kings at Gibeon (Josh. x. 28, xii. 16). This stronghold 
was the first one taken in this region. El Klediah, in Wady es Sumt. There are 
many caves in this part of the country, but no one has been identified as the cave. 

Mak'tesh (mortar). A quarter, or part of Jerusalem (Zeph. i. 11). The 
merchants and mechanics gathered their shops in and around the Tyropoeon valley. 
The Bazaar is now in the same ancient place. 

Mallos (2 Maco. iv. 30). A city of Cilicia, 20 miles from Tarsus, at the mouth 
of the river Pyramus. 

Mam're {fruitfulness). Faces Machpelah (Gen. xxiii. 17, &c.). One of Abra- 
ham's favorite camping-grounds. In its grove he had a sanctuary, which he called 
his Bethel (house of God). Here Abraham entertained the three angels, and Isaac 
was promised. The name has not been preserved in any locality. 

Ma'on. In the mts.- of Judah (Josh. xv. 55), near Juttah. It was in the wilder- 
ness near this place (bleak and hilly pasture-lands) that David hid himself from Saul. 
Maioi 7 miles S. E. of Hebron (Rohiiison). On a conical hill 200 feet high are ruins of 
foundations of hewn stone, a square enclosure, towers, and cisterns. The people use 
the caves near for dwellings as of old. 

Ma'onites (Judg. x. 12). An ancient and powerful nomad tribe, allied to the 
Phoenicians, first settled with the Amalekites in the vale of Sodom, and afterward 
migrated eastward into Arabia. They named Maon in Judah, Beth-Maon in Moab, and 
Maan in Edom, 15 miles E. of Petra. This last is now an important pilgrim station, 
on the caravan route to Mecca. A castle and other antiquities mark its ancient 
strength. Mehunim (2 Chr. xxvi. 7). 

Ma'rah (Utter). Well on the route of the Exodus. See Wanderings. 

Mar'alah (tre7nl)ling). On the border of Zebulon (Josh. xix. 11). Four miles 
S. W. of Nazareth, the little village of Maleel stands on a hill, and contains the ruins 
of a temple and other antiquities. 

Mar'oth (bitterness). Mentioned by the prophet Micah (i. 12), and probably 
near Jerusalem. 

Mars Hill. Areopagus. 



126 GEOGRAPHY. 

Mas'aloth (terraces). Near Arbela: the great caverns in the Wady al Humam 
[pigeon valley), which were fortified by Josephus (Josephus, Life, 37). Kulaet Ibii 
Maau. Herod drove a band of robbers out of them by letting soldiers down the face 
of the cliff to the mouth of the caves in large boxes. 

Mash (Gen. x. 23). Fourth son of Aram ; settled in Mesopotamia. Mt. Masius 
(between the Euphrates and the Tigris, in the north), and the river Masche flowing 
at its base, preserve the name. A prince of Masou was taken by Rameses II. on the 
Qrontes, at Kedesh. 

Mash'al. City of Asher (1 Chron. vi. 74). Misheal (Josh. xix. 26). 

Mas'pha (1 Mace. iii. 46). Massepha. or Mizpeh ? 2. A city taken by Judas 
Maccabeus, east of Jordan (1 Mace, v. 35). It may be the same as Mizpeh of Gilead, 
or Mizpeh of Moab. 

Masre'kah {vineyard). Native city of Samlah, king of Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 36). 
The region called Jebal, north of Edom, is now famous for its vineyards (owned by the 
Refaya tribe), and this place may have been located there, as Eusebius and Jerome 
say. 

Mas'sah {temptation). In the Sinai desert (Exodus, xvii. 2, 7). Rephidim. (See 
Wandering.) 

Mat'tanah {gift). Station S. E. of the Dead Sea (Num. xxi. 18). 

Me'ah {a hundred). The tower of Meah was on the city wall north of the sheep- 
gate, when rebuilt by Nehemiah (iii. 1, xii. 39). Located by some at the N. W. corner 
of the temple area, where the fortress of Antonia was afterward built, and now called 
Pilate's house. Porter locates it at the N. E. corner of the Harem area, where there 
are massive foundations. 

Mea'rah {cave). Boundary of the unconquered land near Zidon (Josh. xiii. 4). 
Half way between Tyre and Sidon are ruins called Adlan, and in the cliffs near are 
many caves and grottoes {Bob.). William of Tyre mentions a fortified cave near Sidon, 
occupied by the Crusaders. 

IVCe'dan {strife). Son of Abraham by Keturah (Gen. xxv. 2). Traces of this 
people are supposed to be found in the village of Madan, on the Euphrates, and the city 
Maadan in Hejaz, Arabia. Maadan=m^?^e5. 

Me'deba {quiet waters). In Moab (Num. xxi. 30). Name of the Mishor south 
of Heshbon (Josh. xiii. 9, 16). The Ammonites were defeated here by Joab, David's 
general (1 Chron. xix). Not recorded as possessed by Reuben, and was probably only 
tributary. It was a strong fortress in the time of the Maccabees (1 Mace. ix. 35 ; Ant. 
xiii., i. 4, 9, 1). Ptolemy locates a Medeba between Bostra and Petra. Eusebius and 
Jerome mention a Christian village east of Medeba. It was a noted bishopric of the 
patriarchate of Bitira Arabiae, and so named in the acts of the Council of Chalcedon 
(a. d. 451). A large tank, columns, and extensive foundations, on a rocky hill 4 
miles S. E. of Heshbon, on the Roman road, mark the site. 

Medes. Media. (Gen. x. 2, Madia; 2 Ki. xvii. 6, Medes; Esther, i. 3, Media; 
Dan. xi. 1, Mede). Third son of Japliet, and founder of a great race. 1500 years of 
their history is a blank, from their first mention to the time when Isaiah threatened to 
stir them up against Babylon (xiii. 17, B. c. 720). Berosus (Chaldean historian) says 
that the Medes conquered Babylonia B. c. 2458. This date may be very much too 
ancient, for the word Mede is first found on the Assyrian monuments at the date of 
B. c. 880 {Rawlinson) ; but there is no doubt that both Cushite and Semitic races oc- 
cupied Mesopotamia together from a very early date. They were called Arians in the 



GEOGRAPHY. 127 

time of which Herodotus writes ; and traces of them are found from Hindustan to 
Thrace. It is supposed that the race had its origin on the banks of the Indus, from 
whence its people found their way into Persia, Media, Greece, &c. 

In Media, Sargon, Sennacherib, and Esarhaddon reigned from b. c. 720 to b. c. 660^ 
over a country which before their time had been ruled by a great many sheikhs (chiefs 
of families or tribes). About the middle of the 7th century B. c, Cyaxares (the Mede) 
led a fresh immigration of Arians into Media, and is called the first king of Media by 
Diodorus. In his reign the three kingdoms, Media, Lydia, and Babylon, were united 
by treaty and marriages. The empire extended from the Halys river to the Caspian 
gates, 1500 miles long, and from the Euphrates and the Persian Gulf to the Black and 
Caspian Seas, 450 miles wide. It lasted only 75 years. 

The Persians, led by Cyrus, conquered Media and terminated the kingdom, b. c. 
558. 

One of the tribes of Media, the Budii, are mentioned in Scripture by the name of 
Phut (Ezek. xxvii. 10), whose soldiers were in the army of Tyre, together with Persians 
and others. 

The ancient religion was a belief in two nearly equal divinities of opposite princi- 
ples, Ormazd the good, and Ahriman the evil — both self-existent and irresistible, and 
both always contending with each other. Ormazd was worshipped ; and also the sun, 
moon, stars, and respect paid to genii. The fire- worship of Armenia was more or less 
blended with this system. Magism consisted of the worship of the elements, chiefly 
fire. Altars on mountain-tops were kept continually burning, and sacrifices were fre- 
quent. The priesthood formed a distinct class, and professed ability to interpret dreams, 
explain visions, and to divine future events. 

The captive Israelites were placed in certain cities of the Medes by the king of 
Assyria (2 Ki. xvii. 6, &c.). Both Isaiah and Jeremiah prophesied the part which the 
Medes were to take in destroying Babylon (Jer. li. 11, 28). Daniel interpreted the 
writing on the wall as the sign of the coming conquest by the Medes and Persians 
(xi. 25-28). Ezra mentions the palace of Achmetha, where the decree of Cyrus was 
found (vi. 2, 5), which the monuments prove to have been the residence of Cyrus at 
that time. See £cbatana. 

In the Apocrypha, Media is the chief scene of the book of Tobit, and a large part 
of that of Judith. 

Megiddo. An ancient royal city of the Canaanites, on the south border of the 
plain of Esdraelon, commanding a pass leading from the plain to the Samarian hills 
(Josh. xii. 21). In the territory of Issachar, but belonging to Manasseh. The people 
were not driven out, but paid tribute (Judg. i. 27, 28). It is made famous in the 
song of victory of Deborah, when Barak defeated Sisera (Judg. iv. 13, &c.). One of 
Solomon's officers was placed here, and some important works built (1 Ki. ix. 15). 
Ahaziah fled here from Jehu, and died (2 Ki. ix. 27). The "good king" Josiah "went 
against" Pharaoh Necho, as an ally of the king of Assyria, was wounded here, and 
died at Jerusalem (2 Chr. xxxv. 22-24). From this event the name of the place 
became a poetical synonym for terrible conflict and grief; as in the Eevelation (xvi. 
16. See also Zech. xii. 11 ; 2 Chr. xxxv. 25). El Lejjun. Waters of Megiddo (see 
Kishon). 

Mehiinims. Maonites. See Maon. Josephus speaks of a city built by king 
Uzziah on the Red Sea to overawe the Arabs, who adjoined Egypt (Ant. ix. 10, 3). 
Probably near or in the valley of Gerar. One of the three friends of Job was Sopliar, 



128 



GEOGRAPHY. 



king of the Minseans, who is also called Zophar the Naamathite. (See Naamah.) 
This people were located by Strabo and Ptolemy in the S. W. corner of Arabia, in 
.Hadramaut. There is a Minyag S. E. of Gaza, a station on the road to Sinai, men- 
tioned in the Christian records of the 6th century with some distinction. Main, a ruin 
south of Heshbon (Baal Meon), is another relic of the tribe. Some of them 
returned from captivity with Zerubbabel (Ezra, ii. 50). 

Mejarkon {yelloiv waters). In Dan (Josh. xix. 46), near Joppa. Torrent? 

Meko'nah {a place). A city of some size, having suburbs, in the south, near 
Ziklag; occupied after the return from captivity (Neh. xi. 28). 

Mellta. Malta. A small island, 20 by 12 miles in extent, and 60 miles south of 
Sicil}^ where Paul was wrecked when on his way to Eome (Acts, xxvii., xxviii.). The 
island is full of mementoes of Paul, who is its tutelary saint. The bay where the 
shipwreck occurred is called St. Paul's, and is a deep inlet on the north side of the 
island, 5 miles from the port of Malta, and is one mile wide and two miles long, in- 
land, having the small island Salmonetta on the western side of the entrance. The 
whole island is a barren rock, but has been made fertile to some extent by great labor. 
The Phoenicians colonized it, from whom the 
Greeks took it about 736 B. c. ; and in turn the 
Carthaginians became its masters in the Second 
Punic War, 528 b. c, and the Eomans in 242 b. ct, 
whose officer, Publius, governed it when Paul was 
there. Its history since then has been full of 
changes in its masters, in which we read of Van- 
dals, Greeks (a. d. 553), Arabs, Normans (a. d. 
1090), Germans (1530, by whom it was given to 
the Knights of St. John, of Jerusalem), the French 
(1798), and finally the English, who hold it now. 
The Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar resides there. 
The island is a station for several lines of steam- 
ers, and submarine telegraph cables. The island 
of Meleda, in the Adriatic Sea, on the coast of 
Dalmatia, 125 miles southeast of Venice, was once 
supposed to be the one on which Paul was 
wrecked; but a more careful examination of all 
the facts, and of the course of the prevailing 
winds, and position of the islands and places 
mentioned, both before and after the shipwreck, 
have determined the question in favor of Malta. 
The "barbarous people" of Acts, xxviii. 2, were 
simply not Greeks. The Greeks called every nation 
or tri]>e barbarians who did not speak the Greek 
language. 

Memphis {tlie abode of the good one). In 
Hebrew Noph or Moph (Hosea, ix. 6). The an- 
cient Egyptian name was Men-nefru, the pyramid city. On the west bank of the Nile, 
just south of the junction of the three branches, Canopic, Sebennytic, and Pelusiac. 
It was built on a district which was reclaimed by Menes from a marsh, by turning 
the Nile into a new channel, east of the ancient one which ran close to the Libyan 





; 
; 


,_ 








,•'' ' . 


-==a 






«T 


j(/LiA)^s-- •; 






.sTGioitoe.- 


. -"^^y~7 






5MOHL - ' ^ 


'\!._^~~~~f '^ 




5; 


.^ y noc^m 


^^f^ 


\ 


. i 


^^ 


^k ^''''''■ 


*\' 


^K 


^t 


s;.« 


PT.:^^^^ 


•>*-; 


1^ 


«1 


(1^ 


^ . 






s, 






1 


^^^SS^^f^A 


«K 


^ ' ^ 








^^f> Btr^HOHAy 


K 


:^^^^^W 


^^^% 


— 1 




'7^^'^J 


yjfy^jj-^ 


^^^^^^^^^^^^>i 


V" 


£.lon^. 




^ 


-^ 


^^^^^^^^^^ 






^^ '^ 




i ^>.i'% ^^^H 


^^g.''^'^/^ 




iHra 


^% 





ST. PAUL S BAT, MALTA. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



129 



mountains; and in a position which commanded both the Delta and Upper Egypt. 
Of all the temples, palaces, walls, and houses which the ancient historians describe, 
not one stone is left on another — the pyramids only remaining. The necropolis in 
the vicinity witnesses the ancient importance of the city. The principal pyramid field 
extends along the west bank of the Nile for about 15 miles ; and the whole district, 
including many ruins and small 
pyramids, for nearly 60 miles. 
There are from 40 to 60 pyra- 
mids, according to the count of 
various travellers, who include 
more or less large and small 
pyramids, and ruins of supposed 
pyramids. The Hebrew prophets 
distinctly predicted the fall of 
Memphis (Is. xix. 13 ; Jer. ii. 16, 
xlvi. 14, 19 ; Ezek. xxx. 16), the 
latest about 525 B. c, 50 years 
before the invasion of Cambyses, 
and their words seem to have 
been fulfilled to the very letter. 
Only one of all its multitude of 
images and idols now remains, 
fallen, broken, half buried in 
sand and mud (the statue of 
Eameses XL, the finest known 
work of Egyptian sculpture). 
There is a vast collection of 
antiquities from Egypt in the 
Abbott Museum, New York,where 
may be seen a countless number 
of relics of the past, of cloth, 
papyrus, wood, stone, and metal, 
with works of art from Memphis 
and other localities throughout Egypt. 
The pyramids stand on a rocky shelf of the desert, 150 feet above the Nile basin. pl20 

The Great Pyramid was 480 feet high, and built of stone quarried near, and (the 
finest) across the river, at Toura. The surface was smooth, Avhen complete, being 
finished with polished marble, or with a hard cement. This is now taken ofi", leav- 
ing the surface in rude steps, 3 to 6 feet high, varied by the thickness of the layers of 
stone. The interior walls were also polished, and are now. The king's chamber is of 
red granite, and contains the lower part of a porphyry sarcophagus, the lid having 
been removed. Cambyses nearly destroyed the city, B. c. 470, and the rise of Alex- 
andria into importance completed its overthrow. 

Meon'enim, the plain of. Correctly, The oak of Meonenim {the enchanters). 
(Judg. ix. 37.) There were five noted trees near Shechem. 1. The oak of Moreh (not 
plain, as in Gen. xii. 6), where Abram built his first altar in the Promised Land. 2. 
Jacob took from his family all the strange gods, and ear-rings, and hid them under an 
oak at Shechem (xxxv. 4). 3. The oak under which Joshua set up the stone-witness 




PYRAMID FIELD. 



130 



GEOGRAPHY 




GKEAT PYRAMID. 



1. Queen'' s chamber. 2. Well. 
4. King's chamber. 



Corridor. 



(Josh. xxiv. 26). 4. The oak of the pillar (not plain, as in Judg. ix. 6), under which 
Abimelech was made king. 5. The oak of the enchanters, where Gaal, son of Ebed, 
saw the soldiers of Abimelech coming, as he stood in the gate of Shechem (Judg. ix. 
37). Jacob and Joshua may have chosen the same tree, and th'^ words used by the 
two men are almost identical in form and 
spirit. Probably, also, the holy place and 
the crowning of the king were under the 
same tree : altogether making four refer- 
ences to the same sacred oak. These 
sacred trees were found all over the land, 
and this one may have been connected 
with the shrine of Baal Berith in its 
vicinity (Judg. viii. 33, ix. 46). 

Mepha'ath (sightly). Moabite city 
in Reuben, near Heshbon (Josh. xiii. 18; 
Jer. xlviii. 21), given to the Merarite 
Levites. The Romans had a garrison 
here in the time of Eusebius. Lost. 

Mer'an. A place mentioned with 
Theman as famous for its merchants 
and wise men (Baruch, iii. 23). In Ara- 
bia, but not identified. 

■^eratha'im {hitter affliction). A name given by Jeremiah to Babylon (1. 21). 
VEer'ibah [strife). A fountain in the desert of Sin, which flowed at tlie command 
of Moses (Ex. xii. 1-7). The place was called Massah {temjHatioii), and Meribah 
{^hiding). 2. Another fountain of the same character was near Kadesh (Num. xx. 
13; Deut. xxxiii. 8). This is also called the waters of Meribah (Ps. Ixxxi. 7, cvi. 32). 
It was here that Moses sinned in impatience and assumption of power, for which 
oifence he was not permitted to cross over Jordan (Xum. xx. 12). 

Merom, the waters of (Josh. xi. 5, 7). Where Jabin, king of Hazor, and his 
allies were defeated by Joshua. The lake El Huleh, or Samochonitis (Josephus, Ant. 
V. 5, 1). This lake lies in the south end of a marshy plain, between the foot of Hermon 
and the hills of Galilee, which is 15 miles long by 5 wide; the lake being triangular 
and 3 to 5 miles across, according to the dry or wet season. It is 120 feet above the 
ocean. The several streams from Hasban}', Merj Ayun (Ijon), Dan, and Paneas unite, 
in the marsh, form the Jordan, and flow through the lake. The plain on each side of 
the lake is of rich soil, and is cultivated by the Bedouin Arabs from Lebanon, and 
merchants of Damascus, — a repetition of the life 3,000 years ago, recorded in Judges, 
xviii. The modern is really the most ancient name, being derived from Hul, the 
second son of Aram (Gen. x. 23). A district near Hamah is named after him, and 
also the town Huleh, near the castle of Hunin. The large spring on the west bank of 
the plain, Ain Mellahah, which pours out a brook 50 feet wide, once gave its name to 
the lake, Meleha ( William of Tyre). 

Me'roz (Judg. v. 23). Whose people refused to help Deborah and Barak against 
Sisera. El Murusstts, north of Bethshan 4 miles {Boh. ii. 356). 

Mes'ech. The sixth son of Japheth (Gen. x. 2), and founder of a nation (Ps. 
cxx. 5), which traded with Tyre (Ezek. xxvii. 13), and was ruined with Egypt (xxxii. 
26), and a neighbor of Gog and Magog (xxxviii. 2). Herodotus speaks of the Moschi 



GEOGRAPHY. 131 

and Tibnrimi in Persia (iii. 94), who formed a part of the army of Xerxes ; and these 
are the Meshech and Tubal of the Scripture. They were settled in the mountains of 
Caucasus, and in north Armenia ; and their descendants to-day follow the customs men- 
tioned by Ezekiel, and sell their daughters for wives and for slaves (to the Turks). 
The name is written Mushai on the Assyrian monuments, and Maslioashoi[ii\).^ Egyp- 
tian, of the time of the third Eameses ( Wilkinson). They are the Mnskovs of Russia 
{Raivlinson). 

Me'sha. The Joktanites dwelt from Mesha unto Mt. Sephar (Gen. x. 30). The 
mountain range of Zames (Mesha) runs from near the Persian Gulf S. W. nearly across 
Arabia. There is a mount Zafari on the Indian Ocean. Here is now, and has been 
from remote times, the country of the Beni Kalitan (Joktanite Arabs), inhabiting 
Yemen, Hadramant, and Oman, separated from the Ishmaelites by the Nejed moun- 
tain range. 

Mesopota'mia {between the rivers). Between the Tigris and Euplirates, 700 
miles long by 20 to 250 wide. The Aram Naharaim (in the Hebrew) of Gen. xxiv. 
10, and Padan Aram of xxv. 20. It is a plain, but is crossed by the Sinjar hills east 
to west, near its centre, not far from Mosul. The nomade tribes are the only people, - 
and they are driven to the hills in the hot season, when the pastures become dry, dusty, 
and parched, except near the streams. (See Assyria.) It is becoming the belief 
among scholars that the Mesopotamia (the city of Nahor) of Terah and Haran of 
Abraham were near Damascus {Dr. Belce), where Bethuel and Laban lived, and Abra- 
ham sent a servant to fetch Rebekah to be Isaac's wife ; and a hundred years after 
that Jacob earned his two wives in 21 years. It was also the residence of Balaam 
(Deut. xxiii. 4). All of these references may apply to the region around Damascus, 
between the rivers Pharpar and Abana. 

Metheg-Ammah. Taken by David from the Philistines (2 Sam. viii. 1). Gath 
was the metropolis of Philistia, and is thus described : metheg=:^r?V/Ze, or command, and 
2i.m.n\2i\\ — metropolis. See 1 Chr. xviii. 1, where the same event is recorded. 

Mich'mash. In Benjamin. A pass celebrated by the exploit of Jonathan, Saul's 
son (1 Sam. xiii., xiv. 4, 16). Jonathan Maccabseus also resided there (1 Mace. ix. 73), 
on account of the military strength of the pass (Ant. xiii. 1, 6). Muklimas, in the 
Wacly Es Suiueinit, has ruins of many foundations of hewn stones, columns, cisterns, 
&c., indicating a once strong place, perhaps a city devoted to the heathen deity Chemosh 
(the two names being similar). The two rocks (see Bozez and Seneh), may still be 
seen ; one on each side of the narrow and precipitous valley {Bob.). Isaiah, in speaking 
of the invasion of Judah by Sennacherib, says he laid up his carriages at Michmash 
(x. 28), which agrees with the character of the place, it being too steep for wheels. 

Mich'methal. Boundary of Ephraim and Manasseh, west of Jordan, facing 
Shechem (Josh. xvii. 7). 2. Between Ephraim and Benjamin (xvi. 6), toward the 
Great Sea. 

Middin {measures). Judah, in the wilderness. Um el Bedun, S. W. of the Dead 
Sea? {Velde.) 

Midian {strife). Eourth son of Abraham by Keturah, and founder of a nation 
(Gen. xxv. 2; Num. xxii.), the rulers of Northern Arabia for a long time ; inhabiting 
the peninsula of Sinai, where Moses fled after killing the Egyptian (Ex. ii. 15), and 
the country east of Edom and Palestine (xxxvii. 28). They were a snare to the Israel- 
ites, and Moses denounced their mischief-making (Nnm. xxv. 15, 17). Gideon's night 
attack with trumpets, and lamps in pitchers, was on a host of Midianites in the valley 



132 GEOGRAPHY. 

of Jezreel (Judg. vi. to viii.). They were nomadic, pastoral, wealthy, and delighted in 
plunder, exactly as their descendants the Bedouins do now. . There is no mention of 
this great nation, which has had an existence for 30 centuries, in any other book but 
the Bible, unless the accounts of the Arabs of the city of Medyen (the ruins of which 
are shown on the Akabah Gulf) refer to a city of this people. There is a tradition (in 
the Marasid, and a history of the people in El Malchreezm), that this is the city visited 
by Moses, and they point out a well at which he watered his flocks. They are also 
mentioned in the Koran (vii., xi.). It is conjectured that Jethro, who is called a priest 
of Midian, was of the Kenites, who were a branch of this people, and who remained 
friendly to the Israelites when the main body of the Midianites made war, and incurred 
the Divine vengeance. 

Mig'dal Sdar. Translated, "0 tower of the flock," in Micah, iv. 8. A poetic 
name of Zion, because of its strength and watchfulness over Israel (Jer. xiii. 17). 

Mig'dal El {totver of God). A fenced city in Naphtali ( JosH. xix. 38). A place 
is mentioned in the Wady KerJcerali, 8 miles east of Nakura, called Mujeidel. But it 
is supposed Magdala is referred to in the text. 

Mig'dal Gad [toiver of Gad). Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 37), near La- 
cliish and Eglon. El Mejdel, two miles east of Ashulan, is a large and fine village, 
in the midst of groves, orchards, and cultivated fields. Large hewn stones, columns, 
&c., indicate an antiquity of importance, probably of a city devoted to the worship of 
the heathen deity Gad, as Baal Gad was, under Mt. Hermon. 

Mig'dol (loiver), 1. A place between which and the Bed Sea the Israelites were 
directed to camp on leaving Egypt (Ex. xiv. 2). 2. A boundary town mentioned by 
Jeremiah and Ezekiel, on the north, as Syene was on the south of Egypt. Hecatseug 
of Miletus places Magdolo 12 miles south of Pelusium. 

IVEig'ron (precipice). Near SauFs city (1 Sam. xiv. 2), where there was a pome- 
granate-tree, under which Saul and the remnant of his host " tarried" while Jonathan 
went on his famous exploit against the Philistines. Isaiah (x. 28) names it in the list 
of places passed by Sennacherib, on the south side of the Wady Suweinit. Whether 
it was a rock or a town is not known. 

Mile'tus. Seaport and the ancient capital of Ionia, Asia Minor, 36 miles S. of 
Ephesus. The presbyters of the church of Ephesus met Paul at this place on his re- 
turn from his third missionary journey (Acts, xx. 6). Several men of renown were born 
here — Democritus (460 b. c), Anaximenes (504), Ilecatseus, Anaximander (611), 
Thales (639), and Timotheus. There were four harbors, one of Avhich would hold a 
fleet. The oracle of its famous temple of Apollo was consulted as late as the 4th cen- 
tury. Christian bishops of Miletus were present at several councils from the 5th to 
to the 8th centuries. It is now a ruin called Melas, near the mouth of the river Mean- 
der. The sea has receded from the site several miles. 

IVCil'lo (fulness). An ancient Jebusite name of a part of the citadel of Jerusa- 
lem (2 Sam. V. 9). Solomon raised a levy to build or enlarge this work (and others, 
1 Ki. ix. 15). Hezekiah repaired Millo, the City of David (2 Chr. xxxii. 5). The 
House of Millo was a chief clan of Shechem (Judg. ix. 6, 20). King Joash was 
murdered by his slaves at " the house of Millo that goeth down to Silla" (2 Ki. xii. 20), 
which is supposed to have been the place mentioned first. 

Minni. Armenia (Jer. li. 27). The Minnai of the Assyrian inscriptions were 
located near lake JJrumieli. (See Armenia.) 

Min'nith. A town east of Jordan (Judg. xi. 33), celebrated for its wheat (Ezek. 



GEOGRAPHY. 133 

xxvii. 17), whicTi was exported at Tyre. Menjali, a ruin 4 miles N. E. of Heshbon 
{Velde). 

Miph'kad, the G-ate {mimber). A gate of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiali 
(iii. 31) ; perhaps in the City of David. 

Mis'gab {lofty fort). City in Moab (Jer. xlviii. 1). Mizpeh (1 Sam. xxiii. 3). 

Mis'rephoth-maim {humings of waters). Near Sidon (Josh. xi. 8); not con- 
quered at Joshua's death (xiii. 6). Zarephath. Sareppta. 

JKith! czh. {place of siueetness). Desert station. Lost. (Num. xxxiii. 28). 

Mitylene. Chief town in Lesbos (Acts, xx. 14, 15). The Romans called it 
"the beautifuil," from its fine buildings. It. was a free city in Paul's time. It is a 
city now, and gives its name to the whole island. 

Miz'ar, the Hill {little). From which the Psalmist uttered the pathetic appeal 
recorded in Ps. xlii. East of Jordan. Lost. (Not Little Hermon.) 

Miz'pah, Miz'peh {ivatch-toiver, or look-out),. Seven places of this name: 
1. Mispah (also Galeed), where Jacob and Laban set up a memorial stone-heap (Gen. 
xxxi. 45), saying. The Lord watch between us. Mizpah was the Hebrew form of the 
ancient name of the place. North of Mahanaim, on some hill-top. Jebel Oslia, near 
Es Salt ? The top is broad and flat — a fine place for an assembly ; and on the north 
slope is a ruin, called Jilad (Gilead). {Grove, in Smith's Diet.). 2. The land of 
Mispah. The Hivites of this land helped Jabin against the Israelites (Josh. xi. 3). 
3. The Valley of Mispeh. Where Joshua chased Jabin and his multitude (ver. 8). 
Coele-Syria, or Bukaa ? Perhaps the reference is to the Hauran, " eastward" from the 
waters of Merom. 4. lb. xv. 38. In the Shefelah. Tell es Safieh { Velcle). 5. A city 
of Benjamin (lb. xviii. 26), on Nehy Samwil, 4 miles N. W. of Jerusalem. Here the 
whole nation assembled to avenge the Levite (Judg. xx.) ; and to sacrifice before attack- 
ing the Philistines by order of Samuel (1 Sam. vii.) ; and again to elect Saul king (x.) ; 
the city of Gibeon was about a mile north of the hill ; and perhaps on this very height 
Solomon ofi'ered sacrifice, and was endowed with wisdom (1 Ki. iii. 4). It was fortified 
by Asa, who took the materials from Ramah, 3 miles N. E. Gedaliah, Nebuchadnezzar's 
governor, lived here when he was killed by the fanatic Ishmael (Jer. xl. 7, 8). After 
the destruction of the temple it was held as a holy place, where sacrifice was made 
(xli. 5) in a house of the Lord. This character continued as late as the time of the 
Maccabees (1 Mace. iii. 46). There is a village and a mosque (formerly a church) on 
the summit of JSfehy Samwil. The hill rises steeply 600 feet above the plain, and 
commands a very extensive view, especially eastward as far as Kerak in Moab, and 
westward to the Mediterranean. 6. Mizpeh of Moab (1 Sam. xxii. 3). Where 
David sought an asylum for his father and mother, with the king of Moab (among the 
relatives of Ruth ?). 

Miz'raim {the tivo Egypts). Egypt. (Gen. x. 6.) This name (not of a man but 
of a country) represents a centre from which colonies went out from the remotest 
antiquity. Egypt is now called Misr, in Arabic. (See Egypt.) 

Mo'ab {from father). Son of Lot, and founder of a tribe, located east of the 
Dead Sea (Gen. xix. 37), in the district once occupied by the Emims (Gen. xiv. 5; 
Deut. ii. 11). Zoar, the city of this tribe, was most probably northeast of the Dead Sea, 
from which the Amorites drove them, and which was given to Reuben. The whole 
region is undulating, without any high ridges or sudden hills, except near the Dead 
Sea and Jordan, is covered with sites of ruined towns, on every hill or other con- 
venient place, and its soil is rich. The country must, when prosperous, have presented 



134: GEOGRAPHY. 

a scene of plenty and happiness scarcely equalled. The Eoman roads have not en- 
tirely disappeared, on which there are still milestones of the time of Trajan, Marcus 
Aurelius, and Severus, with the numbers yet readable. The argument in favor of the 
truth of prophecy receives great strength from the consideration of the past and present 
condition of Moab, especially when it is known that the prophets spoke at the time of 
its greatest prosperity (Is. xv., xvi., xxv., b. c. 720 ; Jer. xlviii., b. c. 600), 12 years 
before the invasion of Nebuchadnezzar (chap, xxvii. 3) ; and the country was prom- 
ised to the Arabs of the east (Bedouins), who now occupy it (Ezek. xxv. 8-11). 
Sanballat, the Moabite (Horonite), was a chief among those who laughed the Jews to 
scorn, after their return from captivity, and when they attempted to rebuild the walls of 
Jerusalem (Neh. ii. 19). Manasseh, a son of Joiada, the high priest, married his 
daughter (xiii. 28), and became high priest of the Samaritans, in the temple built 
by his father-in-law on Mt. Gerizim (Josephus). The Moabites probably had a 
national record of events, from which the account of Balak and Balaam (Num. xxii.- 
xxiv.) was borrowed. Of Mesha, a king of Moab, an interesting relic has this last year 
been found by the Palestine Exploration (see Kir Haresh). 

Mo'din. The native city of the Maccabees, who were of the race of the priests 
(1 Mace. ii. 1, xiii. 25), where their ancestral sepulchre was located (Josephus, Ant. 
xiii. 6, 6 ; 1 Mace. xiii. 27-30, ii. 70, ix. 19). Here the resistance to Antioch was 
begun, by Mattathias ; and here the Jewish armies encamped on the eve of two of 
their most noted victories — that af Simon over Cendebeus (1 Mace. xvi. 4), and that 
of Judas over Eupator (2 Mace. xiii. 14). The site of Modin is located at Latrun, on 
the road from Jerusalem to Eamleh, 12 miles from the former, where there are ancient 
remains of importance (Bob.). 

Moladah. South, in Judah (Josh. xv. 26) ; given to Simeon. Keoccupied after 
the captivity (Neh. xi. 26). Herod retired to a tower in Malatha of Idumssa (Josephus). 
Et Milh is a ruin of great extent, with two large wells, and is on the regular road from 
Petra to Hebron. 

Mo'reh {a teacher). The Oak of Moreh (not plain), was the first halting- 
place of Abram in Canaan (Gen. xii. 6), and was near Shechem. (Land of Moriah?) 
The field which Jacob bought probably included this sacred grove. The name Mor- 
thia is found on some ancient coins as a title of Neapolis — Shechem. Josephus has a 
Mamortha, or Mabortha, which he says was a local native name (B. J. iv. 8. 1). The Hill 
of Bloreh. At the base of this hill the Midianites encamped on the night when Gideon 
attacked thom with his 300 (Judg. vii. 1). Now called Little Hermon or Jehel ed Dv.hy. 

Moresh'eth Gath {possessio7i of the ivine-press). (Micah, i. 14.) In the Shefelah, 
near Lachish. The prophet Micah was a native of a Moresheth, but whether this is 
the one is not certain. 

Mori'ah. Found only in two passages — Gen. xxii. 2, and 2 Chr. iii. 1. 1. The 
Ijand of Moriah (Gen. xxii. 2), was more than two days' journey from Gerar, where 
Abram then lived (Beerslieba being mentioned just before and just after the event of 
the journey), and probably in the same region with the oak of Moreh, Shechem. 
2. Mount Moriah would in that case be Mt. Gerizim, according to the tradition of 
the Samaritans; but it is said, in 2 Chron. iii. 1, that Solomon began to build the 
house of the Lord at Jerusalem, in mount Moriah. There must have been two moun- 
tains of that name, or the one at Jerusalem is the only one. This mount then has 
witnessed the ofiFered sacrifice of Isaac, the vision of God's judgment and mercy, the 
presence of his temple and worship, and the crucifixion. 



GEOGEAPHY. 135 

Mo'serah {bond). Station in the Arabah near Mt. Hor (Dent. x. 6). Moseroth 
{honcls), in Num. xxxiii. 30. Wady Mousa is supposed to be a remnant of the name 
Moserah. Aaron died while the people were encamped here. 

Mountain. The Hebrew words are liar, harer, or harar, and the Chaldee tur, 
which are translated mount, mountain, and hill. The yarious parts of a mountain 
were described by the names of parts of the human body. 1. Head (Rosh), Gen. viii. 
5, meaning tops or summits. 2. Ears (Aznoih), Josh. xix. 34; projections or spurs. 
Uzzen Sherah. 3. Shoulder (Catheph), Deut. xxxiii. 12, meaning side or slope. 
4. Side (Tsad), 1 Sam. xxiii. 26. 5. Loins (Cisloth), Josh. xix. 12. Ha-Cesulloth 
(Loins village). 6. Rib (Tsela), 2 Sam. xvi. 13. 7. Back (Shecem), the origin of the 
name Shechem, which is on the back of Gerizim. 8. Thigh (Jarcah), Judg. xix. 1, 18. 
9. In Chaldee, tur is mountain, and this is borrowed in the modern name of Olivet, 
Jebel et Tur. 

Mountain of the Ammonites (Deut. i. 19, 20). On the plateau of Et Tyh, from 
Jebel Araif en-NaJcali to Jehel el Mukrali, but is also extended in lower ranges as far 
as Hebron. 

Mo'zah {spring-head). Benjamin (Josh, xviii. 26), near Oephirah, the modern 
Kefir. 

Myn'dus. Between Miletus and Halicarnassus, the residence of Jews for con- 
venience in trade (1 Mace. xv. 23). Mentioned by Herodotus and Strabo for its ships 
and harbor. There is an ancient pier and other ruins at the site. 

My'ra. In Lycia, where Paul changed vessels on the way to Rome (Acts, xxvii. 
5). The city was on a hill, at the foot of which flowed a navigable stream, with a good 
harbor at its mouth (Pliny). There are ruins of various periods of its history ; — orna- 
mented tombs, with inscriptions in the Lycian character; a very large theatre, of the 
Greek age; and a Byzantine church. 

My'sia. Province in the K W. of Asia Minor, west of Bithynia, north of Eolis, 
or Lydia. It was celebrated for its corn and wine. Paul passed through it on his first 
journey (Acts, xvi. 7, 8). Assos and Adramyttium were in Mysia, but Troas was in- 
dependent. 

N. 

Na'amah. Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 41), in the group with Lachish, 
&c. Lost. Naam'athite (Job, ii. 11, &c.). Zophar, one of Job's friends, was from a 
Naamah, but it is supposed that it must be looked for in Arabia, where the Temanite 
and Shuhite, his other two friends, lived. Lost. 

Na'aran. An eastern limit of Ephraim (1 Chr. vii. 28. See Gezer). Naarath 
in Josh. xvi. 7. Perhaps Neara, from which Archelaus conducted water to irrigate 
the royal gardens at Jericho (Ant. xvii. 13, 1). It was between Ataroth and Jericho. 
There are large ruins at the foot of the hills, and, in the deep ravines a few miles north 
of Jericho, where there are also ruins, but no place has been pointed out as the site in 
question. Wady Nawaimeh, 3 miles N. of Jericho ? 

Na'chon's threshing-floor (2 Sam. vi. 6). Called also Chidon's (1 Chr. xiii. 
9) ; and after the sad event of Uzzah's death by the ark, it was named Perez Uzzah 
(perez, Iroken). (Ant. vii. 4, 2.) Between Kirjath Jearim and Jerusalem. 

Nadab'atha (1 Mace. ix. 37; Ant. xiii. 1, 4, Gabatha). From which the chil- 
dren of Jambi were escorting a bride with great pomp and music, when they were 



136 GEOGRAPHY. 

attacked by Jonathan and Simon. On the east of Jordan, near .E's 8alt? Josephus 
says the bride was the daughter of an illustrious Arabian. 

Nah'alol. In Zebulon (Josh. xxi. 35). Nahallal (error in xix. 15). Nahalol 
( Judg. i. 30). Malul, 4 miles west of Nazareth, in the plain of Esdraelon. 

Nah'aliel (torrent of God). One of the latest halting-places ; north of the Arnon 
(Num. xxi. 19). Wady Encheyle, a branch of the Mojih (Amon). 

Nain (pleasant). The scene of one of the greatest miracles of Jesus ; the raising 
of the widow's son (Luke, xii. 12). It is now a small village, of 20 huts, on a rocky 
slope, in the midst of extensive ruins of an ancient place, on the northwestern end of 
Little Hermon (Jebel ed Duhy). There are sepulchral caves along the steep eastern 
approach from the plain, and also on the other side of the town {Rob.). 

Na'ioth house of instruction). Where Samuel and his disciple lived (1 Sam. 
xix. 18, &c.). Where David fled for refuge from Saul. Samuel had a school here. 
Verse 20 is rendered by the Targum-Jonathan, " they saw the company of scribes sing- 
ing praises, and Samuel teaching, standing over them." As Naioth was in Eamah 
(ver. 19), it was probably a dwelling used for a school in the town of Eamah. 

Na'phish {refresliment). (1 Ohr. v. 19.) A tribe descended from the last but one 
of the sons of Ishmael; settled in the Hauran and Gilead; allies of Jetur (who was in 
Iturea). Traces of this tribe may be looked for in Arabia, for they were driven out by 
Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh. They were wealthy when dispossessed, having lost to the 
Israelites 50,000 camels, 250,000 sheep, and 2,000 asses. Ptolemy says the Agrcei Avere 
a people of N. Arabia. 

Naph'tali {niphtali — wrestled). 5th son of Jacob, second born of Bilhah (Gen. 
xxx. 8). He had four sons when Jacob went into Egypt (xlvi. 24). There is not a 
word said about him personally in the Scriptures. (See Twelve Tribes.) 

Mount ITaphtali. The high land of the district occupied by the tribe (Josh. xx. 7). 

Naphtuhixn. Called on the Egyptian monuments Na-Petu, the people of 
(Nine) Bows. The chief city of this nation (Napata) is now in ruins, on the island of 
Meroe, on the Upper Nile, where there are found pyramids, temples (one of Osiris and 
Ammon), sphynxes, and many beautiful sculptures. In the British Museum are two 
lions, sculptured in red granite, fine works of art, brought from this ruined city. 

Na'sor, the plain of. Near Kedesh Naphtali, the scene of a battle between 
Jonathan and Demetrius (1 Mace. xi. 67). Hazor. 

Naz'areth (the branch). First mentioned in Matt. ii. 23, or rather, in the order 
of time, in Luke, i. 26, as the scene of the Annunciation to Mary of the birth and 
character of Jesus (v. 31-33). Before this event the place was unknown to history, 
but since then its name has become a household word through- all the Christian world, 
equally reverenced with Bethlehem and Jerusalem. 

A low, undulating ridge of hills encloses the green plain that lies like a lake, with 
Nazareth built on one of its shores. The valley runs nearly east and west, is about a 
mile long, and a quarter of a mile wide : the hills vary in height from 100 to 500 feet 
above its level ; the highest, Neby Ismail, being 1800 feet above the ocean. The soil 
is rich, and well cultivated, producing a great variety of fruit, grain, vegetables, and 
flowers, which ripen early and in rare perfection. Population about 4,000, nearly all 
Christians (Latin and Greeks), except a few Arabs, and not one Jew. 

The parents of Jesus came here soon after their return from Egypt (Luke, ii. 39) ; 
and after the visit to the temple, when he was twelve years old, Jesus returned here 
with them (ii. 51) ; he grew up here to manhood (iv. 16) ; from here he went down to 



GEOGRAPHY. 



137 



Jordan to be baptized by John (Mark, i. 9 ; Matt. iii. 13) ; his first teaching in public 
was in its synagogue (xiii. 54) ; here he was first rejected (Luke, iv. 29) ; and Jesus of 
Nazareth was a part of the inscription on the cross (John, xix. 19). 

The view from the top of Neby Ismail is very extensive, and includes many inter- 
esting Scripture localities, being oue of the most noted in Palestine, combining the 
elements of the beautiful and the sublime. In the north are the white peaks of 
Lebanon, and Hermoti towering high above them, because nearer. Eastward, the 
Hauran, Gilead, Tabor, Little Hermon, and Gilboa. South, the Plain of Esdraelon, 
the hills of Samaria; and west, Carmel and the Mediterranean. The villages in the 
view are Cana, Nain, Endor, Jezreel, Taanach ; and many rums not yet identified. 




NAZARETH. 



The rock of this whole region is a soft white marl, easily crumbled; and there is 
probably not a house, or structure of any kind, nor even a loose stone, remaining 
of the time of Christ's residence here. Since the general features of hill and valley, 
fountains and water-courses, could not have greatly changed, we may accept the loca- 
tion of the "• steep place," near the Maronite Church, and the Fountain of the Virgin, 
as historical. A great many other localities are pointed out by the residents as tradi- 
tional sites of every event mentioned in the gospels as having occurred there, but they 
have no other interest than in so far as they recall the gospel narrative. 

Neah (the sliaJcing), Landmark on Zebulon's west border (Josh. xix. 13). El 
Ain, 3 miles N. W. of Nazareth. 

Neap'olis {7iew city). The first place visited by Paul in Macedonia (Acts, xvi. 
11). On a rocky promontory, in a wide and beautiful bay, stands the Turkish village 
Kavala (5,000 inhab.), in the midst of the ruins of the ancient city. There was an 
aqueduct for bringing water from a distance of 12 miles ; near the city, it passed a 
ravine over a double tier of arches, 80 feet above the brook below, in Eoman style, 
hewn and cemented ; fine sarcophagi, with inscriptions, of the age of Claudius, Ionic 
columns, and sculptured figures, besides foundations of ancient houses, &c., are wit- 
nesses of its ancient importance. 

2. SJiechem was also called Neapolis in Vespasian's time. 

3. The bishops of Neapolis in Arabia were present at the councils of Chalcedon 
and Constantinople ; a place now called Suleim, on Jebel Hauran (Porter, Damascus,* 
ii. 85). 

Nebai'oth, Nebaj'oth. Ishmael's first-born (Gen. xxv. 13). Esau married 



138 GEOGRAPHY. 

Mahalatb, the sister of Nebajoth (xxviii. 9). The country from the Euphrates to the 
Eed Sea was called, in Josephus' time, Nabatene (Ant, i. 13, 4; Gen. xxv. 18). They 
were called by the Arabs, Nabat (or Naheet), and were celebrated for their agriculture, 
astronomy, magic, and medicine, accounts of which have been recently discovered in 
some ancient books of theirs, written from 2500 to 600 b. c, consisting of a book of 
agriculture, one of poisons, the works of Tenkeloosha, the Babylonian, and the Book 
of the Secrets of the Sun and Moon ; all of which were translated, in a. d. 904, by Ibn 
Washiyeh {Keysee). The rock-temples of Petra, in Edom, were the works of this 
people, who thus are proved to have been a highly cultured race many ages before the 
Greeks. 

Neballat {secret folly). Benjamite town, after the captivity (Neh.xi. 34). Beit 
JSfehala, 4 miles K E. of Lydda {Roh). 

Nebo, Mount. From which Moses took his first and last view of the Promised 
Land (Deut. xxxii. 49) ; and where he died, and was buried in one of its ravines 
(xxxiv. 6). Located by Tristram {Land of Israel, 535) 3 miles S. W. of Heshbon; 
overlooking the mouth of the Jordan, over against Jericho, meeting every condition 
of the text. 

Nebo {project). Town, east of Jordan, on the Mishor, in Gad (Num. xxxii., 3, 
38) ; a ruin, 3 miles west of Heshbon, on the side of Wady Hesban. 2. In Benja- 
min, now called Beit Nuhah, 12 miles N. W. of Jerusalem, in Wady Mansur. The 
Crusaders built the Castle of Arnaldi here (Will, of Tyre, xiv, 3). 

Ne'iel {treasure of God). Landmark of Asher, now Miar, on a lofty height, 10 
miles N. W. of Nazareth (Josh. xix. 27). 

ITek'eb {cavern). On the north border of Naphtali (Judg. iv. 11). Lost. 

Nephto'ah, the vrater of. Landmark between Judah and Benjamin (Josh. 
XV. 9). Ai?L Lifta, 2|- miles N. W. of Jerusalem. Another fountain, Ain Yalo, in Wady 
el Werd {roses), is urged as the site by some, on account of the text in 1 Sam. x. 2. 

Net'ophah {a dropping). Peopled after the return from captivity (Ezra, ii. 22). 
Two of David's captains were natives of this place (2 Sam. xxiii. 28). At the dedica- 
tion of the wall built by Nehemiah, the singers were found residing in the villages of 
this people; so there were more than one town, perhaps a district, near Bethlehem. 
Seraiah {warrior of Jehovah), a native of this place, was an accomplice of Ishmael in 
the murder of Gedaliah (2 Ki. xxv. 23). Um Tuba, 2 miles N. E. of Bethlehem. Beit 
Nettif in the Wady Sumt, is mentioned in the Jewish traditions as famous for "oil of 
Netopha" {Eob.,\\. 17). 

Ne'zib (Josh. xv. 43). Beit Nusih, in the low, hilly district between Beit Jibrin 
and Hebron. There are ruins of a building, 120 by 30 feet, and a tower 60 feet square, 
of ancient massive masonry, besides broken columns. 

Nicop'olis {city of victory). Built by Augustus, in Epirus, on the site where 
his army encamped the night before the battle of Actium. The temple of Neptune 
Avas placed on the spot occupied by his own tent. Paul requested Titus (iii. 12) to 
come to him from Crete, or from Dalmatia (2 Tim. iv. 10), to Nicopolis. He also 
urged Timothy in the same manner (ver. 21). There are on the peninsula, northwest 
of the Buy of Actium {Gulf of Arta), ruins of a temple, a theatre, walls, and other 
structures, on the hill and the low marshy plain; now deserted. It is possible that 
Paul was arrested here, and taken to Rome for his final trial {Conybeare and Hoivson). 

Nile. The Hebrew names of the river were Shichor {black) ; Yeor {the river) ; 
Sihor, in Jer. ii. 18. The Sanscrit Nilah means dark blue ; and one of the upper 



GEOGRAPHY. 139 

branches of the river is now called the Blue Nile. The name Yeor is Egyptian, and 
is written aur on the monuments. It is also called Hapee mu {the abyss). Dr. Liv- 
ingstone's late accounts show this to be the longest river in the world ; rising in or 
beyond the lake Victoria Njanza, south of the equator, and emptying into the Medi- 
terranean at N. lat. 31° ; its course, running through 36 degrees, having been traced 
more than 2700 miles, while it is quite certain that it will be found to be 1000 miles 
longer. (The Amazon extends through 30 degrees, and the Missouri and Mississippi 
together about 35 degrees.) There are three chief branches: 1. The Blue {Balir el 
Azrak) drains Abyssinia, and brings down the alluvial soil which fertilizes Egypt. 

2. The White {Bahr el Abyad) joins the Blue at Khartoom, the capital of Soodan. 

3. The Atbara {black river), rises also in Abyssinia, and joins the Nile at the north 
point of the Island of Meroe. There are no tributaries below the Atbara. The stream 
is interrupted by several cataracts formed by granite projected up through the sand- 
stone of its bed. The first cataract is at the south boundary of Egypt (lat. 24°), the 
ancient Syene, now Assouan; the second, or Great Cataract, is in lat, 22°; the third 
in lat. 19° 45'; the fourth in lat. 18° 45'; and the fifth in 18° 20', 100 miles above the 
fourth. The river parts into several branches below the pyramids of Memphis and 
Cairo, and encloses the Delta. The ancients mention seven branches: 1. Pelusiac; 
2. Tanitic; 3. Mendesian ; 4. Bucolic (Damietta) ; 5. Sebennytic ; 6. Bolbytene 
(Eosetta) ; 7. Canopic (Is. xi. 15). The width, in its lower course, is from half a mile 
to a mile wide, where there are islands. The water is sweet, especially during the 
inundation, and quickly becomes clear by settling its sediment. As Egypt has no rain 
(Zech. xiv. 17-19), the river supplies water to the soil by its overflow. The annual 
rise is noticed at Khartoom in April, but is not visible in Lower Egypt before June, 
and continues until September. The prophet Amos refers to the inundation as a 
symbol of great power and utter desolation (viii. 8, ix. 5). Job was acquainted with 
the Nile floods, for the word that he uses in chap, xxviii., ver. 10, for rivers, is the 
plural of the name of the Nile, in the original. Jeremiah also uses it as a figure when 
speaking of Pharaoh Necho's army (xlvi.). Its waters abound in fish of many kinds 
(Num. xi. 5); but crocodiles (described minutely by Job, xli., and mentioned by Ezekiel, 
xxix. 3) are becoming very scarce, and are only found in Upper Egypt. The monu- 
ments and the ancient writers give accounts of the banks of the Nile as being bor- 
dered with flags, reeds, and flowers, especially the lotus, and full of wild-fowls. Now 
the banks are nearly bare, as prophesied by Isaiah (xix. 6, 7). The papyrus, which was 
used for making paper, and for boats (which were remarkable for their swiftness — Is. 
xviii. 2) has entirely disappeared, except in the marshes of the Delta. Ezekiel com- 
pares Pharaoh to a crocodile (great dragon) in the Nile, fearing no one (xxix. 1-5 ; 
whale, in xxxii. 2). Moses was exposed on its waters in a boat of papyrus (bulrushes, 
Ex. ii. 3) ; and it is said traditionally that Jesus lived on its banks, near Heliopolis ; 
and its name is associated with many other Bible characters, such as Absalom, Jacob, 
Joseph, Solomon (whose wife was a daughter of Pharaoh), besides the captive king of 
Judah, pictured on the walls of the temple at Karnac. See Memphis 

Nim'rah {pure water). In the "land of Jazer," afterward called Beth Nimrah 
(Num. xxxii. 3, 36) ; in the tribe of Gad. The name Nimrim {panthers) is found in 
several localities east of Jordan {Porter). Two miles east of the Jordan, on the road 
from Jericho to Es Salt, are ruins near copious fountains (Is. xv. 6 ; Jer. xlviii. 34). 
Eusebius says it was a village north of Zoar. If our location of Nimrah is correct, 
Zoar must have been north of the Dead Sea. 



140 GEOGRAPHY 

Nim'rod {the extremely impious rebel). Son of Cush (Gen. x. 8, 9). He estab- 
lished an empire in Shinar (Babylonia), the chief cities of which were Babel, Erech, 
Accad, and Calneh; and extended it northward oyer Assyria, including the cities 
Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah, and Resen. There is no authentic account of his life. 
The tales of Ctesias, and others, except that in the Bible, are guesses or inventions ; 
and of the great cities which he built very little has been known until within the last 
twenty-five years, when Layard exhumed the palaces, sculptures, and inscriptions of 

Nin^eveh {Nin-navali = Nin-town). The ancient capital of Assyria. First men- 
tioned in Gen. x. 11. The country was also called the land of Nimrod by Micah (v. 
6). Balaam prophesied the captivity of Israel by Assyria (Num. xxiv. 22), and Asaph 
sings of their alliance with Moab (Ps. Ixxxiii. 8). Jonah was sent to the city about 
800 B. c, and Nahum devotes the whole of his book to " the burden of Nineveh," about 
725 B. c. Isaiah says that Sennacherib resided in the city; and it was probably the 
scene of his death (Is. xxxvii. 37), while worshipping in the temple of Nisroch, his 
god. The last notice of it is by Zephaniah, b. c. 630 (ii. 13). Assyria is alluded to as 
having been destroyed, according to prophecy by Ezekiel (xxxi.), and Jeremiah omits 
it from his catalogue of all nations (xxv.). The city is not mentioned in the inscrip- 
tions of the Persian dynasty. Herodotus passed very near, if not over, the site of the 
city, about 200 years after its destruction, but does not mention it, except as having 
once been there. Xenophon, with his 10,000 Greeks, camped near the site (b. c. 401), 
but does not mention its name {Anah., iii. 4, 7), although he describes the mounds as 
they appear now. Alexander marched over the very place, and won a great victory at 
Arbela, in sight of it, but his historians make no note of it. The Emperor Claudius 
planted a colony there, and restored the name Nineve. Tacitus calls it Ninos, when 
taken by Meherdates. On the coins of Trajan it is Ninus, and on those of Maximinus 
it is Niniva ; Claudeopolis being added on both coins. Many relics of the Romans 
have been found; vases, sculptures, figures in bronze and marble, terra-cottas, and 
coins. The site was again deserted when Heraclius gained a victory over the Persians, 
A. D. 627. 

The Arabs named their fort, on the east bank of the Tigris, Ninawi (a. d. 637). 
The accounts of its immense extent are various, and not very reliable. Diodorus 
Siculus says the dimensions were (according as we estimate his figures, from 32 to 60, 
or even) 74 miles in circuit. The walls were 
100 feet high, and wide enough for three 
chariots to drive abreast ; flanked by 1500 
towers, each 200 feet high (accounts which 
have not yet been verified). Layard says: 
" If we take the four great mounds of Nim- 
rud, Koyunjik, Khorsabad, and Karamles, as 
the corners of a square, it will be found to 
agree pretty accurately with the 60 miles of 
Herodotus, which make the three days' jour- asstbian chariot. 

ney of Jonah." Within this space there are 
many mounds, and remains of pottery, bricks, &c. 

The name of Nineveh is found on the Egyptian monuments of the date of Thoth- 
nies III., about 1400 b. c. 

The first notice in modern times of the ruins were by Mr. Rich, in 1820, who 
brought to London a few bricks, with inscriptions, some cylinders, gemS, and other 




GEOGKAPHY. 



141 



remains. Layard next visited tiiem, in 1840; but Botta, a French consul at Mosul, 
found the first Assyrian monument, which was of value as a confirmation of Scrip- 
ture. It was soon followed by a great variety of works of art, in 1844, at Khorsabad, 
the results of which exploration are in the Assyrian room at the Louvre, Paris. The 
great work of disentombing the remains of ancient Nineveh was performed by Layard, 
from 1845 to 1850. 

The accounts of Layard's discoveries are published in minute detail, and fill 
volumes (see list of works consulted in this book), and will repay the time spent in 
reading them ; for, besides giving undoubted and truthful glimpses of antiquity, in 
almost every phase of society, they are as startling and exciting as the wildest romance, 
both in text and illustration. But far beyond these in value to us are their uses in 
confirmation of the Scriptures. 

Place and Fresnel discovered, at Khorsabad, 
colossal human-headed winged bulls, which were in 
groups on each 
side of great 
doorways ; be- 
sides other my- 

ONE SIBE OF A DOORWAY, KHORSABAD. & 




The most im- 
portant inscription that has been brought to 
light, is that on two of the human-headed bulls from 
Koyunjik (now in the British Museum), giving 
an account of Sennacherib ; his wars with Hez- 
ekiah, and the capture of Lachish, with pictures 
illustrating it. (See Lachish.) Nearly equal in 
value is the Black Obelisk of Nimroud — a piece of 
black marble, 6 feet 6 inches high, 1 foot 5^ inches 
square at the top, and 2 feet square at the bottom ; 
the upper half covered with five panels of figures, 
with inscriptions between each panel, and also 
many lines below the lower one: altogether 210 
lines. One side only is engraved here : the four 
may be seen in the work on " Nineveh and its 
Palaces," by Bonomi. The story may be inferred 
from the text in 2 Ki. xvii., xviii. 

The first panel, at the top, exhibits the king, 
attended by his eunuch, and a bearded officer 
(perhaps the returned conqueror) ; a captive kisses 
his foot, and two officers wait the king's orders. I 
The image of Baal, and a circle enclosing a star 
(the sun ?), are similar to those on the rocks at 
Nahr el Kelb. (See cut for inscription, page 10. 
position, are in the second panel. 




»"^j,/jfe,V 


'"'7^ 


i>-m= 


T^K 


^^ 


W 


W^ 






m 


y/z^ 


W 




4fe 




WMm 



['ei-^-oxu.^ -^ryw^ «ux >'5 • \i » 'f Kjjtnt 




NIMROUD OBELISK. 



The same images, reversed in 
One may mean morning, and the other evening ; 
and b\)th, with the figures in the other panels bringing and presenting tribute, indi- 
cate that the captives were so many and the tribute so vast that they consumed the 
whole day in their presentation. Some of the figures on the obelisk resemble those 
on the wall of the small temple of Kalabshe, who are enemies of Khamses II., and are 



142 



GEOGRAPHY. 



understood to represent Jews in both cases. The inscription, as interpreted by Rawlin- 
son, mentions the receiving bj the king of tribute from the cities of Tyre, Sidon, and 
Grubal, in his 21st year ; defeating the king of Ilamath, and twelve other kings of the 
upper and lower country (Canaan = lower). Dr. Hincks reads the names of Jehu, king 
of Israel, and dates the obelisk 875 B. c. Dr. Grotefend reads the names of Tiglath Pile- 
ser, Pul, and Shalmanassar, and refers to the accounts in Isaiah (xx.) and Nahum (iii.). 

Sargon's name was found in another inscription, with his title, Shalmaneser, and 
the account of the capture of Samaria (which in Assj^ian is Samarina). He carried 
off 27,280 families, and placed colonies, in their stead, of people from Assyria (2 Ki. 
xviii.). The king of Egypt is called .PIRHU (Pharaoh), and Heliopolis is Rabek 
(Ra — sun, bek — city). Ashdod, Jamnia, Ilamath, Bergea, Damascus, Bambyce, and 
Charchemish, are mentioned among his captures. He is also styled the conqueror of 
remote Judaea. He had a statue and inscription in his honor on the island of Cyprus. 
The son of this king was Sennacherib, who built Koyunjik; and in the great palace 
there were found inscriptions in honor of his capture of Babylon from Merodach 
Baladan (2 Ki. xx. 12 ; Is. xxxix. 1) ; and of Sidon, under King Lulij'a ; and of his 
expedition into Judaea, in which occur the names khazakiyahu (Hezekiah), ursa- 
LiMA (Jerusalem), and yahuda (Jews). The king of Pelusium is mentioned. The 
tribute of Hezekiah, as recorded, consisted of 30 talents of gold, 300 talents of silver, 
the vessels and ornaments of the temple, slaves, both boys and girls, maid-servants 
and men-servants, — confirming the Scripture account (2 Ki. xviii. 13-16). 

The tells or mounds (see Ezra, ii. 59 ; .Ezek. iii. 15 ; 2 Ki. xix. 12) which are 
scattered all over the region watered by the 
Euphrates and Tigris and their confluents, 
contain the remains of Assyrian, Babylonian, 
and Persian occupation. They vary in size 
from 50 to 150 feet high, and also much more 
in length, being from a few rods to several 
miles in extent. Those forming what is now 
called Nineveh are Koyimjiky which is 3,900 
feet long by 1500 wide and 96 high; Nehy 
Yunas (traditional tomb of Jonah), about 40 
acres in extent ; Kliorsahad, 6,000 feet square ; 
Selamieh, 410 acres; Niinrud, 1,000 acres: 
and in this group of mounds (called Nim- 
roud) there are indications of more than 100 
towers, at regular intervals. On the S. W. of 
this group there is a mound 2,100 feet by 
1200, with a cone at one corner (N. W.) 140 
feet high. 

A treasure-house of records, such as is 
alluded to by Ezra (v. 17, vi. 2), was found at 
Koyunjik, filled with the archives of the 
empire, written on tablets of terra-cotta, and 

in perfect order and preservation, piled from the floor to the ceiling, most of which 
were sent to the British Museum. 

No-A'mon {poptdous No). Nahum, iii. 8; Ezek. xxx. 14, 15. Identical with 
Thebes. Multitude of No (Jer. xlvi. 25). See Thebes. 




PLAN OF MOUNDS AT NINETEH. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



143 






Nob (high). David fled from Saul and came to Nob (1 Sam. xxi. 1), which was 
near Anathoth (Neh. xi. 32). There are on a conical hill, 2| miles N. of Jerusalem, 
traces of a small, but very ancient city — cisterns hewn in the rock, large hewn stones, 
and ruins of a small tower, be- 
sides other indications. From 
the summit, Zion is in plain 
view (Is. X. 32). 

No'bah (a larking). 
(See Kenath.) Most of the 
chief towns of the Hauran 
have traces of the architec- 
tural magnificence that Home 
lavished on her colonies. The 
tanks, bridges, and many 
houses are solidly built, and 
even at this late day nearly as good as new. 

Noph. Moph, Memphis. Is. xix. 13. 

No'phah (Mast). 




ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS AT NOBAH (KenaiVat). 



(See Memphis.) 
Only mentioned in the fragment of an ode, composed by the 
Amorites after their capture of Heshbon from the Moabites (Num. xxi. 30), and 
quoted by Moses. A city between Heshbon and Medeba. Lost. 



O. 



O'both (bottles). Encampment in Moab. Lost. (Num. xxi. 10.) 

Oci'na (Judith, ii. 28). Name for Accho. (See William of Tyre.) 

Odollam. Adullam. Beit Ula. 

Olives, Mount of (Zech. xiv. 4). "Before Jerusalem, on the east." Referred 
to as the "ascent of Olivet" in other places (2 Sam. xv. 30, &c.) in the Old Testament, 
and by various changes of the name in the New (Luke, xix. 29 ; Acts, i. 12). The 
first mention of the mount is at the time David fled over it, and the last is the 
triumphal progress of the Son of David over its slopes. That description, written, per- 
haps, over 2,500 years ago, is now a good one. It is near Jerusalem — a ravine between 
them— olive-trees (Neh. viii. 15; Mark, xi. 8), and gives a very distinct view of the 
temple site and the city from its summit, where there is now a chapel (2 Sam. xv. 23, 
32). Solomon built chapels for the worship of Ashtoreth, Chemosh, and Milcom, 
heathen divinities, on a part of Olivet called the "Mount of Corruption" (2 Ki. xxiii. 
13), which some believe to be the highest summit, where the chapel of the Ascension 
now stands: the same spot that Avas held sacred by David. 

Olivet is a ridge, 300 feet higher than the temple site, and a mile long, north and 
south, divided into three or four summits, which are named — commencing at the 
north — 1. Viri Galilasi ; 2. Ascension ; 3. Prophets ; and, 4. Offence. During the 
middle ages the mount was dotted all over with chapels, or monuments of some kind, 
marking the localities selected as the sites of interesting events recorded in Scripture; 
among which are the tombs of the Virgin, Joachim, and Anna, near Gethsemane (in 
which are the Cave of Christ's Prayer and Agony, the rock on which the three disciples 
slept, and the place of the capture of Christ; spot on which the Virgin witnessed the 
stoning of Stephen ; where her girdle dropped at the time of her Assumption ; where 



lU 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Jesus wept over the city (Luke, xix. 41) ; where Jesus first said the Lord's Prayer — (the 
Beatitudes were also pronounced here) ; where the woman taken in adultery was 
brought to him; Tombs of the Prophets (containing Haggai and Zechariah) ; cave in 
which the Apostles wrote the Creed ; where Christ spoke of the judgment to come ; 
Cave of St. Pelagia, and of Huldah, the prophetess; Place of the Ascension; where 
the Virgin was warned of her death by an angel ; spot from which the Apostles wit- 
nessed the Ascension (viri Galil£ei=men of Galilee); where the three Marys saw Jesus 
after his resurrection. All of these places on the side toward the city. On the slopes, 
south and east, the place of the barren fig-tree; Bethphage; Bethany (house of 
Lazarus, and the cave, or tomb) ; stone on which Christ sat when Mary and Martha 
saw him. Only three of these command our especial attention — Gethsemane, the place 
of the Lamentation, and the place of Ascension. (See Gethsemane.) Stanley says 
that the Lord's "triumphal entry" must have been on the road, not over the summit, 
but the longer and easier route round the south shoulder of the mount (between the 
summit called the Prophets and that called the Mt. of Corruption), which has the 
peculiarity of presenting two successive views of the city, just before and after passing 
a slight elevation in the path. Ezekiel mentions Olivet in his wonderful vision (xi. 
23) ; and Zechariah says of the Messiah, " His feet shall stand in that day (of the 
destruction of Jerusalem) on' the Mount of Olives" (xiv. 4). 

Jesus stood somewhere on its brow when lie predicted the overthrow of the city 
(Mark, xiii. 1). (See view on page 103.) 

On. Heliopolis. Bethshemesh (Jer.xliii. 13). Egyptian ha-ra 
(the viti/ of the sim). The Egyptian name was A.^. It was on the 
east bank of the Nile, 20 miles N. E. of Memphis; once the capital 
of the district. Joseph's wife was a daughter of a priest of On 
(Gen. xli. 45). The site is now marked by low mounds, enclosing 
a space about J of a mile each way, where once stood the temple of 
the sun and the city, only a solitary obelisk (70 feet high, and cov- j^ 

ered with hieroglyphics) being left of the former splendors of the 
place. The Emperor Augustus carried a great many works of art 
and an obelisk from this city to Eome; and Constantine adorned 
Constantinople from the same source. 

Ono {strong). Built by the sons of Elpaal. In Benjamin 
(1 Chr. viii. 12). Seven hundred and twenty-five of the people of 
Lod, Hadid, and Ono returned from Babylon (Ez. ii. 33). There 
was a plain near the city (Neh. vi. 2), where Nehemiah was invited 
five times to come to a village in it to meet Sanballat. Beit Ana, 
4i miles N. of Lud. ~ 1 

O'phel. A part of ancient Jerusalem, first mentioned as 
having its wall built "much" upon by Jotham (2 Chr. xxvii. 3). 
Manasseh enclosed it with a wall {ih. xxxiii. 14). It was near 
the water-gate (Neh. iii. 26), and a gi'eat corner-tower (v. 27). 
Josephus calls it Ophla (Ant, ix. 11, 2; B. J., ii. 17, 9). The 
prophet Micah (iv. 8) calls Ophel the daughter of Zion, which obblcsk at on. 

would indicate that Zion was the temple site, for Ophel is the hill 
south of the south wall of the temple. 2. The Ophel of 2 Kings, v. 24, which was 
the residence of the prophet Elisha, where Gehazi returned from begging a present 
from Naaman, was near Samaria. 



GEOGRAPHY. 145 

O'phir {dust — red dust f). In the Himyarite language qfir is red, and tlie people 
of Mahra call their country red, and the Eed Sea Bakr Ofir. Ophir was a region from 
which Solomon obtained gold in Tyrian ships, by the way of Eziongeber. It was in 
Arabia (Gen. x. 29), where several sons of Joktan settled, giving their names to 
regions or tribes. Sophir is the form of the name in the Septuagint and Josephus. 
The gold, silver, precious stones, ivory, apes, peacocks, and almug-wood are Indian 
articles, but may have been imported there. Jeremiah (x. 9) and Daniel (x., v.) say 
gold of UjjJiaz, probably meaning Ophir. On the shore of the Red Sea, in Arabia. 

Oph'rah {a faun). Two places of this name. 1. In Benjamin (Josh, xviii. 23), 
5 miles east of Bethel, now called Et Taiyibeh, a small village on a conical hill, con- 



OPHKAH. EPHRAIM. 



taining ancient ruins. Jesus retired to this obscure place, after the miracle of raising 
Lazarus, with his disciples (John, xi. 54). 2. In Manasseh, the native place of Gideon 
(Judg. vi. 11, viii. 27), and where he was buried. The prophet Micah calls it Aphrah 
{dust, i. 10). Lost. 

O'reb, the rock {the raven's crag.) (Judg. vii. 25 ; Is. x. 26.) Not far from 
Bethshemesh, on the east (or west) side of Jordan. The Jews have a tradition that 
the prophet Elijah was fed by the people of Oreb {ravens). (See Reland.) 

Ori'on. "God who made Arcturus, Orion, and the Pleiades" (Job, ix. 9, xxxviii. 
31, 32 ; Amos, v. 8). 

Ortho'sias. Described by Pliny (v. 17) as near Tripolis, south of the river 
Eleutherus (which was the northern boundary of Phoenicia), in a strong pass ; and a 
city of great importance, as commanding the route between Phoenicia and Syria. 
Tryphon fled there when besieged by Antiochus in Dora (1 Mace. xv. 37). The ruins 
are on the south bank of the Nahr el Barid {cold river). 



Fa'dan A'raxn. The family of the founder of the Jewish race settled here, with 
whom the descendants of Abraham married, as with an aristocratic people. (See 
Haran.) Padan is Arabic for field, or ploughed land. The wife of the heir of the 
promise was sought here ; and it was, probably, near Damascus, only a few days' jour- 
ney from where Abraham was living, and not many weeks' (or months') travel, far 
away in Mesopotamia. (Gen. xxviii., xxix.) 



146 GEOGRAPHY. 

Palesti'na, Palestine (Hebrew, Pelesheth). (Ex. xy. 14; Is. xiv. 29; Joel, iii. 
4 ; in Ps. Ix. 8, Philistia, which ^as a synonymous term at one time.) Palestine in 
the Scripture means Philistia only (which see). 

Famphylia. A province of Asia (Minor), on the south coast, bordering the 
same sea as, and west of Cilicia (Acts, xx. v. ii. 5). The sea is now called Adalia, from 
the ancient Attalia. The region was only 20 miles wide, inland, between Taurus and 
the sea. Paul here first entered Asia, haying just left Cyprus, landing at Perga (Acts, 
xiii. 13), where John Mark left him and Barnabas. The language seems, from 
Luke's account (Acts, ii. 10), to have been corrupted to some local dialect. The 
region is now thinly peopled, with a few towns along the coast, in the midst of fine 
orchards, surrounded by fertile fields. Kuins here and there mark ancient sites. 

Paneas. (See Caesarea Philippi.) 

Paphos. In Cyprus, at the west end of the island (Salamis being at the east 
end, and a road between) ; the seat of the Eoman governor, Sergius Paulus, who "be- 
lieved" after hearing Paul and Barnabas (Acts, xiii. 12). Elymus {magician, sorcerer) 
was struck with blindness (for a season), as a punishment for deceiving people with 
his magic. They had a fine temple in honor of Aphrodite (Venus), who was wor- 
shipped, and was fabled to have risen from the sea at this place (Homer, Od. viii. 362). 
The temple was at a place now called Ktthlia, some distance from the new town called 
Baffa. 

Pa'rah [coio). Five miles N. E. of Jerusalem. The name is continued in Wady 
Farali (mouse), the Arabs keeping the sound only of the ancient name, as they have 
done in many other cases. Dr. Barclay claims this wady for the ancient locality of 
.SInon, where John was baptizing; for there is a large intermitting fountain there 
(John, iii. 23 ; City of the Great King, 558). Khurbet Farah {ruin of) lies on the 
fork between Wady Tuwar and Wady Farah. (Josh, xviii. 23.) 

Pa'ran {place of caves). JSTame of a mountain and a wilderness. The mountain 
is only mentioned in two poetical passages (Deut. xxxiii. 2; Hab. iii. 3). This name 
is preserved in Wady Feiran {faran), in Sinai; and the mountain is probably that 
now called Serbal, one of the grandest in the region {Bartlett, Forty Days; Stanley). 
The wilderness is described minutely in the Scriptures; and had Palestine on the 
north, Arabah on the east, and Sinai on the south ; corresponding to the desert Et 
Tyli {the meandering) of the present. (See Geology.) This region is not a desert, or a 
wilderness, but is called by the Hebrews Midhar {pasture-land). 

Par'bar. (1 Chr. xxvi. 18.) An open porch, or some structure on the west side 
of the temple court. 

Par'thia (Acts, ii. 9). The Parthians here meant were Jews only, who were 
present at Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost. Originally it was a small mountainous 
district N. E. of Media, between Aria and Hyrcania, but afterward included a large 
district. The country is mountainous, climate pleasant, soil fertile, well watered by 
many small streams (which do not reach the seas, but are absorbed in the ground), 
and has many ruins of ancient cities, such as Ctesiphon, Akker-kuf, El Hammam, and 
Takt-i-Bostan, some of the most remarkable Oriental remains, which are evidence of 
a former state of prosperity and wealth. It is now a part of Persia. The first known 
of this Scythian people is of the time of Darius Hystaspis ; although it is supposed 
that Cyrus annexed their territory to his empire (b. c. 550). They were in Xerxes' 
great army in Greece. Alexander gave their country to Eumenes. The Parthian 
Empire began under Arsaces, B. c. 256, and extended from the Tigris to India, and 



GEOGRAPHY. 



147 



from the Chorasmian desert to the Southern Ocean. It was the only power that 
opposed Eome with final success. The Eoman general Crassus was defeated by them 
at Carrhae (Harran). (i?. K. Porter,) 

Parva'im. From whence gold was brought for the ornamentation of the temple 
(2 Ohr. iii. 6). The Sephar of Gen. x. 30, which was a mountain, and probably the 
same as Ophir. Others hold that Parvaim means Eastern, as the modern Levant does, 
and therefore say that the text means only eastern gold. Pliny mentions a Barbatia 
on the Tigris (vi. 32). 

Pas-dain'iniin {hand of confusion). Ephes Dammim (1 Chr. xi. 13). Where 
a fierce conflict with the Philistines occurred. Damun is a ruin, 3 miles east of Socho, 
but it is not identified beyond dispute. 

Pat'ara. The seaport of Xanthus, near the coast, in Lycia. It was deyoted to 
the worship of Apollo (Hor., Odes, iii. 4, 64), and the coins of the district exhibit 
traces of the respect paid to the divinity. Some of the ruins — among which are a 
triple arch of a gate of the city, and a ruined theatre, baths, temples, &c. — indicate a 
once populous and important city; such as it probably was at the time of Paul's visit 
(Acts, xxi. 1, 2), when it was an emporium of commerce between the east and west 
coasts of the Levant (see Livy, xxxvii. 16 ; Beaiforfs Karamania, Ionian Ant. of the 
Dilettanti Soc, and Felloius). 

Path'ros. A district in Egypt, and a Mizraite tribe. 

Pat'mos (Rev. i. 9). A rocky island, south of Samos — one of the Sporades, in 
the Icarian Sea, a part of the ^gean Sea — 15 miles around; divided almost in two by 
a narrow isthmus, on the east side of which are ih.Q town and harbor; and near them, 
on a hill, to the south, is the monastery of "St. John the Divine" (built by Alexius 
Comnenus). lu the library of this church are many ancient MSS., two of which con- 
tain an account of John after the Ascension. There are no forest-trees, but many 
flowering shrubs and plants. Walnut and fruit trees are grown in orchards ; and the 
wine is famous for its strength and flavor. Now called Patina, and Palmosa. Pop., 
4,000. (See Patmos and the Seven Churches.) 

Pen'iel, Penuel (face of El — God). (Gen. xxxii. 30.) Where Jacob wrestled 
with a man, who changed Jacob's name to Israel. It does not appear again until 
after 500 years, when Gideon, on his way from Succoth, on the Jordan, chasing Zeba 
and Zalmunna, being faint from want of food, asked the people of this place for bread 
for his soldiers, and was denied (Judg. viii. 8). He destroyed the tower of the city on 
his return (ver. 17). Jeroboam rebuilt the place (1 Ki. xii. 25). It has never been 
mentioned since, and is now lost. 

Pe'or {the opening). A mountain in Moab, from the top of which Balaam saw 
Israel encamped in the plain below (Num. xxiii. 28). There was a shrine, or holy high 
place, on the summit, and the town of Beth Peor at its foot (Deut. iii. 29). Baal Peor 
was named from this mountain. 2. There is a Beit Faghur, 5 miles S. W. of Beth- 
lehem, in Wady Biar ; which is included in the list of towns in Judah, in the Septua* 
gint, as Phagor (Josh. xv. 59). 

Pera'zim, mount {of divisions). Isaiah refers to it in his warning of the divine 
vengeance which was threatened (xxviii. 21). It must have been on some of the 
heights bordering the plain of Rephaim; and on its top a high place to Baal (Baal 
Perazim, 2 Sam. v. 20). 

Perez-Uzzah (Uzzah — hrohen). (See Nachon's threshing-floor.) 

Per'ga. The ancient capital of Pamphy"'ja, n the river Cestrns, 7 miles from 



148 GEOGKAPHY. 

tlie sea. Diana (Artemis) was worshipped there, in a fine temple near the town. The 
coins of the city bear figures of Diana and the temple. Paul landed here from Paphos 
(Acts, xiii. 13), and visited the city a second time on his return from the interior (xiv. 
25). When Pamphylia was divided, Perga was made the capital of one section, and 
Side of the other. Called by the Turks Eshi-Kalessi. 

Per'gamos. In Mysia, 3 miles N. of the ancient Caicus. (See Seven Churches.) 

Persep'olis. The capital of Persia, and partly burnt by Alexander, the temples 
— built of stone — only escaping. Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to capture and 
rob the temples, but was defeated (1 Mace. vi. 1, 2 ; 2 Mace. ix. 2). This city has 
been supposed to be identical with Pasargadae, the capital of Cyrus ; but that city was 
42 miles N. of Persepolis, at a place now called Murgauh, where there is shown a tomb 
of Cyrus. The site of Persepolis is called Chehl-Minar (/or^yj»i7Zar5, or mm^rcif^), 
from the remaining pillars of the palace built by Darius and Xerxes. ^Nanea (Diana, 
Artemis, Aphrodite) was the moon-goddess of the Persians, and had a temple in her 
honor, rich in gold shields, breastplates, and coverings of gold, and great treasures. 
The ruins of the palace now cover the platform, which is 350 by 380, and 30 feet above 
the plain. A stairway of marble leading up to this platform is peculiar in having the 
rise only 3 or 4 inches for each step, with a tread of 14 inches, and the side-approaches 
decorated with sculpture. The ruins here show such parts of buildings as have 
entirely disappeared from the remains in Assyria, such as gates, columns, window- 
frames, staircases, &c., and giving a new style of column — very tall and slender. Pa- 
sargadae was the ancient, and Persepolis the later capital of 

Per'sia. The province of Pars — Farsistan ; is now not very large ; and north of 
the Persian Gulf. The ancient empire extended north to Media, south to the Persian 
Gulf, east to Caramania, and west to Susi- 
ana; and in its greatest prosperity, from 
India to Egypt and Thrace (Ezek. xxxviii. 5). 
The north country is mountainous, with 
very few valleys or plains, but many very 
picturesque, and generally fertile, among 
which is the famous Shiraz of Arabian 
poetry. That part bordering the Gulf is 
sandy, like Arabia, and not very productive. 

The original religion was simple; re- peksian warriors. ^Persepolis.) 

quired temples, but neither altars, images, 

nor priests, and was based on a belief in the double nature of the infinite power, 
good and evil (Ormuzd and Ahriman), which was symbolized by light and darkness. 
Sacrifice was not practised. Magianism and fire-worship mingled with, and almost 
superseded the ancient faith (Gomates, a Magian, became emperor, or Shah, b. c. 522), 
and the worship grew more and more complicated until the empire was destroyed. 
The Ahasuerus of Esther is probably Xerxes, the son of Darius, by Atossa, the 
daughter of Cyrus, the founder of the empire. The marriage with Esther is supposed 
to have taken place in the seventh year of his reign, the year after his flight from 
defeat in Greece. Artaxerxes, his son, is mentioned by Ezra (vii. 11-28) and Nehe- 
miah (who was the king's cup-bearer, ii. 1-9) as friendly to the Jews ; and he is the 
last but one of the Persian kings mentioned in Scripture. The last was Darius the 
Persian (Neh. xii. 22). 

Phar'par (swift). One of the two rivers mentioned by Naaman, as rivers of 




GEOGRAPHY. 149 

Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel (2 Ki. v. 12). The Atoaj is divided from 
the Barada (see Abana) by the ridge of the Jcbel Aswad, which is nowhere less than 
8 miles wide. It has two sources in the S. E. slopes of Hermon — one near the village 
of Arny, and the other near Beit Jenn, the two streams uniting below Sasa — and 
empties into the Hijaneh, the most southerly of the lakes east of Damascus. There 
are nearly 50 villages in its course, containing about 18,000 people {Porter, Five Years 
in Damascus). 

Phar'athoni (1 Mace. ix. 50). In the south of Judasa ? Lost. 

Phaselis. In Lycia, near Pamphylia, on the coast. It was a city of importance 
in the 6th century B. c, but became a resort of pirates. It was a convenient port, on 
account of the lofty mountain Solyma (8,000 feet), which was only 4 miles back of the 
city, affording a landmark for sailors. Homer mentions the Solyma range in the 
Odyssey. The Romans broke up the pirates' stronghold, under Publius Servilius 
Isauricus, B. c. 75, and Pompey. The Romans required all their allies to deliver up 
to Simon, the high-priest, all Jewish exiles, naming this city among others (1 Mace. 
XV. 23). 

Phe'nice. Phoenix {tlie date-palm). Town on the south coast of Crete, now 
called Lutro. Paul was on the way there from Fair Havens when the storm drove 
the vessel into Adria (Acts, xxvii. 12). The White Mountains rise 9,000 feet near the 
bay, which is a safe harbor in winter. 

Philaderphia. In Lydia, near Phrygia. (See Seven Churches.) There is a 
village on the ancient site called Allah Shehr — " City of God." 

Philip 'pi. In Macedonia, 9 miles from the sea, .on the banks of the deep, rapid 
stream Gangites {now Angista). Paul says: "On the Sabbath we went out of the city 
by the river-side, where prayer was wont to be made" (Acts, xvi. 13). The ancient 
walls can be traced along the course of the river; and there are remains of a gate 
leading to a bridge across the stream. Philippi was a Roman military colony, origin- 
ally named Krenides {springs), or Datum; and the Jews were probably not permitted 
to worship inside of the walls. A ridge, 1600 feet high, behind the city, divided a 
broad plain from the bay and town of Neapolis, which was in Thrace. The mines 
produced 1000 talents of gold a year, from which Philip's coins were made (see Coin, 
in Macedonia). The Via Egnatia passed through it. The ruins of the city are very 
extensive, but the place is not inhabited. 

The famous battle which ended the Roman Republic was fought on this plain, 
near Philippi, between armies led by Octavius Caesar and Marc Antony on one side, 
and on the other by Brutus and Cassius, who were defeated with their republican 
forces (b. c. 42). 

Paul visited the city a third time (Acts, xx. 6), where he remained, in company 
with Silas, for some time. The church at Philippi were friendly to Paul, and sent 
him help frequently (Phil. iv. 10, 15, 18; 2 Cor. xi. 9; 1 Thess. ii. 2), for which, and 
their other kindnesses, he wrote them an Epistle from Rome. 

Philis'tia {emigraiit). Palestine (Ps. Ix. 8). A region extending from Joppa 
40 miles south to Gerar, being 10 miles wide at the north and 20 at the south, and 
generally called Shefelah m the Scriptures. The prophets describe the people as the 
Philistines from Caphtor (Amos, ix. 7), the remnant of the maritime district (Jer. 
xlvii. 4) ; and Moses as the Caphtorim that came out of Caphtor (Dent. ii. 23) and 
drove out the Avim. This would require us to read Gen. x. 14, "and Caphtorim, 
whence came Philistim." (See Caphtor.) The most reasonable supposition seems to 



150 



GEOGKAPHT. 



be that Philistia was settled by emigrants from Egypt, dating from the time of Ame- 
noph, B. c. 1970, up to the time of the Judges in Israel, b. c. 1200. 

Since we have only ten or twelve words remaining out of their language, and 
these, it may be, affected by contact with the Hebrew forms, it is impossible to deter- 
mine their origin as a race. They came after the Canaanites (Gen. x. 19), who once 
occupied as far as Gaza and Gerar. Abimelech was king of the Philistines in Abra- 
ham's time. Moses avoided them on account of their strength ; and Joshua found 
a confederacy of five cities — Gaza, Gath, Askelon, Ashdod, and Ekron — ruled by 
princes, with whom he did not go to war. The first victory over them is recorded of 
Shamgar, who killed 600 with an ox-goad. They carried off the sacred ark, after the 
battle of Aphek, and only restored it in David's time, when their territory was added 
to the kingdom of Judah ; and the great king made Ittai, a man of Gath, captain of 
his body-guard, who were Philistines (2 Sam. xv.). For the location of the chief city 
of Philistia, see Gath. 

Their religion was similar to that of Phcenicia — nature-worship. Their name for 
God was Elohim ; but they had other special divinities, such as Dagon, Derketo, Baal 
Zebub, and Ashtoreth, whose images were carried with them on their campaigns, be- 
sides charms which they wore on their persons (2 Mace. xii. 40). Josephus speaks of 
a council of 500 rulers at Gaza (Ant., xiii. 13, 3). Baal was a union of human (the 
head) and fishlike forms. Oracles, priests, sorcerers, altars, temples, &c., were scattered 
all over the land. 

Phoenicia, Phoenice {pJioinix— palm-tree), Phoinos, purple, is another deriva- 
tion of the name. Phoenix, the son of Agenor, and brother of Cadmus, is also hon- 
ored as the source. This was the Greek name, while 
the native name was kei^aai^, as may be seen on a 
coin of Laodicea, of the time of Antiochus Epiph- 
anes ; and from them — the strongest race — the 
country was called by the Hebrews the Land of 
Canaan. The country extended from the Ladder of 
Tyre, or rather the Eas el Abyad ( White Cape), to 
the Nalir- el Auly, above Sidon, 28 miles ; with a 
width at Sidon of two miles, and at Tyre of five ; and 
was called by Josephus the great plain of Sidon 
(Ant., v. 3, 1). Sidon and Tyre were 20 miles apart. 
(See Sidon and Tyre.) Sarepta was a colony of 
Sidon, 8 miles south ; and Tj^re was either a colony 

of Sidon, or received the honor of a change of the chief rule to it, after the war with the 
Philistines, because it was a stronger place than Sidon. Perhaps, at this time, the 
island was fortified. There were also colonies in Cyprus, the Grecian Isles, Lybia, and 
in Spain. Phoenicia was extended, in later times, north to the island of Aradus, and 
Antaradus, the boundary being the river Eleutherus, making a coast of 120 miles. 
Beirut is now the chief, and almost the only port of this region. Gebal was anciently 
famous for its ship-builders, sailors (Ezek. xxvii. 9), and workers in stone. Tripolis 
(now Taralulus) was colonized in three distinct districts, a few rods apart, each walled 
in, and named after the cities from whence the emigrants came — Tyre, Sidon, and 
Aradus. Aradus (Arvad, Gen. x. 18) was on a small island, colonized from Sidon. 
Massive ruins are still standing there. Carthage, in Africa, was its most famous colony. 
(For rivers, &c., see Lebanon.) 




SHIP FROM POMPEU. 



GEOGBAPHT. 



151 



The language was Semitic (that is, from Shem) ; to which family belong the 
Arabic, Aramaic, and the Hebrew, which are as nearly allied as are English and Ger- 
man. No other language was so widely spread, because of their mariners and colonists. 
The Grreeks gave the honor of the invention of letters to the Phoenicians, having first 




received 16 letters from Cadmus {eastern or oldest). (See Alphabets.) The letters 
are supposed to have been originally rude pictures, in outline, of natural objects, as — 
Aleph, an ox's head; Beth, a house; Gimel, a camel (the hump-back); Daleth, the 
tent-door; Lamed, an ox-goad; Ajin, an eye; Caph, the back of the head; Eeish, 
the head ; and Tau, a cross. The Egyptian phonetic characters were made on the 
same principle. The names of the Greek letters which end in a, are Aramaic in form. 
The religion was a nature-worship, recognizing male and female powers ; whose 
symbols were the sun, moon, and planets (7), which has been said to have been the 
most complete and beautiful form of idolatry ever devised. This system always had 
an influence over the Hebrews, more or less in different ages, recommended to the sim- 
ple pastoral Jews by the wealth and polished manners of the commercial Phoenicians. 
Solomon paid his respect to King Hiram by making shrines to his gods on Olivet, 
and his successors permitted houses to be built near the temple for idolatrous prac- 
tices (2 Ki. xxiii. 7). The worst feature of the system was the sacrifice of children to 
the god Molech. The colonies of Phoenicia also inherited this dreadful superstition, 
for we read that when Carthage was besieged by Agathocles, there were offered as burnt 
sacrifices to the god Saturn (the planet), at the puUic expense, 200 boys of the aristoc- 
racy; and when they had gained a victory, the most beautiful captives were sacrificed 
in the same manner (Diod. xx. 14, 65). The worship of Astarte also tended to break 
down the restraints of virtue between the sexes, and to solemnize the most abominable 
practices. Twice were a large number of the priests of Baal destroyed by a reformer in 
Israel ; by Elijah, who killed 450 on Mt. Carmel, and by Jehu, who gathered all the 
Baal worshippers in Israel, and in true Oriental style gave each one a garment for the 
grand occasion, and then killed every one, and burned the images and destroyed 
the temple of Baal (2 Ki. x. 18-28). The Phoenicians believed in the development 
theory, that the first created beings were without intellect, and progressed from one 



152 GEOGRAPHY. 

LCage to another up to man (Sanchoniathon). Melchisedec was of this race and faith, 
worshipping Elyon, called their most high god ; but Abraham worshipped Jehovah, the 
Lord (Gen. xiv. 22). 

The country has always had a great many tribes, each holding to its peculiar 
religion, and they now live together, but separate, without friendship or mutual trust, 
suspecting and hating every other faith but their own ; and this want of common union 
is the great obstacle to progress as a people. 

There is a hopeful future for this people, for which the American mission is pre- 
paring the way, quickening a desire and taste for education among the young of all 
classes, and of every faith, and meeting these new demands with schools of the best 
grades, good books, and qualified, earnest teachers. The material progress of the 
country will follow the advance in its moral elevation, as is the case in all other lands. 
The population is stated by Thomjjson (Land and Book, i. 246) to be less than two 
millions, divided among Moslems, the rulers (800,000), Kurds (50,000), N"usariyeh 
(Arabs, 150,000), Yezidy and Gipsies (20,000), Druses (100,000), Jews (25,000), Maronites 
(200,000), Greeks (150,000), Armenians (20,000), Jacobites (15,000), Eomanists 
(80,000), and a few Protestants from England, Scotland, and America, besides the roving 
tribes of Arabs who cannot be counted, or even estimated. The cities have a popula- 
tion of all classes, numbering in Tripoli 18,000, Beirut 50,000, Tyre 35,000, Acre 5,000, 
Khaifa 3,000, and . Deir el Kamar, the Druse .capital, 7,000 ; besides which there is a 
great number of small villages. 

Phry'gia. Asia Minor. Inland, south of Bithynia and Galatia, west of Cappado- 
cia and Lycaonia, north of Lycia and Pisidia, and east of Caria, Lydia, and Mysia. 
The empire once included nearly all Asia Minor. The surface is level, with few ridges, 
and very productive of corn, fruit, wine, cattle, sheep, and horses. Laodicea, Hierap- 
olis, and Colossae (and perhaps Antioch) were the chief cities, mentioned in the New 
Testament. 

Pi-bes'eth (Eg3^ptian bahest). Bubastis is the Greek form. On the Pelusiac 
branch of the Nile. Called also Bubastile, and named from the goddess whom the Greeks 
identified with Artemis (Coptic pascht). The city was built on an artificial elevation, 
raised by criminals (chiefly), from the mud taken from the canals leading from this 
place to Suez. Pascht was the goddess of fire, and had a grand temple in her honor, 
to which multitudes flocked yearly on pilgrimage. Herodotus describes the city very 
minutely (ii. 5-9). The only remains are a few stones of the finest red granite and 
heaps of broken pottery, mud banks, &c. When Ezekiel prophesied its destruction it 
was in its period of greatest prosperity (xxx. 17). 

Pi-hahi'roth {mouth of the caverns, or if Egyptian, where sedge groivs). Near 
Suez, a camping-place during the Exodus (xiv. 2, 9). There is a place there now 
called Ghuiueibet el boos (the bed of reeds). 

Pinnacle (Matt. iv. 5). Some high part of the temple, or of the courts or wings 
belonging to it. Josephus says Herod built the royal gallery on the south part, from 
the top of which if any one looked down, he would become dizzy (Wars, v. 5, 4 ; Ant. 
XV. 11, 5, XX. 9, 7). Late explorations have discovered the actual height of the founda- 
tion wall to be about 150 feet, and the temple buildings must have been 50 to 75 feet 
more ; making over 200 feet (287 feet — Barclay, City of Great King, 251). Eusebius says 
that James, brother of Jesus, was precipitated from this height. 

Pir'athon. Where Abdon was buried, in the land of Ephraim (Judg. xii. 13, 15). 
Benaiah, one of David's captains, was from this city (2 Sam. xxiii. 30). Now called 



GEOGKAPHY. 153 

Ferata, 6 miles S. "W. of Shechem, in Wada Aly, near the foot of the mountain Shekh 
Abraham {Boh. iii. 134). 

Pis'gah {to divide — i. e. isolated peak). Mountain in Moab (Deut. iii. 17, xxxiv. 
1 ; Josh. xii. 3, xiii. 20). Although minutely described in the Scriptures, yet it has 
been diflScult to locate. The present explanation of the matter is, that Abarim was 
the name of the range ; Nebo one of the peaks ; and Pisgah the top of Nebo. The 
passage would then read, " Moses went up to Mount Nebo, to the top of the hill." (See 
Nebo.) The name Eas el Feshkah (the same as Pisgah) must have been transferred 
across the Dead Sea, as well as the name of the Jebel Mousa, S. E. of Bethany. 

Pisid'ia. In Asia Minor, south of Phrygia, east of Lydia, west of Cilicia, and 
north of Pamphylia. It is mountainous, but has many fertile plains and valleys. The 
scenery is wild and grand (some cliffs rising 1000 feet over a foaming torrent) ; height- 
ened by forests of oak, pine, and other trees, orchards of fruit-trees, and vineyards. 
Its people in the time that Paul travelled through it were warlike highlanders, and prob- 
ably exposed the Apostle to the " perils of robbers" that he mentions. Antioch was 
in Pisidia, though on the border of Phrygia. 

Pi'thom. One of the store-cities built by the Israelites in Egypt, for the first 
oppressor (Ex. i. 11). Patumos of Herodotus (ii. 158). Now called Alhaseh, at the 
entrance of Wady Fumilat, on the line of the ancient canal to the Eed Sea. 

Plain. Eight different Hebrew words are translated by this one word plain, in 
our version. 1. abel {meadow — see Abel). 2. bika {to cleave, a valley). The valley 
between the two ranges of Lebanon is now called Buka (see Lebanon). The same 
word is used to describe the plain on which the image was set up in tlie plain of Dura 
(Dan. iii). 3. hak-kikkar (ciccar), {to move in a circle, as a coin or a loaf), the plain 
around Jericho (Gen. xiii. 10). 4. ham-MISHOR {even place, plain). In Deut. iii. 10, 
it refers to the region now called El BeXka, the high level table-lands (of Moab) east 
of the Dead Sea. 5. ha- Arab ah {dry region), the peculiar name of the valley of the 
Jordan. 6. ha-shefelah (« Zoz(;^;/«m), the name of the Plain of Philistia. 7. ELOif 
{oak, or grove of oaks). The mistranslation loses much of the beauty and force of the 
original, as may be seen by correcting the reading in Gen. xii. 6, to oak or grove of 
Moreh ; and the same in Deut. xi. 30 ; in Gen. xiii. 18, to oak grove of Mamre ; in Judg. 
iv. 11, to grove of the wanderers (Zaanaim — wanderers), (where Bedouins pitch their 
tents ? ) ; in Judg. ix. 6, to the oak of the covenant, or monumental oak (The Charter 
Oak, Boston Elm, and Penn's treaty Elm, are instances in our country) ; in ver. 37, to 
grove of Meonenim (magicians) ; and in 1 Sam. x. 3, to oak or grove of Tabor. 8. 
EMEK {valley), applied to the Plain of Esdraelon and other valleys or plains, as Achor, 
Ajalon. Baca, Berachah, Bethrehob, Elah, Gibeon, Hebron, Jehoshaphat, Keziz, 
Rephaim, Shaveh, Siddim, and Succoth, besides the valley of "decision" in Joel, iii. 14. 

Potter's Field. Bought by the priests with the bribe of 30 pieces given to 
Judas (Matt, xxvii. 7). Aceldama. 

Ptol'emais. Ptolemy's city. Accho, Acre. (1 Mace. v. 15, 55, x. 1, 58, 60, 
xii. 48 ; Acts, xxi. 7.) 

Pute'oli. Eight miles N. W. of Naples, on the shore; once called the Bay of 
Cumae (see Virgil), and also Puteolanus. It was a famous watering-place, on account 
of its many warm springs. Ships landed cargoes of corn and also passeugers from the 
Levant at this the best harbor near Rome. The harbor was protected by a mole, the 
ruins of which are still to be seen. Scipio sailed from this port to Spain ; Cicero had a 
villa in the vicinity, and Hadrian was buried near. Now called Puzzuoli. 



154 



GEOGRAPHY. 




BUINS OF AMMAN. 



R. 

Ra'amah. Fourth son of Gush (Gen. x. 7). Settled on the Persian Grulf (prob- 
ably where we find Sheba, on the island Bahreyn), and renowned in EzekieFs time as 
trading with Tyre (Ezek. xxvii. 22) in spices, precious stones, and gold. 

Rab'bah {great7ies^). Several places of this name. 1. (Deut. iii. 11), a very 
strong place east of Jordan ; almost the only city of the Ammonites. This may have 
been the city of the Zuzims, in Ham 
(Gen. xiv. 5). The sarcophagus of the 
giant Og was here (Deut. iii. 11). The 
extensive ruins of Eabbah, now called 
Amman, are found on both sides of a 
perennial stream, the banks and bed also 
being paved through the city, about 19 
miles southeast of Es Salt, and 22 miles 
from the Jordan, in a long valley, a 
branch of the Wady Zerka. The theatre 
is very large, and well preserved. Eoman 
and Christian buildings are also found. 
Some of the columns are five feet in di- 
ameter. EzekiePs prophecy is literally 

fulfilled, and the place has become a stable for camels, and a couching place for flocks 
(xxv. 5). David took the city by his general, Joab, when Uriah the Hittite was killed 
(2 Sam. xi.). It was named Philadel- 
phia by Ptolemy Philadelphus, b. c. 
250. Coins of this city are extant 
bearing the figure of Astarte. The 
Christian church is still in excellent 

preservation. 2. The city of 

Ar was also called Eabbath Moab. 

3. A city of Judah (Josh. xv. 

60). Lost. 4. In Josh. xi. 8, 

Zidon is called Zidon rabbah, trans- HeadofM. Aurelius. Shrine of Heraklee (Molech). 

lated great Zidon. - com of Philadelphia. 

Rab'bith (Josh. xix. 20). Issachar. Lost. 

Ra'chal (1 Sam. xxx. 29). South, in Judah. " Haunted" by David. Lost. 

Ra'gan (Judg. i. 5, 15). Eages? Mts. of E. 

Ra'ges (Tobit, i. 14, v. 5 ; Judith, i. 5). In Media, 5 miles S. E. of the modern 
Teheren. Mentioned in the ancient inscriptions of Darius. The Zendavesta records 
that " the earliest settlement of the Aryans" in Media Avas in this city, and district of the 
same name. It was near the celebrated Caspian Gates, which guarded the great high- 
way between India, Bactria, &c., to Media. The ruins cover a space of 13,500 feet 
long, by 10,500 feet broad. The walls were of great thickness, and flanked by towers, 
and there are immense heaps of ruins. The modern city Teheren was built from the 
ancient ruins, which are now called Rhey. 

Ra'hab (Ps. Ixxxvii. 4). A poetical name for Egypt. The word in Hebrew 
means fierceness, insolence, pride. 

Rak'kath (Josh. xix. 35). A fortified city in Naphtali, near Hammath and 




GEOGRAPHY. 155 

Chinneretli. There is a Kerak near the outlet of Jordan, from the Sea of Galilee, 
which may mark the site. 

Rak'kon (Josh. xix. 46). Near Joppa. Me-jarkon ? Lost. 

Ra'ma (Matt. ii. 18). Ramah (Jer. xxxi. 15). The city referred to by the 
prophet was in Mt. Ephraim, or Benjamin, and Matthew refers to the ancient mas- 
sacre, and also at the same time to that of the innocents of Bethlehem. The name 
Eamah forms a part of several names, and meant height ; so also Aram is height. 
1. In Benj. (Josh, xviii. 25). Five miles N. of Jerusalem, near Geba. The palm-tree 
of Deborah (Judg. iv. 5) was near it, in a valley toward Bethel. It is now a poor vil 
lage, in the midst of columns, hewn stones, and other ruins of antiquity. Cirama 
(1 Edras, v. 20). 2. In Mt. Ephraim (1 Sam. i. 1). The home of Elkanah, Samuel's 
father; the birthplace of Samuel, his home and official residence, the station of his 
altar, and where he was buried (xv. 1). Supposed by some to be the same as the first, 
in Benj. 3. (Josh. xix. 29.) Boundary of Asher, one mile N. E. of Eas el Ain, two and 
a half S. E. of Tyre. There is another Rameh, 10 miles S. E. of Tyre. 4. In Naph- 
tali (ib. V. 39), one of the fortified cities, 7 miles S. E. of Safed on the way to Acre, 
on a lofty hill commanding one of the finest views in Palestine. 5. Ramoth Gilead 
(2 Ki. viii. 29 ; 2 Chr, xxii. 6). 6. Eamleh (Neh. xi. 33), near Joppa. 

Ra'math Lehi (Judg. xv. 17). Where Samson slew 1,000 men with a jawbone, 
and named the place Wielding of the jaiuhone. 

Ra'math Mizpeh {high place of the luatch-toiver). (Josh. xiii. 26.) Boundary 
of Gad. Where Jacob and Laban set up a monument of stones. Lost. Dr. Eli Smith 
found many names of places on the east of Jordan, which, when more carefully ex- 
amined and their sites explored, may result in settling many points of topography in 
that region now wholly uncertain. 

Ra'math of the South (Josh. xix. 8). In Simeon, in the extreme south. 
Baalath Beer ? South Eamoth (1 Sam. xxx. 27), or Eamoth Negeb. Lost. 

Ramatha'im Zophim {the double eminence). (1 Sam. i. 1.) Supposed to have 
been south of Jerusalem. The same as Eamah 2 ? 

Ram'eses. Raam'ses. (Gen. xlvii. 11.) The land of Goshen. A city in the 
same land, enlarged and fortified by the Jews (Ex. i. 11, xii. 37). There were (and 
now are) other places of this name in Egypt. Ahu Kesheyd, a modern village, has an 
antique monolith, on which is carved a group, Eameses II. between Tum and Ea. 

Ra'moth (1 Chr. vi. 73). Issachar. Jarmuth? Eemeth? 

Ra'moth in Gilead (Deut. iv. 43 ; Josh. xx. 8). Now Es Salt. The site is on 
a high and picturesque hill, almost surrounded by deep ravines, and encompassed by 
mountains. Jebel Osha, the highest peak of Gilead, is only two miles north. Vine- 
yards and olive-groves beautify and enrich the place ; the ruins are not extensive, 
being a square castle with towers and a moat on the height, and a great number of 
tombs and grottoes in the ravines. 

Ra'phon (1 Mace. i. 37). Eaphana (?), one of the Decapolis. Er Eafe? 

Red Sea (Num. xxi. 14). Called the sea, in Ex. xiv. 2, 9, 16, &c. The Gulf of 
Suez in the Exodus, and also the Gulf of Akabah later in the wandering. Called the 
sea of suph in Ex. x. 19, that is, the sea of reeds, or flags. A seaweed resembling wool 
(in whiteness) is thrown up in great quantities on the shores of the Eed Sea (Diodorus, 
iii. 19). The same word was used to name the weeds, or reeds, in which Moses was 
laid when an infant (Ex. ii. 3). It is thought the papyrus was meant. The Abys 
sinians now use papyrus boats. 



156 GEOGRAPHY. 

It is supposed that " the tongue of the Egyptian Sea/' the head of the Suez Gulf, 
has dried up, as predicted by Isaiah (xi. 15, xix. 5), for a distance of 50 miles. The 
ancient head would have been at Aboo Kesheyd, which has been identified with the 
ancient Hero. Necho's canal, Avhich was wide enough for two triremes to row abreast 
(Herodotus, ii. 158), once led from the gulf to the Nile, but it is now filled with sand. 
The Suez canal, just opened, leads to the Mediterranean. The sea is nearly 1400 miles 
long by 100 to 200 miles in its widest part. The deepest water is 6,324 feet, in lat. 
22° 30'. It is filled with coral and other rocks and rocky islands for 40 or 50 miles on 
each side, leaving a narrow and dangerous channel, which is narrowest opposite El 
Medeenah. The Suez Gulf is 130 miles long and 18 wide. The Akabah Gulf is 100 
miles long by 15 wide. This is a continuation of the AraiaJi, and is bordered on both 
sides by steep and high mountains — Sinai on the west, and the spurs of Mt. Seir, 
Edom, on the east, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet high, the highest being to the south. The 
island of Graia, fortified by the Crusaders, lies near the west shore, not far from the 
north end. The ruins of walls, castles, a church, &c., mostly of the middle ages, cover 
the whole rocky area. The straits at the south end of the sea are called Bab el Mandeb 
{Gate of Tears), from the many shipwrecks which have happened after passing them, 
either way. 

Refuge, cities of. Six out of the 48 Levitical cities were set apart as a refuge 
for any one who should accidentally kill another, to stay there until the death of the 
high priest (Num. xxxv. 6, 13, 15; Josh. xx. 2, 7, 9). There were three on each side 
of Jordan. On the east side were Bezer, Eamoth in Gilead, and Golan ; and on the 
west side were Kedesh in Galilee, Shechem, and Hebron. The right of asylum of 
mxany cities, in ancient classic nations, and of sanctuary in Christian countries, the 
privilege of many churches, in the middle ages especially, are parallel, and show the 
wisdom of the law-makers, in providing a means of abating the evils of the system of 
blood revenge, which are peculiarly Oriental, and very wasteful of human life. Moses 
abolished the custom of allowing money to be paid as a compensation for a human life, 
as was the case in Athens and many eastern countries, and is now among the Arabs. 
The cities are each described under their respective names. 

E.e'hob. Several of this name. 1. The northern limit of the exploration of the 
spies (Num. xiii. 21). Toward Hamath. Dan was " by Beth-rehob." Ruhaiheh,2b 
miles N. E. of Damascus, has been offered as the locality. Dr. Robinson favored 

Hunin, a village and castle west of Paneas. 2. In Asher (Josh. xix. S8), near 

Zidon. 3. Another in Asher, not identified. 

Reho'both {room). A well dug by Isaac (Gen. xxvi. 22). The wells Sitnah, 
Esek, and Rehoboth were west or southwest of Beersheba. Wady Ruhaiheh is 20 
miles S. "W. of Beersheba, and is claimed as the place by Dr. Bonar {Desert of Sinai, 

316). 2. Rehoboth by the River (Gen. xxxvi. 37). On the Euphrates, just below 

the Khabur, stands Raliabali, in the midst of extensive ancient ruins. 3. The 

city. One of the four built by Nimrod. As the name means in our tongue, " to be 
wide," or "spacious," or "streets," the passage in Gen. x. 11, 12 may describe one city, 
Nineveh, which was spacious, and had several quarters, as Resen, Calah, altogether 
forming "a great city." 

Re'kem (Josh, xviii. 27). Ain Karem, west of Jerusalem ? 

Rem'eth {lieiglit), (Josh. xix. 21.) Wezar (Ar. for height), a ruin on a hill five 
miles north of Jenin, at the foot of Mt. Gilboa. 

Rem'mon (Josh. xix. 7). In Simeon. Rimmon. 



GEOGKAPHT. 157 

Rem'mon Meth'oar (Rimmon, wliicli reaches). (Josh. xix. 13.) Zebiilon. 
Rummaneh, 6 miles north of Nazareth. 

Rephalm, the Valley of {valley of the sir etched= giants). On the south of a 
hill which borders the valley of Hinnom, on the west. David made it famous on two 
(or three) distinct occasions (2 Sam. v. 18, 22; Is. xyii. 5). The very interesting inci- 
dent related in 2 Sam. xxiii. 13-17, took place on one of these invasions of the 
Philistines. This valley (or plain) is flat, fertile, is shut in on all sides by rocky 
hill-tops and ridges, and ends to the west of the Valley of Roses ( Wady el Werd). 

Rephi'dim {rests, or stays). (Ex. xvii. 1, 8, xix. 2.) Station of the Exodus, 
between Egypt and Sinai. The people murmured for water, and Moses smote the rock 
in Horeb " before the people ;" and therefore if Horeb and Sinai be located at Jebel 
Sufsafeh and its vicinity, then Rephidim would be in Wady es Sheikh. {See Wan- 
derings.) 

Re'sen. The ruins called Nimrud, at Mosul, on the Euphrates, are understood 
to represent the ancient Calah, and those on the opposite side of the river are the 
remains of Nineveh ; and there are remains between the two, at Selamiyeh, which 
answer to the locality of Resen. 

Reu'ben {Ye\i = behold, and \)en=a S07i). Eldest son of Jacob (Gen. xxix. 32), 
son of Leah. The tribe of Reuben was located, at their own request, on the east side 
of Jordan, and against the wishes of Moses (Num. xxxii. 19). 

Re'zeph (2 Ki. xix. 12 ; Is. xxxvii. 12). A day's march west of the Euphrates, 
now called Rasapha. Another is mentioned as near Bagdad. 

Rhe'gium. In Italy, on the straits of Messina, opposite the city of Messina, in 
Sicily (Acts, xxviii. 13). 

Rhodes. An island 120 miles long, by 36 wide, opposite the S. W. extremity of 
Asia Minor, celebrated from remote antiquity for commerce, navigation, literature, and 
the arts; and during the middle ages as the 
residence of the Knights of St. John. Its 
maritime code was adopted by the Romans. 
The soil is fertile and the climate delightful. 
There are two cities : Rhodes (built 482 B. c), 
w^hich was celebrated by its having erected, 
over the entrance to its harbor, a brass statue 

of Apollo, 105 feet high (built by Chares of ^^^ ^^ ^^°^^'' 

Lindus, b. c. 290, and thrown down by an 

earthquake 224 B. c.) ; and Lindus, and a number of villages. Pop. 30,000. Paul 
visited the island on his way to Jerusalem (Acts, xxi. 1). 

Riblah {fertility). In the land of Hamath (2 Ki. xxiii. 33), on the east side of 
Ain (Num. xxxiv. 11). Both places are located in the Orontes valley, 35 miles K. E. 
of Baalbek, — Riblah lying on the banks of a mountain stream in the midst of a vast 
and fertile plain. Mentioned as Diblath in Ezekiel, vi. 14. 

Rim'mon {pomegranate). 1. Zebulon (1 Chr. vi. 77), belonging to the Levites, 
Merari family. 2. Judah, in the extreme south, near Ziklag (Josh. xv. 32) ; afterward 
given to Simeon (xix. 7). Occupied after the return from Babylon (Neh. xi. 29). 
£n-riniinon. Um-er-Rununanim {mother of pomegranates), is a village and ruin 
15 miles S. E. of Hebron. Between two hills (both covered with ruins), a mile S. of 
the village, is a large fountain, the chief watering place in the region. 3. The rock 
Rupinon. A high rock, or hill, 10 miles north of Jerusalem and 4 east of Bethel, on 





158 GEOGRAPHY. 

which is a modern village. The remnant of the tribe of Benjamin held this rock for 
four months against their enemies (Judg. xx. 47). 4. Rimmon-parez {J?'e«c70. The 
second station after Hazeroth, in the Exodus (Num. xxx. 19). Lost. 

Ri'phath (G-en. x. 3 ; 1 Chr. i. 6). A northern people descended from Gomer. 
We have several names derived from this source : as the Eiphaean mts. ; the river !Rhebas 
in Bithynia ; the Ehibii, a people east of the Caspian ; and the Eiphseans, the original 
Paphlagonians. 

Ris'sah {worm). Station in the wilderness (Num. xxxiii. 21). Lost. 

Rith'mah (broom, the shrub retam). Desert station (ib. ver. 18). Lost. 

River. Seven distinct Hebrew words are translated by river in our version. 
By river we mean a large stream of water flowing summer and winter, and we have 
names for smaller streams, as stream, creek, brook, torrent, rill, rivulet, &c. There 
are such differences in the original Hebrew, which were overlooked in the translation, 
and it may be interesting to notice them. 1. Aubal, Yuhal (Jer. xviii. 8 ; Daniel viii. 

2, 3, 6), tumult, fulness. The word used for the deluge is from the same root, and is 
hammahul (only in Genesis, and Ps. xxix. 10). 2. Naliar (Gen. ii. 10; Ex. vii. 19, &c.), 
to floiu. This means a river as we use the word. With the definite article 7ia;^-nahar, 
the river, the Euphrates is meant (Gen. xxxi. 21 ; 2 Sam. x. 16, &c.). Incorrectly 
rendered flood in Joshua xxiv. 2, where the Euphrates is meant ; and in Job, xiv. 11, 
Ps. Ixvi. 6, where the Red Sea or the Jordan is' referred to. The Arab name of river is 
Nalir, now used for all perennial streams. 3. Naklial, to receive as a water-course, 
therefore a torrent bed, common in Palestine, having water only in winter. This is 
translated valley in Gen. xxvi. 17, Num. xxi. 12 ; brook, Deut. ii. 13, 2 Ki. xxiii. 6 
to 12; river in Amos, vi. 14; streams in Psalm Ixxviii. 20; and in all these cases 
valley is the true meaning. The modern term is wady for such valleys as are dry 
in summer. 4. Peleg {to flow, or division). Eiver, in Ps. i. 3, Is. xxx. 25, Job, xx. 17; 
stream, in Ps. xlvi. 4 ; divisions, in Judg. v. 15, 16. The word means artificial streams 
for irrigation. 5. Aphih {force or liold, as the bank of a river). Eiver in Cant. v. 12, 
Ezek. vi. 3, xxxi. 12 ; and streams in Psalm cxxvi. 4, in which last passage it refers to 
the dry water-courses of the Negeb, or South. In 2 Sam. xxii. 16 it is translated chan- 
nels, and also in Ps. xviii. 15. 6. Yeor, the Nile, a word adopted into the Hebrew from 
the Egyptian language. This is the word used for the Nile in Genesis and Exodus, 
and is mistranslated flood in Amos, viii. 8, ix. 5. — River of Egypt. Two terms were 
used in the original — differing, as will be seen — both of which are translated river of 
Eg3^t. 1. Nahar Mitzraim (Gen. xv. 18), meaning the Nile (probably before the 
name Yeor was known to the Hebrews). 2. Nakhal Mitzraim (Num. xxxiv. 5), 
meaning the dry water-course of El Arish. The Nile is also called Shihor (Josh. xiii. 

3, &c.). The importance of these corrections is felt when it is seen that we are able to 
prove by them that the original Hebrew text was true in every one of its references to 
the peculiar features of the countries referred to, even in minute particulars. 

Ro'gelim {feef). The residence of Barzillai, the Gileadite (2 Sam. xvii. 27). 
East of Jordan. Lost. 

Roman Empire. Eome is first mentioned in 1 Mace. i. 10, in connection with 
Antiochus Epiphanes, who had been a hostage there, and was a " wicked root." Pom- 
pey made Syria a Eoman province, b. c. 65, and took Jerusalem two years later (Ant. 
xiv. 2, 3, 4; B. J. i. 6, 7). Herod was made the first king under Eoman rule, by An- 
tony, B. c. 40, and was confirmed by Augustus, b. c. 30. The tribute paid to Caesar 
(Julius), was a fourth part of their agricultural produce in addition to the tithes 



GEOGRAPHY. 159 

(Ant. xiv. 10, 6). After A. D. 6, Judea was made a province of Syria, at the request of 
the Jews, who were worn out by the cruelties of the Herods, with the capital at 
Csesarea; Coponius was the first procurator, and Pilate was the fifth. Jesus was 
crucified during Pilate's reign (a. d. 25 to 35). The many complaints of the tyranny 
of Pilate caused him to be ordered to Rome for trial by Vitellius, president of Syria ; 
but the Emperor Tiberius died before his arrival. (Ant.xviii. 4, 1-3.) Justin Martyr, 
Tertullian, Eusebius, and others say that Pilate made an official report to Tiberius of 
the crucifixion of Jesus; which account is also mentioned by Chrysostom. Eusebius 
says that Pilate killed himself, being " wearied with misfortunes," — perhaps on account 
of remorse for his conduct in Jerusalem. 

The Roman empire was but a narrow strip along the shores of the Mediterranean 
until Pompey added Asia Minor, Syria, and (Antony) Egypt ; Caesar conquered Gaul ; 
the generals of Augustus, Spain, and from the Alps to the Danube. Its population in 
the time of Christ was 85 millions. Gibbon says it was 120 millions in the time of 
Claudius, who appointed Felix procurator (a. d. 52-60). Festus succeeded him, and 
heard Paul (Acts, xxv., &c.). Vespasian was sent into Judsea, in a. d. 67, with a large 
army. Nero died in 68, and Vespasian was elected emperor by the legions in Judsea. 
Titus was sent to conduct the war in Judaea by his father, A. D. 70, when he took 
Jerusalem after a siege of four months. Julius Caesar allowed the Jews to live after 
their own customs, even in Rome ; which privileges were confirmed by Augustus, who 
also respected their Sabbath (Ant. xiv. 10, 11, 19), and exempted them from military 
service ; but Tiberius and Claudius banished them from Rome, as Suetonius says, be- 
cause they were continually raising disturbances under the impulse of Chrestus — i. e., 
Christ. 

All official acts were strictly carried out in the Latin language, even to the re- 
motest limits of the empire, but the people were generally left to use their native 
tongue. Scholars and the wealthy classes spoke Greek besides Latin, and official 
edicts were translated into Greek. The inscription that Pilate put on the cross was 
written in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, the usual custom, — Hebrew for the common 
people, Latin the official language, and Greek the polite language. The prophets 
mention Rome as the fourth kingdom (Dan. ii. 40, vii. 7, 17, 19, xi. 30-40; and Deut. 
xxviii. 49-57 ?). The empire proper began with Augustus, at the battle of Actium, b. c. 
31, when he became sole master, and ended by the abdication of Augustus, a. d. 476. 

The City of Rome was founded, b. c. 753, on seven hills, 15 miles from the 
mouth of the Tiber (Rev. xvii. 9). The modern city lies to the northwest of the 
ancient site, on what was the Campus Martins (Field of Mars), a plain north of the 
seven hills. It is only mentioned in Maccabees, Acts, Epistle to the Romans, and 
2d Timothy. The Jews first settled in Rome after Pompey's conquests, when the 
Jewish king Aristobulus and his son were led in triumph. At the time of Paul's 
visit (after Augustus had " found the city of brick and left it of marble") the popula- 
tion was one million two hundred thousand {Gibbon) — one-half being slaves, and a 
large part of the freemen dependent on the rich, and living like paupers on public 
gratuities. Rome became the greatest repository of architecture, pictures, and sculp- 
tures that the world ever saw. The luxury, profligacy, and crime of this age is beyond 
the descriptive power of letters. It is believed that Paul lived here "two whole years," 
in his own hired house, bound by a chain to a soldier, according to the then custom 
of keeping certain prisoners (Acts, xii. 6, xxviii. 16, 20, 30). Five of Paul's epistles 
were written at Rome, one of them just before his death, as is believed by beheading. 



160 GEOGRAPHY. 

The localities made interesting by Paul at Eome are : the Appian Way, by which 
he approached the city ; Csesar's Court, or Palace (Phil. i. 13) ; and the Palatine Hill, 
on which was Caesar's household (ib., iv. 22), and probably Paul's residence. It is also 
said, traditionally, that Peter and Paul were fellow-prisoners, for nine months, in the 
Mamertine prison, which is now shown under the church of S. Giuseppe dei Falegna- 
mi ; and that they separated on their way to martyrdom at a spot on the Ostian road, 
now marked by a chapel ; and the church of St. Paolo marks the site of Paul's martyr- 
dom. The spot where Peter suffered is also covered by the church of St. Pietro in Mon- 
torio, on the Janiculum. A chapel on the Appian Way locates the beautiful legend of 
Jesus appearing to Peter as he was escaping from martyrdom, who, ashamed, re- 
turned and submitted to his fate (Ambrose). The bodies of the two apostles were first 
laid in the catacombs, and were finally buried, Paul on the Ostian road, and Peter in 
the church of St. Peter. The ruins of the Coliseum are still standing, as a memorial 
of those early nameless Christians who were exposed to the wild beasts in its arena, 
for the gratification of the people, who, while witnessing these awful sights, were 
sprinkled with perfumed water, which was conveyed about the building in secret pipes. 
Nearly two-thirds of the ancient site (within Aurelian's walls) are covered with ruins, 
and a few churches and convents, or open waste-places. In Pliny's time the circuit of 
the city was 20 miles ; it is now about 15 miles. 

The first Christian church in Eome was built by Constantine, who gave his own 
palace on the Cselian hill as a site. St. Peter's on the Vatican hill was built next, 
A. D. 324 — the first edifice built on the site — out of the ruins of the temples of Apollo 
and Mars, and stood 1200 years, being superseded by the present magnificent 
structure. 

Rome is called Babylon (on account of the special hate of the Jews for the tyranny 
of its rulers), in Rev. xiv. 8, xvi. 19, xvii. 5, xviii. 2, — as the centre of heathenism, in 
contrast to Jerusalem, the centre of Judaism. It is supposed that the first church in 
Rome consisted mainly of Gentiles. (See Conyleare and Hoiuson^s Life of St. Paul, 
Gibbon, Draper^ s Hist. Int. Devel. of Europe.) 

Rosh. In Ezek. xxxviii. 2, 3, xxxix. 1, this name is translated chief, and should 
read, "Magog the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal.'' The Russ or Russians are 
also mentioned in the Koran. The country of the children of Rasses (Judith, ii. 23) 
was ravaged by Holofernes. Meshech is said to be the original Muscovy, and Rosh 
the original Russia. 

Ru'mah (2 Ki. xxiii. 36). Dumah (Josh. xv. 52). 




BAAL. 

On a tomb near Sidon. 



GEOGEAPHY. 161 



s. 



Sab'tah. Third son of Cusli (Gen. x. 7). Located in Arabia, along the southern 
coast. Pliny (vi. xxiii. 32) says the chief city of the region had sixty temples, and 
was the capital of King Elisarus. 

Sab'tecah. Fifth son of Cush (Gen. x. 7). Settled on the Persian Gulf, on the 
Persian shore. 

Salah {extension). (Gen. x. 24.) Father of Eber. Settled in N. Mesopotamia. 

Saramis. City on the east end of the island of Cyprus. Visited by Paul and 
Barnabas on their first missionary journey (Acts, xiii. 5). There were many Jews in 
Cyprus, attracted by the copper-mines. The ancient city was near the modern Fama- 
gousta, by the river Pediaeus, on a plain. 

Sal'cah. (Deut. iii. 10; Josh. xiii. 11). A city on the extreme east limit of Ba- 
shan and Gad (1 Chr. v. 11). There was a district of the same name (Josh. xii. 5), 
belonging to Og. ]N"ow called 8ulJchad, at the south end of Jebel Hauran. The great 
Euphrates desert begins near this city and extends to the Persian Gulf. About three 
miles in circuit. In it is a castle on a lofty (volcanic) hill, 400 feet high. An inscrip- 
tion on a gate is dated a. d. 246, and one on a tombstone, a. d. 196. 

Salem. Shalem (peace). Jerome said Salem was eight Roman miles from 
Scythopolis (Bethshean), and in his day contained the ruins of the palace of Mel- 
chizedek. Some have identified it with Jerusalem. The plain of Salem has the moun- 
tains Ebal and Gerizim, with Shechem, on its west end, and the hills on which Salem 
stands on its east end. In Psalm Ixxvi. 2, Salem means Jerusalem. 

Sa'lim. (John, iii. 23). Near ^n on. 6 miles south of Bethshean and 2 miles' 
west of Jordan is a site of ruins on the Tell Redgliali, with a Mohammedan tomb, called 
STielcJi Salhn. The brook in Wady Chus7ieh runs close by, and a copious fountain gushes 
out near the tomb, while rivulets wind about in all directions. " Here is much water." 

Sal'mon. (Judg. ix. 48.) A hill near Shechem, on which Abimelech and his 
men cut down boughs with which they burnt the tower of Shechem. Zalmon. 
White as snow in Salmon (Ps. Ixviii. 14). 

Salmo'ne. The east point of the island of Crete (Acts, xxvii. 7). 

Salt, City of (Josh. xv. 62). In the wilderness, near Engedi and the Dead Sea. 
It may be the site is found in the modern Nalir MaleJi, which is near the Wady Amreh, 
which is believed to be Gomorrah. 

The Valley of Salt. Two memorable victories occurred here: that of David over 
the Edomites (2 Sam. viii. 13 ; Ps. Ix.) ; and that of Amaziah over the same people (2 
Ki. xiv. 7). The site is lost. It has been located by some in the plain at the south 
end of the Dead Sea. 

Sama'ria {imitch mountain). Six miles I^. W. of Shechem, on a hill which is 
surrounded by a broad basin-shaped valley. Here Omri built the capital of the king- 
dom of Israel, on the hill which he bought (b. c. 925) of Shemer for two talents of 
silver (1 Ki. xvi. 24). 'The site is singularly beautiful, and is always admired by every 
visitor. Ahab built a temple to Baal, with images ; and that part of the city was called 
"the city of the house of Baal" (1 Ki. xvi. 32), which were destroyed by Jehu (2 Ki. 
X. 25). 

The Syrians besieged it in 901 B. c. (1 Ki. xx. 1), and in 892 b. c. (ib. vi. 24, vii. 
20), and in both cases without success. 



162 GEOGRAPHY. 

Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, took it after a siege of 3 years, B. c. 721 (2 Ki. xviii. 
9, 10), and carried the people away to Assyria. Esarhaddon repeopled the country 
from Assyria, and these citizens were called Sarnaritans. Joseph ns describes it as a 
very strong city in the time of John Hyrcanus, who took it (b. c. 109), after a year's 
siege (Ant. xiii. 10, 2). After this time the Jews inhabited the city, until the age of 
Alexander Jannsens, and until Pompey restored it to the descendants of the original 
inhabitants (probably the Syro-Macedonians). 

Herod the Great rebuilt it with some splendor, and called it Sebaste (Augusta), 
after his patron the Emperor Augustus. The wall was 20 stadia in circuit. A mag- 
nificent temple was dedicated to Caesar. 6,000 veteran soldiers were colonized here, 
and a large district given them for their support (Ant. xv. 8, 5 ; B. J. i. 20, 3, &c.). 

The city is not mentioned in the New Testament, and it was commanded, " Into 
any city of the Samaritans enter ye not." 

Septimus Severus planted a Eoman colony there in the 3d century. Eoman coins 
struck in the city are preserved of the ages extending from Nero to Geta. In A. D. 409 
the Holy Land was divided into 3 districts, of which the country of Philistia, the 
northern part of Judea and Samaria, formed Palestina Prima, with Osesarea for its 
capital. 

The bishop of Samaria was present at the Council of Nicea, A. d. 325, signing his 
name as Maximus Sebastenus. 

The Mohammedans took Sebaste during their siege of Jerusalem. 

The present village is called Sedustiyeh, and consists of a few houses scattered 
among the ruins of the past. The ruined church of St. John the Baptist bears traces 
of its former magnificence. A long avenue of columns, many fallen, still lines the 
•upper terrace of the hill. The prophecies of Micah (i. 6), andHosea (xiii. 16), are de- 
scriptive of its present condition. 

Samaria, the district of, was so called before the city was named (1 Ki. xiii. 
32), and included all the tribes who accepted Jeroboam as king, on both sides of the 
Jordan, and the royal residence was Shechem (1 Ki. xiii. 25). The name Samaritan 
became contracted, as the kingdom was divided from time to time. The first limita- 
tion was probably the losing of Simeon and Dan. The second, when. Pul, king 
of Assyria (b. c. 771) carried away the Keubenites and Gadites, and the half tribe 
of Manasseh (1 Chr. v. 26) ; the third, when Galilee and Gilead were taken by the 
Assyrians (2 Ki. xv. 29) ; and the fourth, when just before the last king of Israel, 
Hoshea, was deposed, Asher, Issachar, and Zebulon, and also Ephraim and Ma- 
masseh, sent men up to the Passover at Jerusalem (2 Chr. xxx. 1-26), in Hezekiah's 
■reign. Thus the kingdom which once extended from the sea to the desert of 
:Syria, and from Bethel to Dan in the north, was divided, until only the city Samaria 
with a few villages remained to the name, and even these were wiped out by Shal- 
manezer (2 Ki. xvii. 5-26), who placed other people there instead of the Jews (v. 24), 
B.C. 721. 

These new-comers were idolaters, and brought their idols with them (2 Ki. xvii. 
29), and although instructed by Jewish priests, never became pure worshippers of 
Israel's God. When Judah and Benjamin returned from the captivity and began to 
build the temple, the Samaritans asked permission to assist; and on being refused, they 
petitioned the king of Assyria and had the work stopped (Ezra, iv). Erom this time 
'the " adversaries of Judah and Benjamin'' became open enemies, and the feud grew 
year by year more bitter. In the year b. c. 409, Manasseh, a priest who was expelled 



GEOGRAPHY. 163^ 

from Jerusalem for an unlawful marriage, obtained permission from the Persian king 
to build a temple on Mt. Gerizim, and made a copy of the law, which was the 5 books 
of Moses only (called the Pentateuch), and they claimed for this copy the highest 
antiquity, even above any copy in possession of the Jews. 

The Samaritans claimed from Alexander an exemption from taxes on the Sabbatical 
year, on the plea that they were Jews ; but on examination their claim was found to 
be false. The woman of Samaria also claimed to be a descendant of Jacob, when talk- 
ing with Jesus (John, iv. 12). 

The boundaries, according to Josephus, in the time of Christ were from Jenin to 
Acrabatta. (See Map.) The soil, productions, &c., are described under Ephraim and 
Issachar. 

Sa'mos (heigld). An island opposite the boundary between Ionia and Caria. 
Paul anchored for a night at Trogyllium, in the narrow strait between Samos and 
Mycale. The ancient Greeks fought a naval battle against the Persians in this strait, 
B. c. 479. Herod the Great met Marcus Agrippa in Samos, and obtained many privi- 
leges for the Jews (Jos. Ant. xvi. 2, 2). 

Samothra'cia. (Acts, xvi. 11.) Mentioned in Paul's first voyage. It is a lofty 
and conspicuous island, seen at a great distance, being visible from the shore at Troas 
(Eothen, p. 64; Homer, II. xiii. 12, 13). Paul anchored for a night off the island. A 
strong, current from the Dardanelles sets southward between the island and the main- 
land. The mysteries of the Cabeiri (pagan divinities) were practised here. 

Samp'sames. Now Samsun, on the coast of the Black Sea, between Trebizond 
and Sinope. 

Sausan'nah. One of the towns in the S. of Judah (Josh. xv. 31). Lost, unless 
Simsim is the site. 

Sa'phir. (Micah, i. 11.) In the hill country, 8 miles N. E. of Ascalon. Now 
called Es Sawafir. 

Sar'amel. Where Simon Maccabseus was made high priest (1 Mace. xiv. 28). It 
is not certain whether this word means a place or a title of honor. 

Sardis. A city on a spur of the mountain range Tmolus, about 2 miles from the 
river Hermus, the ancient residence of the kings of Lydia. Its original name in the 
time of Omphale was Hyde'. It was naturally, from its convenient position and the 
fertile region surrounding it, a commercial mart of importance. Chestnuts were first 
made an article of commerce here, and called Nuts of Sardis. Pliny says the art of 
dyeing wool was invented here, and Phrygia furnished the material from its vast flocks. 
The carpets of Sardis were very celebrated. The Spartans sent to Sardis for gold to 
cover the face of Apollo at Amycl^e. The sands of the Pactolus, a brook from Tmolus 
running near Sardis, furnished the gold. Sardis was a slave mart, in very early times, 
and here traders first became stationary, as distinguished from travelling merchants. 

It was taken by Antiochus the Great, B. c. 214, and afterward it became subject 
to Pergamus. The city waned after the conquest of Alexander. The inscriptions 
remaining now visible are all of the Roman age, although there are remains of the 
earlier ages. The temple of Cybele still bears evidence to its former grandeur in its 
columns, two of which, with their capitals, "surpass any specimen of the Ionic * * * 
in perfection of design and execution." There are remains of a theatre of 400 feet 
diameter, and of a stadium of 1000 feet. The modem name is Sert Kalessi, and 
the river (Hermus) Wadis-tchai, which is about 180 feet wide, 3 feet deep, and muddy. 
In the time of Tiberius, the city, with 12 others, was destroyed by an earthquake, and 



164 



GEOGRAPHY. 



sufiered so much that its distress excited the compassion of its Eoman rulers, who 
remitted its tax for 5 years. — Mentioned in Rev. iii. 1-6. See 7 Churches. 

Sarep'ta. Zarephath. N. of Sidon (Luke, iv. 26). 

Sa'rid (Josh. xix. 10, 12). Zehulon, west of Chisloth Tabor. Lost. 

Sa'ron. The district in which Ljdda stood (Acts, ix. 35). The Sharon of the 
Old Testament. 

Scythian (Col. iii. 11). Barbarians 
living on the north of the Black Sea and 
the Caspian. Herodotus (i. 103) says the 
Scythians made an incursion through Pal- 
estine into Egypt in the time of Josiali. 
This may account for the name Scythop- 
olis, which may have been given by some 
of those people who settled at Bethshean. 

Sea. This word is used in several 
ways. 1. Ocean (Gen. i. 10). 2. The Medi- 
terranean Sea (Deut. xi. 24). 3. Any 
inland lake or sea (Ezek. xlvii. 8). .4. Any 
great water-course, as the Nile or Euphrates 
(Is. xix. 5). 

The Salt Sea. The most ancient 
name for the Dead Sea (Gen. xiv. 3 ; Num. 
xxxiv. 3 ; Deut. iii. 17 ; Josh. iii. 16). It 
is called the Sea of the Arahah (plain) in 
Deut. iii. 17, and the East Sea by Joel (ii 
20), Ezekiel (xlvii. 18), and by Zeehariah 
(xiv. 8). In 2 Esdras (v. 7) it is called the 
Sodomitish Sea. Josephus calls it Lake 
Asphaltitis. The name Dead Sea was given 
by the Greeks (Pausanias, v. 7, and Galen, 
iv. 9) ; and by the Latins (Justin, xxxiv. 3). 
The Arabic name is Balir Lut (Sea of Lot). 

The Dead Sea is the third of the lakes 
in the course of the Jordan, lying deepest 
in the valley at its south end. It is 46 
miles long from N. to S., and 10 miles wide, 
and its surface is 1317 feet below the ocean 
level {Lynch). The depression was first 
noticed (in our day) in 1837. The great heat 
of the region carries off the water by evapo- 
ration. The Jordan flows into the north 
end. Twelve miles (by the path) down the 
East shore there enters the Zurlca Main (the 
ancient Callirrhoe — the En Eglaini) ; and 

eight miles further down the shore, the Mojib (Arno7i) ; ten miles further, the J^eJii 
Hamad ; two miles beyond this, the Wady Kerah, entering by several channels just 
above the peninsula ; and just below it, in the lower bay of the lake, there are ten or 
twelve streams, large and small. The largest being the Wady el Jeib, which drains 
two-thirds of the Arabah. On the west side the first large stream is the Kedron 




GEOGRAPHY. 165 

(Wady el Nar), five to six miles from the north end of the lake; eight miles further 
south is Wadi/ KJiureitum ; five miles beyond is Wady Sudeir, at Ain Jidy (Engedi) ; 
two miles from this, Wady Ar ey eh, \Yhich near Hebron is called Wady Dibheh ; and be- 
yond, at intervals of three or four miles, are Birket Halil (Khuberah), Wady Seiyal^ 
and Wady en Nem.riyeli, which last flows by the north side of the rock Masada, and 
Wady Zuweirah, just north of the salt mountain of Usduni. Besides these there are a 
great number of smaller streams all around the sea, with or without names. There is 
no visible outlet. 

The sea is divided in two parts by the peninsula of Lisan (tongue — Hebrew 
lashon), which is about 9 miles long, from N. E. to S. W., 4 to 6 miles wide, and joined 
to the east shore by a neck 5 miles wide. The channel of the sea is 3 to 5 miles 
wide opposite the Lisan, and is said to be fordable at the time of the lowest water, in 
October. The water of the main basin is 1300 feet deep in the deepest part, opposite 
Ain Teraheh. The south bay (Josh. xv. 2) is very shallow, varying from 12 to 3 feet. 
Careful observations have found that 20 million cubic feet of water is poured daily 
into the sea, while its evaporating capacity is 24 million. (See Humholdt): It is 
believed that the level rises 10 to 15 feet during the winter rains — falling again during 
the summer. pi 65 

The mountains come close to the shore on both the east and wTst sides, and 
are quite uniform in height throughout the whole length, the eastern range being 
much the higher, and more broken by ravines. The general color is brown or reddish 
brown on the east (being sandstone, red and yellow, with porphyry), and gray, with 
whitish tints, on the west side (being limestone over sandstone). The only vegetation 
is found around the springs, and in the wadies, where palms, tamarisks, mimosa, osiers, 
oleanders, and a variety of trees and shrubs, besides grain and flowers, form a grateful 
relief to the general desolation. A plateau divides the mountains on the east side, 
half way up, extending from the head of the sea south as far as the Zurka Main, which 
is visible, near sunset, from Jerusalem. The western side is divided into several strata, 
which are quite distinct ; and there are three parallel beaches, one above the other — 
the highest, 50 feet above the water, extending from Wady Ziiiueirah north to Ain 
Jidy, nearly 20 miles. Above Ain Jidy there is but one beach (covered with angular 
bits of flint, not rounded gravel), which skirts the mountains, being widest at the 
mouths of the largest brooks, as at the Kidron {Wady Nar) and Ain Teraheh, where 
it is more than half a mile wide. Many of the headlands come down steep into the 
water, cutting the beach in two, and therefore cannot be passed, except by climbing. 
There is a line of driftwood bordering the beach and marking the high-water line, all 
around the sea, brought down by the Jordan and other streams, gray and bleached, 
and saturated with salt, and some of it of great antiquity. On the west shore of the 
south bay is the Salt Mountain of Sodom, called by the Arabs Khasm Usdum. (See 
Geology.) There is an island in the sea, west of the Jordan, lying 300 feet from the 
shore at low water, circular and 400 feet in diameter. Stones and driftwood entirely 
cover the island. Some suppose the square stones found here are remains of ancient 
structures, because there are no similar stones on the shore. The plains at the north 
and south ends of the sea are flat, barren, stony, gently sloping up from the water, 
crusted with salt, soft and slimy to the foot, and destitute of vegetation, except where 
a few reeds cluster round a spring. The eastern side of the south bay is an exception, 
where the vegetation, fed by copious streams of sweet water, is abundant, and with 
great variety of trees, plants, flowers, and grasses. 

The water of the sea is the heaviest known in all the world, being 12J lbs. to the 



166 GEOGRAPHY. 

gallon, distilled water weighing 9f lbs. This weight is due to the mineral salts held 
in solution. Eggs float with one-third exposed above the surface. The color is like 
the ocean, a greenish blue. The Jordan may be traced for several miles by its muddy 
color, as it flows into the clear water of the sea. 

• The analysis of the water of the Dead Sea by many scientific men gives generally 
the same result, with but little variation, which is, that there are salts of magnesia, 
soda, lime, potass, manganese, ammonia, aluminium, and iron; and of these there 
are chlorides, sulphates, and bromides. The quantity averages from 13 to 26 parts in 
100, according to the season of the year and the part of the sea from which the sample 
was taken. 

Except the absence of vegetation, the appearance of the sea is that of savage and 
beautiful wildness. The presence of many kinds of birds and wild fowl enlivens the 
scenes. 4-11 along the shores, wherever a brook flows in, there the canebrakes, trees, 
and shrubs harbor partridges, snipe, ducks, doves, hawks, larks, quails, besides many 
kinds not yet named, or not identified, in great flocks. Erogs are also to be seen in 
the marshes (not the salt marshes) and hares in the thickets. 

There has been no change in the size of the sea within the historic period ; except 
the filling up of the south bay by silt from the rivers, and the destruction of the cities 
of the plain is believed to have been independent of the position or character of the 
sea, or the bed in which it lies. (See Sodom and Geology.) pl66 

Se'ba. First son of Cush (Gen. x. 7). A nation in Africa, included in Oiish, 
and having a name and power in Solomon's time (Ps. Ixxii. 10). Located in the 
island Meroe, which lies at the junction of the white and blue branches of the Nile. 
The chief city (Meroe) had an oracle of Jupiter Ammon (or the ram-headed Num), 
ruins of which are now visible, besides pyramids, and other indications of a great 
population. The great stature and beauty of this people was a theme of the 
ancients (Herod, iii. 20, 114; Is. xliii. 3, xlv. 14; Ezek. xxiii. 42). (See Josephus, A. 
J. ii. 10, 2.) 

Seo'acah. In the wilderness of Judah (Josh. xv. 61). Lost. 

Se'ohu {e7ninence). (1 Sam. xix. 22.) Famous for a great well or cistern. Sup- 
posed to be Bir Nehalla, near Nehy Samwil. Five ms. JST. of Jerusalem. 

Seir {rugged). Mount (Gen. xiv. 6), and Land of (Gen. xxxii. 3, xxxvi. 30). 
The mountain and district on the east side of the Arabah, from Akabah to the Dead 
Sea (Deut. ii. 1, 8). Seir, the Horite, inhabited the land (ib. 20). Called Gebala 
(mountain) by Josephus ; and the northern section, from Petra, is still called Jebail 
by the Arabs. Its north border was probably Mt. Halak (naJced), a range of white 
cliffs which run across the Arabah 8 ms. south of the Dead Sea (Josh. xi. 17). Esau 
drove out the Horites who dwelt in rock-hewn dwellings (Deut. ii. 12), probably such 
as are seen now in Petra, and changed its name to Edom. Ezekiel prophesied the 
desolation of Mt. Seir, which seems to have been fulfilled in the present condition of 
the country (Ezek. xxxv.). Seir (Josh. xv. 10). In Judah, between Kirjath Jearim 
and Beth Shemesh. The village of Saris, on the ridge between Wady Aly and 
W. Ghurab, is probably near the ancient site, which is rugged enough to bear the 
name. 

Sei'rath (Judg. iii. 26). In Mt. Ephraim, where Ehud gathered the army with 
which he destroyed the Moabites who were with Eglon, the fat king, whom he killed 
in his tent. Lost. 

Sela. Selah {the rocTc). Petra. (See Edom, Seir.) 



GEOGEAPHY. 167 

Sela-ham-mahlekoth (the cliff of divisions). In the wilderness of Maon. 
Where David escaped from Saul (1 Sam. xxiii. 28). Lost. 

Seleu'cia. The seaport of Antioch in Syria. On the sea, near the mouth of 
the river Orontes. Paul (and Barnabas) sailed from here on his first journey (Acts, 
xiii. 4), and probably landed there on his return (xiv. 26). Named after the first 
Seleucus, who built the fort and made the harbor, and was buried here, b. c. 175. It 
was a free city in Paul's time (Pliny, v. 18). The remains of the ancient works are still 
sound, and in use, especially the two piers of the harbor called Paul and Barnabas. 

Sen'eh {thorn), (1 Sam. xiv. 4.) The south rock at the pass of Michmash, 
memorable in connection with the adventure of Jonathan and his armor-bearer. 

Senir'. The Amorite name of Mt. Hermon (1 Chr. v. 23 ; Ezek. xxvii. 5 ; 
Dent. iii. 9), — should be written without the "h," and also in Cant. iv. 8. 

Se'ghar (Gen. x. 30). A mount in the east. Now called Zafar, an ancient 
seaport town in Yemen, in the province of Hadramawt-^«2;arma^;e^A), Arabia, be- 
tween Oman and Mirbat, on the shore of the Indian Ocean, at the foot of a lofty 
mountain. Frankincense is only found on the mountain of Zafar. It was the capital 
of the Himyerite kings. There was a Christian church here in A. d. 343. 

Sepha'rad (Obadiah, v. 20). Where the Jews of Jerusalem were held captive. 
Most probably Ionia is meant. 

Sepharva'im (2 Ki. xix. 13; Is. xxxvii. 13; and 2 Ki. xvii. 24). A city of 
Assyria from which people were brought to repeople Samaria. Now Sippara, on the 
Euphrates, above Babylon (Ptol. v. 18). A tradition affirms that Noah buried near 
this city the records of the antediluvian world. It was a great seat of learning. The 
sun was the chief object of worship, and they burnt their children in the fire to 
Adramelech and Anamelech, the male and female powers of the sun (2 Ki. xvii. 31), 
which pagan worship they carried with them to Samaria. 

Seph'ela. Greek form of the Hebrew Has Shefelah, the ancient name for the 
plains between the hills of Samaria and Judea and the Mediterranean Sea. Its 
northern part is called Sharon (Deut. i. 7 ; Josh. ix. 1, and in many other passages). 
Between Ekron and Gaza there were 47 cities besides their villages. It is one of the 
most productive districts of Palestine, and yearly produces fine crops of grain and fruit. 
It was anciently the grain-producing district, and was the subject of constant conten- 
tion between the Israelites and Philistines. 

Shaal'abbin (Josh. xix. 42). Dan, near Ajalon, probably the same as Sha'al- 
bim (Judg. i.). Now Esalin, nearAS'^^m (Zorah). Eliahba was one of David's 37 
heroes (2 Sam. xxiii. 32), and is called the Shaalbonite. 

Shaara'im {two gateways), Judah, in the Shefelah (Josh. xv. 36). On the way 
to Gath (1 Sam. xvii. 52), where the Philistines fled after Goliath's death, Avhich was 
in the Wady Sumt. 

Shaliaz'imah. Issachar, between Tabor and the Jordan (Josh. xix. 22). 

Shalem (Gen. xxxiii. 18). The opinion seems to be that the text oaght to read 
"Jacob came safe to the city of Shechem." If a proper name is meant, there is a place 
ready for it in the modern Salim. (See ^non.) 

Sha'lim, the land of. Benjamin. Between the " land of Shalisha," and the 
"land of Yemini," through which Saul passed on the way after his father's asses. 
Probably the land of Shual, 6 miles north of Michmash (1 Sam. ix. 4). 

Shalisha, the land of (1 Sam. ix. 4). Between Mt. Ephraim and the land of 
Shalim. Lost. 



168 GEOGRAPHY. 

Shallech'eth, the gate {falling or casting doimi). One of the gates of the 
house of Jehovah ; now supposed to be the Bab. Silsileh, which enters the Haram wall 
600 feet from the S. W. corner. 

Shamir (Josh. xv. 48). In the mts. of Judah, south of Hebron, near Jattir. 

Lost. 2. In Mt. Ephraim, the residence and burial-place of Tola, the judge 

(Judg. X. 1, 2). Supposed to be Sammur, a ruin 10 ms. N. E. of Shechem, on the 
edge of the Jordan valley. 

Sha'pher, Mount {mt. of pleasa7itness), (Num. xxxiii. 23.) A desert station. 
Lost. 

Sha'ron (in Hebrew, Has ^\i2iron= straight or even). A broad rich tract of land 
lying between the hills of Judea and Samaria and the sea, and the northern part of 
the Shefelah. It was a place of pasture (1 Chr. xxvii. 29) ; beautiful as Carmel (Is. xxxv. 
2). It was a simile for loveliness (Sol. Song, ii. 1). The forest of Sharon was the 
scene of one of the most romantic exploits of Eichard, the Crusader {Micliaud, viii). 
(See the chapter on Geology.) The Sharon of 1 Chr. v. 16 is supposed to have been 
on the east side of Jordan, in Grilead, but it has not been identified. 

Shar'uhen (Josh. xix. 16). Given to Simeon. Tell Sheriah, in the Wady Sheriah, 
10 miles west of Beersheba, may be the site. 

ShaVeh, the valley of (Gen. xiv. 17). A place on Abram's route from Da- 
mascus, when he rescued his brother Lot. Lost. 

Sha'reh Kiriatha'im. Valley of K. (Gen. xiv. 5). Eesidence of the Emim. 
On the E. of Jordan. Lost. 

Shearing-house, the (2 Ki. x. 12). Near Mt. Gilboa, now Beth Kad. Where 
Jehu killed 42 members of the royal family of Judah. 

She'ba {red). (Gen. x. 7). 1. Grandson of Cush. 2. Tenth son of 

Joktan (ver. 28). 3. Grandson of Keturah (ib. xxv. 3). 

1. The name of the kingdom in south Arabia, before Himyer took its place, a 

few 3"ears before Christ (24 — Strabo). Here were the Sabasans of Diodorus (iii. 38, 46). 
A queen of Sheba visited Solomon (1 Ki. x.), attended b}^ a great train, camels loaded 
with spices, gold, and precious stones. The chief cities were Seba, IJzal (now Sana), 
Sephar (now Zafar), and Mariaba (now Marih). This district had the chief riches, best 
country, and greatest numbers of all the four peoples of Arabia. The local history is 
authentic only as far back as the first century a. d. Their ancient religion was pagan. 

2. Settled on the Persian Gulf. On the island of Bahreyn, in the Gulf, are the 

ruins of an ancient city called Seba. Its merchants are mentioned in Ezekiel, xxvii. 

22. 3. The sons of Keturah are charged by Job (i. 15, vi. 19) with the robber 

habits that are peculiar to the Bedouin of our day. 

She'ba. (Josh. xix. 2.) Simeon, near Beersheba. Shema. 

She'bah. Shibeah was the fourth well dug by Isaac's people (Gen. xxyi. 33). 
Abraham dug a well here also (Gen. xxi. 2o-32). The name is one of the most ancient 
known, and is interpreted variously as ^' seven" "an oath," "abundance," and as 
" a lion." Beersheba. 

Sheba'm. (Num. xxxii. 3.) East of Jordan. Given to Reuben. It was "a land 
for cattle." Shibmah or Sibmah. 

Sheb'arim {dividing). (Josh. vii. 5.) K'ear Ai. Lost. 

Shech'em {ridge). Sichem (Gen. xxxiii. 18). It is not certain whether the city 
was named from Shechem the son of Hamor, or that he was named after the city. It 
is on the top of the ridge between the waters of the Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea, 



GEOGRAPHY. 169 

between Ebal and Gerizim (Judg. ix. 7). Called Sycliar in John iv. 5, in the 
story of the meeting of Jesus and the woman of Samaria. Now Nablus (Neapolis, so 
named by Vespasian — Josephus, B. J., iv. 8, 1). Also known as Mabortha (Plin}^, 
V. 13). The situation is a favored one, and excites the admiration of all travellers, 
Dr. Clarke saying that ^' there is nothing finer in all Palestine." The valley is shel- 
tered by a high mountain on each side, and only about 1500 feet wide, and elevated 
1800 feet above the sea. Water flows from the city east and west, to the Jordan and 
to the Mediterranean Sea. The valley is full of gardens, orchards of all kinds of fruit, 
watered by fountains, and enlivened by the songs of birds. Abraham, on his first visit 
to the Land of Promise, pitched his tent under the oak of Moreh at Shechem (Gen. 
xii. 6). Jacob bought a field of the children of Hamor (Gen. xxxiii. 19), where he dug 
a well, about a mile from the present town, and left it as a special patrimony to Joseph 
(Josh. xxiv. 32). 

Shechem was given to Ephraim (Josh. xx. 7), was assigned to the Levites, and 
was made a City of Refuge (ib., xxi. 20, 21). The people assembled at Shechem to 
hear the law of Moses read, "half of them over against Mt. Gerizim, and half of them 
over against Mt. Ebal," the chief men and priests being around the ark in the midst 
(Josh. viii. 30-35) ; and again Joshua gathered all the tribes here just before his death 
(xxiv.), and delivered his last counsels. Abimelech raised a revolt in Shechem, and 
was made king (Judg. ix.) ; and Jotham denounced him and the men of Shechem 
in a parable from the top of Gerizim (ver. 22), and after three years he destroyed the 
city and the strong tower that was in the city, but lost his own life also (ver. 53). The 
ten tribes made Jeroboam their king and Shechem their capital (1 Ki. xii. 20). When 
the people were carried away to Babylon the city was colonized from Assyria (2 Ki. 
xvii. 24), and again admitted strangers under Esar-haddon (Ezra, iv. 2). 

The present town of Nablus has about 5,000 people, living in stone houses of 
very ordinary style, except those of the wealthy sheikhs. There are no fine public 
buildings. 

There are not less than 80 springs of water in the valley. One of the largest, 
Ain Balata, rises in a chamber partly under ground, a few rods from Jacob's well. 
Olives, figs, almonds, walnuts, mulberries, pomegranates, oranges, apricots, and grapes 
abound, besides vegetables of every sort. 

There are manufactories of wool, silk, and camel's-hair cloth, and especially of 
soap ; and the district around it is rich in wool, grain, and oil. 

As a confirmation of the truth and accuracy even to minute detail, it is interest- 
ing to cite the words of the original Hebrew, describing this spot on which Joseph's 
tomb stands, which are Chelkat has-sade, meaning a dead level ; differing from a 
plain {Shefelah) and a valley (emek), and this description is exactly correct; and besides, 
there is no other spot like it in all Palestine. 

Sheep-market, the (John, v. 2). Supposed to have been a gate, and at 
present called St. Stephen's; and the great open ruined cistern near it is called the 
Pool of Bethesda. 

Shefelah. (See Philistia.) 

Shel'eph {partridge chick). Second son of Joktan, and father of a tribe who 
settled in Yemen, in Arabia, where there is now a district called Sulaf (Gen. x. 26). 

Shem. Eldest son of Noah (Gen. v. 32), settled between Japheth and Ham, the 
country from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, and from Lydia to the Eed 
Sea, including Syria (Aram), Chalda^a (Arphaxad), Assyria (Asshur), Persia (Elam), 
and Arabia (Joktan). A special blessing is promised Shem in Gen. ix. 27. 



170 GEOGRAPHY. 

Shem'a. In Judali (Josli. xv. 26). Slieba: given to Simeon. 

Shen (1 Sam. vii. 12). Where Samuel set np the stone £benezer, between 
" the Mizpah and the Shen.'' Lost. 

She'nir (Deut. iii. 9 ; Cant. iv. 8). Senir, Mt. Hermon. 

Sheph'am (Num. xxxiv. 10, 11). On the east boundary of the land. Lost. 

She'shach (Jer. xxv. 26, li. 41). Supposed to be Babylon by some. Others 
say it means Ur, the ancient capital of Babylonia, the city of Abraham. 

Shib'mah (Num. xxxii. 38). Shebam, east of Jordan. 

Shic'ron (Josh. xv. 11). Boundary of Judah, near Jabneel. Lost. 

Shi'hor of Egypt (1 Chr. xiii. 5 ; Josh. xiii. 2, 3). Wady el Arish, Arabia 
Petrsea. Shihor, the Nile. (See Sihor.) 

Shi'hor Libnath (Josh. xix. 26). Boundary of Asher, below Mt. Carmel. Lost. 

Shil'him (Josh. xv. 32). Judah. Perhaps the same as Sharuhen, which was 
given to Simeon (xix. 6). 

Shilo'ah, the waters of (Jer. viii. 6). The prophet compares a quiet confi- 
dence in Jehovah with the waters of a brook that "go softly," and contrasts this with 
the " waters of a river, strong and many, even the king of Assyria and all his glory : 
and he shall come up over all his channels, and go over all his banks." Supposed to 
refer to Siloam, near Jerusalem. 

Shi'loh {rest). (1 Sam. i. 24, iii. 21 ; Judg. xxi. 19.) In Ephraim, north of 
Bethel, east of the road to Shechem, south of Lebonah. Now called Seilun. This 
was one of the earliest and most sacred of the Jews' sanctuaries. The ark was 
kept here (in a tent or tabernacle only), from the last days of Joshua (xviii. 1) to 
the time of Samuel (1 Sam. iv. 3). Here Joshua completed the division of the land 
among the tribes (xviii. 10, xix. 51). The Benjamites seized the "daughters of 
Shiloh,"and preserved a tribe from extinction (Judg. xxi. 19 — ), at an annual "feast 
of the Lord." Eli resided here as judge of Israel, and died of grief at the news that 
the ark of Grod was taken (1 Sam. iv. 11, 18). The story of Hannah, Samuel's 
mother^ is an interesting incident, as illustrating the character and life of the He- 
brews (1 Sam. i., &c.). Ahijah the prophet lived here when Jeroboam sent his wife to 
him to inquire what should become of their sick son (1 Ki. xiv.). The city was 
on a low hill, rising from an uneven plain surrounded by higher hills, except a 
narrow valley on the south. Very few, and not any important ruins are found 
here. An immense oak of great age grows among the rains, and a few olive-trees 
are scattered through the hollows. The hills were once terraced and finely culti- 
vated. A fine large fountain, half a mile away, flows out in a narrow vale, first into a 
pool, and then into a large reservoir, where flocks and herds are watered. There are 
rock-hewn sepulchres near, where perhaps some of Eli's " house" were laid. 

Shim'ron. (Josh. xix. 15). In Zebulon. Now /.Smwrn^/e/^, west of Nazareth. The 
king of Shimron Meron was one of 31 vanquished by Joshua (xii. 20). 

Shi'nar, the land of {country of the tivo rivers). (Gen. xi. 2.) Ancient name of 
Chaldsea and Babylonia. It is the Jewish name, and is not found in the native inscrip- 
tions. Abraham brought the name with him to Canaan. 

Shit'tim {acacia trees.) (Num. xxxiii. 49). Abel has Shittim {meadoiv of tlie 
acacias). In the Arboth Moab, by Jordan. Jericho (Num. xxii. 1, xxvi. 3). Under 
the cool shade of the acacia groves the Israelites were led into the worship of Baal Peor 
by the Midianites, which sin Moses, by command, avenged (xxxi. 1). Joshua sent spies 
to Jericho from here (ii. 1). 



GEOGRAPHY. 171 

Sho'phan (Num. xxxii. 35). East of Jordan : fortified. Lost. 

Shu'al, the land of (jackal). (1 Sam. xiii. 17.) North of Miclimasli. Lost. 

Shu'nem (Josli. xix. 18). Issachar. Where the Pliilistines encamped before 
the battle of Gilboa (1 Sam. xxviii. 4). Here dAvelt the good Slinnamite, who wel- 
comed Elislia the prophet, who oft passed by ; and fitted up a little chamber for him 
(2 Ki. iv. 8), and was rewarded (ver. 36). This pleasant village was the native place 
of Abishag, David^s attendant (1 Ki. i. 3), and possibly the heroine of Solomon's Song. 
The modern village is on the S. W. flank of Little Hermon, Jebel Duliy, 3 miles from 
Jezreel north, in full view of Mt. Carmel, and in the midst of the finest grain-fields in 
the land. 

Shur {a wall). (Gen. xvi. 7.) Hagar sat by a fountain in the way to Shur, 
when the angel sent her back with a promise of a blessing. Abraham dwelt between 
Kadesh and Shur, in Gerar (xx. 1). Ishmael's descendants dwelt from Havilah 
unto Shur that is before Egypt (xxv. 18). Called also Btham (Ex. xv. 22 ; Num. 
xxxiii. 8). 

Shu'shan {lily)- Shushan the palace (Esther, i. 2). One of the most important 
towns in the whole East. Capital of £lain, Susis, or Susiana. Inscriptions dated 
660 B. c. record the capture of the city by Asshur-bani-pal, giving also its plan. Dan- 
iel saw his vision of the ram and he-goat at Shushan the palace (Dan. viii, 2). Cyrus 
made it a Persian city, and its metropolis (^schylus and Herodotus), although the 
building of the palace is credited to Darius. Alexander found there 60 million dol- 
lars, and all the regalia of the great king. After this, Susa was neglected for Babylon. 

Now called Sus, a vast ruin, between the Eulaeus and Shapur. East and west of the 
city a few miles were the rivers Coprates and Choaspes. The water of the Choaspes 
(now Kerhliali) was thought to be peculiarly heathful, and was the only water drank 
by the kings, at home or on journej^s (Herod, i. 188), and it is now prized above all 
other river- water by the people. 

The ruins cover a space 6,000 feet east to west by 4,500 north to south, being 
about 3 miles in circuit. There are four artificial platforms. The smallest of these 
has an eminence 119 feet high above the river, facing the east, and made of sun-dried 
brick, gravel, and earth. One platform has a surface of 60 acres. The remains of the 
Great Palace have been examined, and a plan made out, including 72 columns, some 
bearing trilingual inscriptions, having the names of Artaxerxes, Darius, Xerxes, 
Hystaspes, and crediting the building to Darius ; besides naming the gods Ormazd, 
Tanaites, and Mithra. The number of columns is the same as in the Great Hall of 
Xerxes at Persepolis. It stood on a square platform, 1000 feet each way, 60 feet 
above the plain ; itself being 120 feet 'to the top of the roof, making a height in all of 
about 180 feet. The appearance must have been truly grand, rising as it did to such 
a great height, amidst lower structures, beautified with trees and shrubs, reflected in 
the river at its base. Esther plead in this palace for her people, and saved them. 

Sib'mah (Josh. xiii. 19). East of Jordan, in Eeuben. Shebam. Lost. 

Sibra'im (Ezek. xlvii. 16). A north boundary of the land. Lost. 

Si'chem. Shechem. 

Sic'yon (market — iveehly?). (1 Mace. xv. 23.) A later city built on the acrop- 
olis of an ancient city of the same name, near the eastern end of the Corinthian gulf, 
about two miles from the sea, near a range of mountains, which were terraced, and 
rent with gorges. In the time of the Maccabees it was the most important Eoman 
possession in Greece. 



172 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Sid'dim {the vale of). (Gen. xiv. 3, 8, 10.) The Hebrew words Emeh has Sid- 
dim mean a plain cut up by stony channels. Located by some scholars at the north 
end of the Dead Sea. 

Si'de (1 Mace, xv, 23). A colony of Cumseans on the coast of Pamphylia. The 
navy of Antiochus was made np of ships from Side and Aradus, Tyre and Sidon, and 
the fleet was stationed at Side on the eve of the battle with the fleet from Ehodes 
(Livy, 37, 23). Its ruins indicate former wealth. The theatre of the Eoman time 
was one of the largest in Asia, seating 15,000. It was used as a fort in the middle 
ages. There was an Agora (as at Athens), 180 ft. in diameter, surrounded by a 
double row of columns, and a pedestal for a statue in the centre, and a temple on the 
south side (mentioned by Strabo). The harbor was closed in, and was 1500 by 600 ft. 
in extent, with docks for unloading ships at. 

Si'don (fishing). Zidon (Phoenician Tsidon). (Gen. x. 15, 19.) 
(Josh. xi. 8). Sidon (Matt. xi. 21; Mark, iii. 8; Luke, vi. 17). On the 
Mediterranean Sea, in the narrow Phoenician plain 
(2 miles), under the range of Lebanon, to which it 
once gave its own name (Jos. Ant. v. 3, 1). The 
city is built on the northern slope of a promontory 
that juts out into the sea, pointing S. AV., and the 
citadel is on the height behind it. Zidon was the 
first-born of Canaan, and probably the city is an 
older one than Tyre, and the Phoenicians are 
(often) called Sidonians (never Tyrians) in Josh, 
xiii. 6; Judg. xviii. 7, &c. Skilled workmen were their special pride, not traders 



Great Zidon 
coast of the 




COIN OP SIDON. 






WATER BOTTLP:. 



(1 Ki. V. 6). The prize given to the swiftest runner by Achilles 
was a large silver bowl made at Sidon (Homer, II. xxiii. 743). 
Menelaus gave Telemachus a most beautiful and valuable present, 
"a divine work, a bowl of silver with a gold rim, the work of 
Hephaestus, and a gift from King Phsedimus of Sidon" (Od. iv. 
614). Homer mentions the beautifully embroidered robes of An- 
dromache, brought from Sidon. Pliny mentions the glass factories 
(v. 17). 

Under the Persians, Sidon attained to great wealth and im- 
portance. To live carelessly, after their manner, became a proverb 
(Judg. xviii. 7). The prize in a boat-race, witnessed by Xerxes at 
Abydos, was won by Sidonians ; and when he reviewed his fleet 
he sat under a golden canopy in a Sidonian galley ; and when he 
assembled his officers in state, the king of the Sidonians sat in 



GEOGEAPHY. 



173 



the first seat. It was almost utterly destroyed by the Persians, b. c. 351. Being 
rebuilt, it opened its gates to Alexander. The Jews never conquered the city, and 
so far failed of the promise. Strabo said there was the best opportunity for acquiring 
a knowledge of the sciences of arithmetic and astronomy, and of all other branches of 
philosophy. At this time Greek was probably the language of the best society. 

It is the most northern city visited by Jesus, 
and is about 50 miles from Nazareth. Now called 
Saide. The whole neighborhood is one great 
garden filled with every kind of fruit-bearing 
trees, nourished by streams from Lebanon. Its 
chief exports are silk, cotton, and nutgalls. A 
mission-station of Americans are working among 
5,000 people. 

There are many ancient sepulchres in the rocks 
at the base of the mountain east of Sidon, and 
sepulchral caves in the plain. In one of these 
caves, in 1855, was discovered one of the most 
beautiful and interesting Phoenician monuments 
in existence. It is a sarcophagus of black syenite, 
with a lid carved in human form, bandaged like 
a mummy, the face being bare. There is an in- 
scription in Phoenician on the lid, and another 
on the head. The king of the Sidonians is men- 
tioned in them, and it is said that his mother was 
a priestess of Ashtoreth. It is supposed to belong- 
to the 11th century B. c. It is now in the Louvre, 
Paris. 

Sihor {hlach) , Correctly Shihor. The Nile. 
(Sanscrit, Nilah = dark-blue.) The water of the sarcophagus found at sidon. 

Nile is dark with mud, like our Ohio or 
Mississippi. The Egyptian name was Yeor. (The name of Egypt was Kem— 




black.) The present name in Arabic is Balir el AzraJc, dark-blue river. 
name of the brook of Egypt ( Wady el Arisli), which 
is mentioned as the south boundary of David's 
kingdom (I Chr. xiii. 5; Josh. xiii. 2, 3). 

Sil'la. Where Joasb, the king, was killed 
(2 Ki. xii. 20). Lost. 

Silo'ah {dart). Siloam {sent). (Hebrew, 
Siloach.) (Nell. iii. 15.) Arabic, Siliuan. One 
of the few undisputed localities around Jerusalem, 
The water was "sweet and abundant" in Josephus' 
day (B, J. v. 4, 1). It is in the Tyropoeon valley, 
200 feet from the Kidron. There are no less than 
40 natural springs within a circle of ten miles 
around Jerusalem. The water flows out of a small 
artificial basin, under the cliff, into a reservoir 53 feet 
long by 18 feet wide and 19 feet deep. It -has been 



Shihor is the 




SYMBOLIC riGURES OF THE KIVER 
NILE 

(WiiKinxon,.) 



174 GEOGEAPHT. 

lately proved, by exploring, that the water flows from the Virgin's fountain to Siloam; 
and there is a remarkable ebb and flow, which varies in frequency with the season 
and supply of water (John, ix. 7). The village of Siloam {Silwan) is not mentioned 
in Scripture, and is probably modern. It is poorly built, and occupies the site of Solo- 
mon's idol-shrines (1 Ki. xi. 7; 2 Ki. xxiii. 13). 

Siloam, Tower in, mentioned by Jesus (Luke, xiii. 4). Not located. 

Sin {mire). Pelusium {pelos, Greek for mire), in Egypt. Sin, the strength of 
Egypt (Ezek. xxx. 15). Probably a fortified city. Pompey was murdered here by 
order of Ptolemy, b. c. 48. 

Sin, Wilderness of. (See Wilderness of Wandering.) 

Sinai. Mountain and desert forming a part of the peninsula between the gulfs 
of Suez and Akabah. 

Sin'im (Is. xlix. 12). The Chinese. 

Sin'ite (Gen. x. 17). The fortress of Sinna is mentioned by Strabo (xvi. 756) as 
in Mt. Lebanon. The ruins of Sini were known in the days of Jerome (Gen. loc. cit). 

Si'on. A name of Mt. Hermon (Deut. iv. 48). 

Siri'on. The Sidonian name for Mt. Hermon (Deut. iii. 9; Ps. xxix. 6). 

Smyrna (Kev. ii. 8-11). Designed by Alexander the Great, and built by his 
successors Antigonus and Lysimachus, near the site of the ancient city of the same 
name (which had been destroyed by the Lydians 400 years before). It stood at the 
head of a gulf of the ^Egean Sea, by the mouth of the river Meles, having a range of 
mountains on three sides of it. Tiberius granted the city permission to erect a temple 
in honor of the Roman emperor and senate. John (Eev. ii. 9) probably referred to the 
pagan rites in his letter to the church in Smyrna. (See Seven Churches.) 

The only ancient ruins are on the mountains, south. On the summit is a ruined 
castle. So convenient has it been to carry away antiquities that Smyrna has been 
nearly stripped. Van Lennep, the missionary, found a great number of small articles 
in the dirt-heap of the ancient city; rings, seals, lamps, household gods, and many 
other articles, more or less broken (except the seals), and probably thrown away as 
rubbish, or lost. In the time of Strabo it was one of the most beautiful cities in all 
Asia (Minor). There were a library and museum, with grand porticoes, dedicated to 
Homer (claimed as a native) ; an Odeum, and a temple to the Olympian Zeus. The 
Olympian games were celebrated. Polycarp was martyred here, being condemned by 
the Jews also. 

So coh. 1. (Josh. XV. 35.) In the Shefelah, now called Esli Sliuioeikali, in 
Wady Sumt, 3-J- ms. S. W. of Jerusalem. 2. (ib. xv. 48.) Judah, in the hill- 
region. Now called Esh Sliuioeihah in Wady Klialil, 10 ms. S. W. of Hebron (1 Chron. 
iv. 18). 

Sodom {vineyard, or turning). One of the most ancient cities of Canaan, in 
the Jordan valley, the chief of the five cities (Gen. x. 19). The plain was once like a 
garden, and was chosen by Lot, when Abram chose Canaan (ib. xiii. 10 — ). As the 
two patriarchs were standing on a height between Bethel and Ai they could see Jericho 
and the Jordan plain (called ciccar in the Hebrew, a term peculiar to this district 
alone) ; while they could not see the south end of the Dead Sea. But opposed to this 
is the event of Abraham looking toward the plain, and seeing the smoke go up as from 
a furnace (xix. 28). And that from no height near Hebron can the Jordan plain near 
Jericho be seen, while the south end of the Dead Sea and the Lisan are distinctly 
visible. There is a salt-mountain called Usdum (Sodom) on the S. W. shore of the 



' GEOGEAPHY. 175 

Dead Sea, which may have inherited and preserved the name of the ancient city, but 
the site of that city is lost. 

Sorek {noUe vine), the Valley of. Samson loved a woman in the valley of 
Sorek (Judg. xvi. 4). Wady es Surar, 

Spain. The ancient name of both Spain and Portugal, and a Roman province 
in Paul's time, containing many Jews. It is not certain that Paul carried out his 
intention of visiting Spain (Eom. xv. 24, 28), since neither he nor any other writer of 
his time has left any evidence of such a visit. 

Suc'coth {booths). (Gen. xxxiii. 17.) Where Jacob built booths (of reeds, long 
grass, branches of trees, &c.), and thus gave the place a name. SaTciit is a ruin 10 ms. 
S. of Beisan, on the W. bank of the Jordan, where there is a copious spring in a fertile 
plain. But this is on the wrong side of the Jordan, for it belonged to Gad (Josh. xiii. 
27). The name may have been transferred across the river. Succoth w^as mentioned as 
being near the clay-ground where the metal-work for Solomon's Temple was cast. 
2. A station of the Wanderings (Ex. xii. 37). Site lost. 

Sud. A river near Babylon, on whose banks the Jewish captives lived. 

By' char (falseJiood). (John, iv. 5.) A city of Samaria. (See Shechem.) ISTamed 
so from the false worship on Mt. Gerizim (John, iv. 22 ; Hab. ii. 18). 

Sye'ne. Properly Sereneh (Ezek. xxix. 10, xxx. 6). Prom Migdol to Syene was 
a term for the whole extent of Egypt Migdol was the last town in Egypt toward the 
east, and Syene was the last toward the south, and is now known by its ancient name. 
Its Egyptian name was Sun, w^hich meant " to open," that is, the opening into Eg}^t 
from the^ south. 

Sy'racuse. On the east coast of Sicily. A wealthy and populous place, when 
visited by Paul (Acts, xxviii. 12). Taken by the Romans 200 years B. c. 

. Syr'ia (from Tsnr, Tyre). Aram {high) in the Hebrew. Aram was the fifth 
son of Shem (Gen. x. 22). Called Aram in Num. xxiii. 7. The country he settled is 
called Ara7n or Syria, and extended from the Mediterranean Sea to the Tigris, and 
from Canaan to Mt. Taurus, and had six names for its different sections, for which, see 
Arajn. The country is divided into long, narrow sections, from north to south. 
1. Plains next to the sea, extending from the Ladder of Tyre to the Taurus, including 
the plains of Phoenicia, of Seleucia, and of the Issus ; 2. The range of mountains 
called in the north Amanus, and then Bargylus, and in the south Lebanon ; 3. The 
valley between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, Coele, or Hollow Syria ; 4. The mountain 
range rising north of Aleppo, and ending at Mt. Hermon ; 5. The Syrian desert, ex- 
tending to the Euphrates. The principal rivers are the Orontes {El Asy, the rebel- 
lious) and the Litany. The source of the Orontes is a little north of Baalbek, where 
within a few miles a stream from both Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon unite to form the 
stream, flowing northeast; it passes through a lake 6 ms. long by 2 wdde, near Emesa 
(Horns) ; a little below Hamath it receives a branch ; being turned west by the Amanus, 
it receives the Kara Su {Black iHver), flows by Antioch, and empties into the sea, 
having a course of 200 miles. The Litany rises from a small lake 6 ms. S. W. of 
Baalbek, and runs south, until it is turned w^est by the hills of Galilee, when it reaches 
the sea 5 ms. north of Tyre, having run about 80 miles. There are many other small 
streams, as the Eleutherus, Lycus, Adonis, the rivers of Damascus (Abana and Phar- 
par), which are lost in marshy lakes, the Koweik, near Aleppo, terminating in a marsh, 
and the Sajur, a branch of the Euphrates. The lakes are: the Lake of Antioch; the 
Salt Lake, near Aleppo ; Kades, on the Orontes; and the Bahr el Merj, near Damascus. 



176 GEOGRAPHY. 

The cities are Antioch, Damascus (150,000), Apameia, Aleppo (70,000), Beirut 
, (50,000), Hamath (30,000), (Num. xiii. 21), Hums (20,000), Tripoli (13,000), Seleucia, 
Tadmor (Palmyra), and many others, mentioned in their places. 

Syria was settled by Canaanites and Aramaeans, descendants of Ham. Damas- 
cus and Zobah were the chief cities in David's time. Assyria made it a province, and 
Alexander conquered it (b. c. 323) ; and after him the Seleucid family governed it, 
one of them building Antioch, which was their only capital until 114 B. c. The Ro- 
mans, under Pompey, captured it, b. c. 65. The Mohammedans succeeded the Romans 
A. D. 634, when for a hundred years after they made Damascus their capital. 



Ta'anach (Josh. xii. 21). An ancient city of Canaan, built on the end of a 
ridge which runs northward from the hills of Manasseh into the plain of Esdraelon, 
at the base of which is the modern village of the same name {Ar. Ta'annuk). It was 
the headquarters of the army of Deborah and Barak, and Sisera's host was encamped 
between it and Megiddo (Judg. v. 19). 

Ta'anath-Shiloh (Josh. xvi. 6). Supposed to be Shiloh ; Taanath being the 
Canaanite, and Shiloh the Hebrew name of the same city. 

Tab'bath (Judg. vii. 22). In the Jordan valley below and not far from Beth- 
shean. It may be Tubakat Fahil [TeiTace of FaMl). 

Tab'erah {burning). (Num. xi. 3 ; Deut. ix. 22.) In the Sinai district, but not 
identified. 

Tabor, Mount (height), (Josh xix. 22.) On the border of Issachar and Zebulon. 
It is of limestone, 1800 feet high, rounded in form, and is studded with forests of oaks, 
pistachios, terebinths, mock-oranges, and other trees and bushes. Wolves, boars, lynxes, 
and other wild animals, besides reptiles, are found. It is now called Jehel et Tvr, and 
is one of the most favorable points for beautiful and extensive views. The plain of 
Esdraelon is seen, spread out like a carpet, between the hills of Samaria and those of 
Galilee, ending at Carmel, and in the season of early harvest (March and April) is 
diversified with the various colors of different fields in cultivation — some red from re- 
cent ploughing, some yellow, white, or green, as the state of the crop may determine. 
The sea of Galilee and the Mediterranean are visible. The course of the Jordan can 
be traced for many miles. Lebanon and Hermon, with their snow-capped summits, 
and the hills of Galilee, including Hattin, the Mt. of Beatitudes, are on the north, 
and the countless hills and valleys of Bashan {Hauran) and Gilead are to the east ; 
Little Hermon (Hill Mizar) and Gilboa to the south, while the mountains of Samaria 
fill up the view to the west, ending in the ridge of Carmel to the northwest, where we 
began. 

All around the top are foundations of a thick wall, built of large stones, some of 
which are bevelled. There are ruins of towers and bastions. Toward the east end of 
this enclosure are confused heaps of ruins of houses, churches, towers, and other 
buildings — some of hewn and others of bevelled stones. One tall, pointed arch is stand- 
ing, called the Gate of the Wind. The ruins are of different ages, from remote an- 
tiquity, the time of Josephus, the Crusades, and still later days. 

The early Christians adopted the legend of the Transfiguration of the Saviour on 
this mountain. (Rol)., ii. 358.) 

Tad'mor. Palmyra. City of Palms (1 Ki. ix. 18). Built by Solomon on the 



GEOGRAPHY. 177 

route from Palestine to the Euphrates, about midway between Damascus and the 
river; the whole distance being about 240 miles. The ruins are chiefly of Corinthian 
colonnades and temples, and, seen at a distance, are peculiarly imposing, and seem to 
surpass all others in their apparent vastn ess and general efi'ect. None of Solomon's 
buildings have been identified, and the ruins are ascribed to works of the date of the 
second or third century of our era. (See Wood's Palmyra.) 

Ta'hath {lower). (Num. xxxiii. 26.) Desert station. Lost. 

Tah'panhes {Daphne f). An important town in Lower Eg}^ t, in the land of 
Goshen, near Pelusium (Jer. xliii. 7). Located at Tel Defenneh, in the present Delta. 

TaJi'tim Hod'shi, the land' of (2 Sam. xxiv. 6). Lost. Supposed by some to 
be Harosheth (compare Judg. iv. 2). 

Ta'mar {palm-tree). (Ezek. xlvii. 19.) A town south of Hebron, now called 
Kurnub. 

Ta'nis. Zoan, in Egypt (Judith, i. 10). 

Ta'phon (1 Mace. ix. 50). Beth Tappuah, near Hebron. 

Tap'puah (Josh. xv. 34). In the Shefelah, 12 miles west of Jerusalem. 2. 

En-Tappuah (Josh. xvi. 8, xvii. 7, 8). On the boundary of the children of Joseph — a 
city and a district of the same name. Supposed to be S. W. of Shechem. Perhaps in 
Wady Falaik. 

Ta'rah. Desert station. Lost. 

Tar'alah (Josh, xviii. 27). City of Benjamin. Site lost. 

Tarpelites (Ez. iv. 9). Supposed to refer to the people of Tripolis, PhoBnicia. 

Tar'shish (Gen. x. 4; Ps. Ixxii. 10; Jonah, i. 3, &c.). Probably Tartessus, in 
Spain (Strabo, iii. 148). There was a city and a river in Spain of the same name; 
perhaps the same river is now called the Guadalquiver. The articles brought to Tyre 
from Tarshish, such as silver, iron, lead, and tin (Ezek. xxvii. 12), were productions of 

Spain. 2. (2 Chron. ix. 21, xx. 36.) From these passages it seems that there was 

another Tarshish, which was in the direction of the Eed Sea, and probably in India, 
judging from the articles brought from there, which were gold, silver, ivory, apes, and 
peacocks (1 Ki. x. 22). India was the native land of the peacock {Cuvier, viii. 136). 

Tar'sus. Chief town of Cilicia; the birthplace of Paul the Apostle (Acts, ix. 
11, xxi. 39). It was an important city in the time of the Greek kings. Alexander 
conquered it; and it was under the rule of Antioch, and also that of the Ptolemies. 
Caesar changed its name to Juliopolis. Augustus made it a free city. It was a cele- 
brated seat of learning in the time of the early Roman emperors, and was compared by 
Strabo to Athens and Alexandria, and considered superior to them (xiv. 673). Among 
its famous citizens were Athenodorus, the tutor of Augustus, and Nestor, the tutor 
of Tiberius. Antony and Cleopatra met on the banks of the river Cydnus, which 
divides Tarsus in two. 

Tav'erns. Three Taverns. A station on the Appian road between Puteoli and 
Rome, where Paul met brethren when on his way from Jerusalem. The modern Cisterna 
is probably near the site of the ancient place, which was about 30 miles from Rome. 

Teko'a {strikers). (2 Chr. xi. 6.) East of Hebron ; built by Ashur, son of Hez- 
ron (2 Chr. ii. 24). Residence of the wise woman who made peace between David 
and Absalom (2 Sam. xiv.). Ira the Tekoite was one of David's 30 "mighty men" 
(lb. xxiii. 26). Rehoboam fortified it (2 Chr. xi. 6). Its people helped Nehemiah re- 
build the walls of Jerusalem after the return from Babylon (Neh. iii. 5, 27). The 
prophet Amos was born here (Amos, i., vii. 14). The modern name is Tekua, and it is 



178 GEOGRAPHY. 

a small village of Arab houses, on an elevated hill, from which there is an extensive view 
reaching to the mountains of Moab, Dead Sea, the hills around Jerusalem, and west 
to Hebron, while toward the south the mountains of Edom fill the horizon. 

There are ruins of walls of houses, cisterns, broken columns, and heaps of building- 
stones. Some of the stones have the peculiar Hebrew bevel, proving their antiquity. 

The ruins of Khureitun (possibly Kerioth, the city of Judas) are near Tekoa, 
on the brink of a frightful precipice. 

Tela'bib {Mil Alih). In Babylonia. (Ezek. iii. 15.) Lost. 

Tel'aim (1 Sam. xv. 4). Saul gathered the people and numbered them at Telaim ; 
and it is not certain whether a city of this name was meant, or that the numbering 
occurred at the time of the Passover, for the word is translated " lambs of the Passover." 

Telas'sar. Thelasar {hill of Asslmr). In the hill country of upper and western 
Mesopotamia, near Haran, and inhabited by the children of Eden (3 Ki.xix. 12). The 
name indicates the site of a temple built in honor of Asshur. The Targums locate 
this place, with Eesen (Gen. x. 12), on the Tigris, near Nineveh and Calah. 

Tel'em. Judah (Josh. xv. 24). South of Hebron. Now called Dhullam,. 

Tel-Harsa. Tel-Hare sha {Mil of the wood). (Ezra, ii. 59 ; Neh. vii. 61.) In the 
low country of Babylonia, near the Persian Gulf. 

Tel-melah {Mil of salt). A city of the low district near the Persian Gulf. The 
city is called Thelme by Ptolemy (v. 20). 

Te'ma {desert). (Gen. xxv. 15 ; Is. xxi. 14.) A small town on the border of 
Syria, on the pilgrim route from Damascus to Mecca. It was once a stronghold. 

Te'man (Gen. xxxvi. 11). A city or country named after one of the dukes of 
Edom, in the south of the land of Edom. Eusebius and Jerome mention it as being 
15 miles from Petra. 

Tham'natha. Timnath (1 Mace. ix. 50). Now called Tibneh, half way between 
Jerusalem and the Mediterranean. 

Thebes. A chief city of ancient Egypt, the capital and residence of the kings 
during the age of its highest splendor. There were three names, Zam, Pamen {abode 
of A7non), and Thebes. 

No-Ammon {portion of Ammon), is the name in the Scriptures (Jer. xlvi. 25 ; 
Nah. iii. 8 ; Ezek. xxx. 14). Mentioned by Homer (Iliad, ix. 381). Its origin is lost in 
antiquity. In the 1st century B. c, Diodorus describes it as having a circuit of 140 
stadia, public edifices of vast size, magnificent temples, a great number of monuments, 
private houses of four or five stories high, giving it a grandeur and beauty surpassing 
all other cities in the world (Diod. i. 45). Nearly a hundred years later, Strabo speaks 
of Thebes under the name of Diospolis, and says that ".vestiges of its magnitude still 
exist which extend 80 stadia in length. There are a great number of temples, many 
of which Oambyses mutilated." 

Pliny wrote of Thebes as " a hanging city" — that is, built on arches ; having the 
river (Nile) flowing through the middle of it. 

The ruins of Thebes are now found in a valley of about ten miles in extent, on 
both sides of the Nile, which is here half a mile wide, and the city was anciently about 
two miles in extent from north to south, and four miles from east to west. The quar- 
ters are calle^l Karnak and Luxor on the eastern, and Koornah and Medinet Haboo on 
the western side, in each of Avhich localities there are ruins of great temples, with re- 
mains of avenues of sphynxes and colossal figures of two miles in extent, leading from 
one to the other. (See Wilkinson and Marictte.) 



GEOGRAPHY. 179 

Almost every pillar, obelisk, and stone tells its historic legend of Egypt's greatest 
monarch s. 

" To-day Thebes is bnt a nest of Arab hovels amid crumbling columns and drifting 
sands." (/. P. Thompson, D. D.) 

The'bez (Judg. ix. 50). A place 13 miles N. E. of Shechem, now called Tubas, 
on a gentle hill, surrounded by large groves of olives, and well-cultivated fields (Rob., 
iii. 305). Abimelech was killed here by a piece of a millstone (2 Sam. xi. 21). 

Thessaloni'ca. Named after the sister of Alexander the Great. She was wife 
of Cassander, who rebuilt and enlarged the city. Its original name was Therma. In 
Macedonia, between the rivers of the Thermaic Gulf. It is still the most important 
town in European Turkey after Constantinople, having a population of 70,000, about 
one- third of which are Jews. It was the residence of Cicero at one time, and the 
headquarters of Pompey and his Senate, and was made a free city by Octavius Caesar. 
In the 1st century A. D., the time of Paul's visit and his two epistles to the Thessalo- 
nians, it was the most populous city in Macedonia. 

This was the chief station on the great Eoman Koad, the Via Egnatia, which 
led from Eome toward the whole country north of the seas, and therefore a most im- 
portant centre for spreading the gospel. Its commerce was equal to Corinth and 
Ephesus. 

The first Christians of this city mentioned by name were Jason (Rom. xvi. 21), 
Demas (2 Tim. iv. 10), Gains (Acts, xix. 29), and Aristarchus and Secundus (Acts, xx. 
4). The truth and accuracy of the Scripture are confirmed in the mention of the fact 
of this being a free city and in giving the peculiar and correct term for the chief magis- 
trate, who was called in Greek Politarch (Acts, xvii. 6). This name is found nowhere 
else, and is preserved on an arch of the Imperial times, which spans tlie main street 
of the city (Aug. Beck. Insc. No. 1967). For several centuries after Christ this was 
called "the Orthodox City," and was the great centre of oriental Christianity. 

Thimna'thah. Dan. (Josh. xix. 43.) Between Eglon and Ekron. The resi- 
dence of Samson's wife. There must have been several towns of the same name. One 
is now known as Tibneh, ten miles south of Akir (Ekron). 

This'be. Naphtali (Tobit, i. 2). The birthplace of the prophet Elijah, the 
Tishbite (1 Ki. xvii. 1). The place has not been identified, but is looked for in the 
vicinity of Safedor Kadesh. 

Thra'cia (2 Mace. xii. 35). Thrace anciently included the whole country north 
of Macedonia and the Black Sea. It is supposed that Tiras, in Gen. x. 2, means 
Thrace. It is also supposed that Tiras was the ancestor of the Tyrsi or Tyrseni, the 
Etruscans of Italy. 

Thyati'ra. See Patmos, and the Seven Churches. 

Tibe'rias. A city on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee (John vi. 23). Some 
have supposed that it was built on the ruins (or near) of an ancient city, Rakkath or 
Chinneroth (see Land and Book). Josephus says that it was built over an ancient 
cemetery, and was therefore an unclean city. 

Jesus never visited Tiberias, and it is scarcely mentioned in the Gospels. 

It was the capital of Galilee from its origin to the time of Herod Agrippa II. 
Celebrated schools of learning flourished here for several centuries. The ]>^ishna 
was compiled here by Rabbi Judah Hakkodesh, A. D. 190. That most important work, 
the Masorah (traditions), originated here. By it has been preserved the vowel sys- 
tem and pronunciation of the Hebrew, and therefore the correct reading and under- 



180 GEOGRAPHY. 

standing of the Old Testament. The Christians held it during the Crusades, and now 
it is under Turkish rule. Population about 4,000, one fourth being Jews. 

The Jews hold that four cities are holy, which are Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, and 
Tiberias. An earthquake in 1837 nearly destroyed the city, and its effects are still seen 
in walls tumbled down and houses in heaps. 

Tib'hath. A city of Hadarezer, king of Zobah (1 Chr. xviii.). On the eastern 
skirts of Anti-Lebanon. 

Tigris. River of Mesopotamia. Called Hiddekel, in Hebrew. Like the Eu- 
phrates, it has two sources; the principal one is near the high mountain-lake Golenjik, 
which lies in the great bend of the Euphrates, in lat. 38° 10', long. 39° 20', and only two 
or three miles from that river. The course is generally southeast to its junction with 
the Euphrates at Kurnah, having traversed 1150 miles. A thousand miles of its 
course can be navigated by rafts. The river rises rapidly in March, from the melting 
snow of the Niphates mountains, and reaches the highest point in May, often flooding 
the country around Baghdad. Low water occurs again in July. In Autumn the 
flood is much less in height than in Spring. The river has been purposely obstructed 
by dams at several places by the Persians for the uses of irrigation. The Tigris is 
mentioned by Daniel as the Great River, the Hiddekel (x.). It traversed ancient Ar- 
menia, Assyria, and separated Babylonia from Susiana. The water is yellowish, runs 
in a rapid current, and abounds in fish. Th^ banks are fringed with groves of palms, 
pomegranates, and jungles of reeds, the haunts of wild beasts. 

Tim'nah {divide). 1. In the north of Judah (Josh. xv. 10), near Bethshemesh. 
It may be identical with Timnatha of Samson, a city of Dan (xix. 43). There is a 
modern village called Tibneh two miles west of Ain Shems (Bethshemesh), which is 

believed to be on the site of the ancient city. 2. In the mountain district of 

Judah (Josh. xv. 57), south of Hebron. 

Tim'nath. Timnah. 1. (Gen. xxxviii. 12.) Where Judah kept his flocks. 

2. The residence of Samson's wife (Judg. xiv. 1, 2, 5). In Philistia. There 

were vineyards; but as a lion was found in one, the place must have been thinly in- 
habited. 

Tim'nath-heres. The city and burial-place of Joshua (Judg. ii. 9). Also called 
Timnath-serah (Josh. xix. 50). In Mt. Ephraim, on the north side of Mt. Gaash. The 
site is lost, and with it the tombs of Joshua and Caleb. Dr. Eli Smith offered the 
ruins of a place fifteen to twenty miles northwest from Jerusalem as the site in ques- 
tion, where there are, in a higher hill opposite, sepulchres hewn out of the rock, equal 
in size and decoration to the tombs of the kings at Jerusalem. 

Tiph'sah (ford). (1 Ki. iv. 24.) The outpost toward the Euphrates of Solo- 
mon's kingdom (2 Ki. xv. 16). Probably Thapsacus of the Greeks and Romans, and 
situated in Northern Syria, where the route eastward crossed the Euphrates. It was 
a great and important town in the time of Xenophon. A ford and a bridge sup- 
plied passage for caravans and armies. At the modern town of Suriyeh, on the Eu- 
phrates, there is a paved causeway visible on both sides of the river, which are the 
remains of the approaches to the ancient bridge; and a long line of mounds, arranged 
like those of Nineveh, in the form of a parallelogram. 

Tiras. The 7th son of Japheth. Tyrrhenians (?), in Italy. 

Tir'zah. City of Canaan (Josh. xii. 24). After the separation of Israel and 
Judah it was the residence of Jeroboam (1 Ki. xiv. 17), and of his successors, Baasha, 
Elah, and Zimri. The royal sepulchres (xvi. 6) of the first four kings of Israel were 



GEOGRAPHY. 181 

here. Omri destroyed Zimri in his palace by fire, and soon afterward removed the 
capital to Samaria (Shomron). Its beautiful situation is mentioned in Solomon's 
Song (vi. 4) as equal to that of Jerusalem. There is a modern village called Telluzah 
four or five miles north of Shechem, on a high hill, large and thriving, but without 
antiquities, which is supposed to be on the site of Tirzah. 

Tob, the land of. Jephthah's refuge (Judg. xi. 3), and residence until in 
vited to return by the sheikhs of Gilead (v. 5). Tob was somewhere in the Hauran, 
but is not identified. 

Tobie. The seat of a colony of Jews (1 Mace. v. 13). The same as Tob. 

To'chen. In Simeon (1 Chr. iv. 32). 

Togar'mah. A part of Armenia, named after Togarmah, a brother of Ashkenaz 
and son of Gomer (Gen. x. 3). 

Tolad. Simeon (1 Chr. iv. 29). El-tolad. 

To'phel. At the S. E. corner of the Dead Sea, now called Tufileh. It is in a 
most fertile valley, having many springs and rivulets flowing into the Ghor, and 
large plantations of fruit-trees. Figs are exported. Partridges (katta) are found in 
great numbers, and deer (steinbock) in herds of 40 or 50 together. 

To'pheth {fadref -grove). S. E. of Jerusalem, in the Valley of Hinnom ( Jer. vii. 
31, xix. 2). A music-grove of the king; a part of the royal gardens. After the sacri- 
fices to the idol Moloch it became a place of abomination (vii. 32). 

Trachoni'tis {heap of stones). (Luke, iii. 1.) The region called also Argob, 
G-eshur, and now M-Lefah, and is south of Damascus, consisting of a plain and the 
western slope of Jebel Hauran. On the northern border of this region are the exten- 
sive ruins of Mismiyeh, where there is an inscription on the door of a once beautiful 
temple, which contains the name of the ancient city, Phocus. On the east are the 
ruins of Saccsea and Kenath, on the slope of Hauran. Joseph us describes the inhab- 
itants as having neither towns nor fields — dwelling in caves, and having cisterns of 
water and granaries ; and the ground as almost a plain, covered with rugged rocks. 
(See Argob, and G-eology.) 

Tri 'polls. Possibly the ancient Kadytis. On the coast north of (Beirut), 
Sidon, and Tyre. The river that runs from Lebanon through the city is called 
Kadisha. Demetrius Soter landed here (b. c. 161), and made it his headquarters 
while conquering Syria (2 Mace. xiv. 1). Pop. 16,000. 

Tro'as. Alexander Troas in Asia Minor (Mysia), opposite the island of Tenedos. 
It was one of the most important towns in Asia. Paul made two voyages from here 
to Macedonia. (See Life of Paul.) It was connected by good roads with cities on the 
coast and in the interior. Constantine had, before he gave a just preference to the 
situation of Byzantium, conceived the design of erecting the seat of empire on this 
celebrated spot, from which the Romans derived their fabulous origin. 

Trogyl'lium. Samos is exactly opposite this point of land, which lies at the 
boundary between Ionia and Caria. The channel is narrow (about one mile), and the 
current rapid, southward. East of the point there is now an anchorage called St. 
Paul's Port. (Acts, xx. 15.) In this bay there was a great naval battle between the 
Greeks and Persians, b. c. 479. 

Tubal. 5th son of Japheth. (See Mesech.) 

Tyre (rock). Ar., Sur. Heb., Tzor. On a rocky peninsular which was formerly 
an island (Ezek. xxvii. 25), before the siege of Alexander. There was probably a city 
on the mainland opposite the island city ; but which was the more ancient is not de- 
cided. One of the places was called Palsetyrus (old Tyre). Hercules was worshipped 



182 



GEOGRAPHY. 




under the name of Melkarth, and the temple in his honor on the island was said by 
Arrian (ii. 16) to have been the most ancient in the world. 

The people were called Sidonians (Judg. xyiii. 7; Josh. xiii. 6; Ezek. xxxii. 30), 
Tyre and Sidon being inhabited by Phoenicians, and only 20 miles apart (1 Ki. y. 6). 
Sidon (son of Canaan) is _ _^ 

mentioned in the Pentateuch ; 
but Tyre is not (Gen. x. 15), 
but is mentioned first in 
Joshua (xix. 29), where it ap- 
pears as a fortified city. 

The Oanaanites were not 
driven out of Tyre and Sidon, 
and other Phoenician cities 
(Judg. i. 31), as Moses direct- 
ed, but the Jews lived among 
them. Hiram, king of Tyre, 
sent cedar-wood and work- 
men to build David a palace 
(2 Sam. V. 11) ; and afterward 
he also sent Hiram the wid- 
ow's son, a Jew of the tribe tyre. 
of Naphtali, who cast the 

vessels of bronze for the temple. King Hiram furnishing the metal, besides also the 
cedar and fir-trees : and the Jews and Phoenicians worked together. The friendship 
between the Jews and Phoenicians continued for at least a century, when King Ahab 
married a daughter of King Ethbaal of Sidon. 

In the time of Joel (iii. 6-8) the Phoenicians sold Jewish children as slaves to the 
Greeks, and Joel threatened retaliation. 

Carthage was planted as a colony of Tyre, 143 years after the building of Solomon's 
temple. 

There is no record of a war between the Jews and Phoenicians ; and the reason 
why peace was so constant is, that Palestine furnished Phoenicia with grain, oil, grapes, 
and wine, besides cattle and sheep, as is the case now. 

There was an altar in honor of Ashtoreth, the Tyrian goddess, the Queen of 
Heaven, built by Solomon on one of the summits of Olivet as a token of his friendship 
for Hiram, king of Tyre ; and it stood for 350 years, when it was destroyed by Josiah, 
only a few years before Jerusalem was taken by the Assyrians, under Nebuchadnezzar. 
Tyre was besieged for 13 years (b. c. 715) by the same king soon after, but it has 
never been settled whether he captured it or not. But Alexander did take the city 
after a siege of seven months (b. c. 332), when the island was connected to the main- 
land by an artificial causeway during the siege. 

The dye called Tyrian purple was a source of great wealth. It was extracted 
from shell-fish found on the coast. 

At the time of Christ, Tyre was equal in population to Jerusalem. Cassius, bishop 
of Tyre, attended the Council of Caesarea. At the time of the Crusades (a. d. 1124) 
William was made archbishop, and his account of the city preserves the record of its 
wealth and strength. Glass and sugar are mentioned as articles of great value in 
trade. In June, 1291, Tyre was occupied by the Saracens (the Christians having 



GEOGBAPHY. 



183 



abandoned it the night before), and from that day to this they have held it. It is 
now only a village of about 3,000 people: its strong walls have entirely disappeared, 
and the harbor is almost useless. The prophet Ezekiel (xxviii. 2) mentions the pride 
of Tyre — its boast that it 
was a god, and sat in 
the seat of God in the 
midst of the seas; and 
also describes its present 
desolation (xxvi. 3-5). 
The most complete ful- 
filment of his prophecies 
is felt in the silence and 
desolation of Tyre. 

This, almost the only 
relic of Tyre's great sea- 
wall, lies in the northern 
end of the island, and is 
17 feet long, 6i thick, 

and seems to lie in its original position, where it was placed 3,000 years ago. There 
are columns and floors of marble buried under rubbish or sunk in the sea, all over the 
site and along the sea-border ; and thousands of fine pieces of stone, wrought into 
columns, capitals, and panels, have been carried away to other cities — to Joppa, 
Acre, and Beirut. 

U. 




STONE IN THE SEA-WALL OF TYRE. 



Ula'i (Dan. viii. 2, 16). A river near to Susa. Called Eul?eus by the Greeks 
and Komans. The river has changed its course since ancient days, and now has two 
branches — the Kerkha and the Kuran, by which its waters reach the Tigris. The 
Persian kings drank the water of this river only, when at home or on a journey, 
believing it to be lighter and more wholesome and pleasant to the taste than any 
other. 

Urn'mali. Asher (Josh. xix. 30). The modern site is called Alma, and is on 
the high land of the Ladder of Tyre, five miles from the cape Ras en Nakura, in the 
midst of many ruins as yet without names. 

U'phaz (Jer. x. 9; Dan. x. 5). See Ophir. 

XJr (Gen. xi. 28). The land of Haran, Ur of the Chaldees, from which Terah 
and Abraham came into the land of Canaan. Four localities are offered as the ancient 
site of Ur. 1. Now called Oorfah. The Greeks called it Edessa. The chief mosque 
is called Abraham's, and a pond in which some sacred fish are kept is called the Lake 
of Abraham the Beloved. 2. The second place is Warka, the Orchon of the Greeks, 
and Huruk in the Assyrian. 3. A place in eastern Mesopotamia, Ur, below Nineveh, 
on the Tigris. 4. Mugheir, or Cm Mugheir (mother of Bitumen), on the right 
bank of the Euphrates, 125 miles from the sea. The ruins here are extensive and of 
the most ancient character, containing inscriptions. Once called Camarina. This 
was for ages the burial-place of the Assyrian kings. 

Uz. The land in which Job lived (Job, i. 1), and evidently settled by a son of 
Aram, grandson of Shem (Gen. x. 23). Supposed to have been east or southeast of 



184 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Palestine (Job, i. 15, 17), in the yicinity of the Sabseans and the Oaldaeans, and of 
Edom (Lam. iv. 21). The description of the people corresponds to that of the nomade 
tribes of Arabia Deserta. 

U'zal (Gen. x, 27 ; 1 Chr. i. 21 ; Ezek. xxvii. 19). Javan. The capital city of 
Yemen, Arabia ; originally called Awzal, and now known as Sana. The city is better 
built than any other in Arabia, has many palaces, mosques, baths, and khans : "resem- 
bles Damascus in the abundance of its trees or gardens, and the rippling of its waters." 

XTz'za, garden of (2 Ki. xxi. 18, 26). AVhere Manasseh and his son Amon, kings 
of Judah, were buried. Supposed to have been in Jerusalem (2 Chr. xxxiii. 20). Lost. 

Uz'zen She 'rah {ozen=ear). (1 Chr. vii. 24.) Built by Sherah, a daughter of 
Ephraim, near the Beth horons. Now Beit Sira in Wady Suleiman, 13 miles N. W. of 
Jerusalem. 




EGYPTIAN wrNE-PRESs. ( WUkin^on.) 



Vineyards, plain of the (Judg. xi. 33). Beit el Kerm, 10 miles north of 
Kerak, on the ancient Eoman road, where there are ruins of a temple. 

Vineyard. The vine, its fruit the grape, and wine and vinegar produced from it, 
are frequently mentioned in the Scripture, as is natural from its being a native of the East 
(supposed to have originated in Margiana, south of 
the Caspian Sea). It is mentioned in the earliest 
histories of all people, and has always been highly 
valued. Moses, Homer, and Herodotus write about it ; 
and before their day, the Egyptians pictured it, and 
methods of preparing its products for use, on their 
monuments. Various preparations from the' vine are 
in use, among which are: The juice of the unripe 
grape, for acid ; in some parts the unripe grapes are 
dried and powdered, forming a pleasant acid. Grapes, 
both fresh and dried, as raisins : the juice of grapes 
fresh pressed is valued as a pleasant beverage, called 
must ; this juice is also boiled down into dibs (molas- 
ses), used at the table. Wine, alcohol, and vinegar are 
made by fermentation ; cream-tartar is made from 
the lees ; a fragrant oil is pressed from the seeds ; the 
ashes from the twigs and stalk yield carbonate of potash. 

A fruitful vine is often used as an emblem of the Hebrew nation ; and a period of 
security, repose, peace, and prosperity is figured by every one sitting under his own 
vine and fig-tree ; and the drinking of wine was also used as a symbol of the highest 
spiritual blessings (Is. Iv. 1, 2). 

In fearful contrast to this is the desolation of the house of Israel, figured by the 
neglected, trodden -down, wasted vineyard, by Isaiah (v. 1-7) ; and by the vine brought 
out of Egypt, by Asaph (Ps. Ixxx. 8-16). 

The first notice of wine in the Scriptures is when Noah planted a vineyard (Gen. 
ix. 20, 21), and sufiered (himself and his posterity) from excess in its use. The next 
is in the story of Lot (xix.). When Isaac blessed Jacob, he prayed the Lord to give him, 
among other things, plenty of corn and wine (xxvii. 28). Pharaoh's chief butler mado 
must for his king (xl. 11). Moses mentions wine (frequently in his laws, and) as a 
drink-offering (Num. xv. 5, 7, 10. See also Judg. ix. 13) ; but it was forbidden to the 
priests during their service in the tabernacle (Lev. x. 9) ; and it is thought thatNadab 
and Abihu transgressed because of an excess in its use. During a vow the Nazarite 
was not to drink wine or vinegar, to eat grapes, or touch any product of the vine : (as 
carbonate of potash enters into some kinds of bread, he may have been restricted to un- 
leavened bread. Num. vi. 3, 4.) The people drank wiiie at their sacred festivals 
(Deut. xiv. 22-26). The Eechabites abstained from wine (and from living in liouses) 
in obedience to the command of their ancestor. Wine was used in the ceremony of the 
Passover. There was a custom of giving medicated wine or vinegar to criminals who 
were condemned to death, to stupefy them, and thus lessen the pains of execution 
(Prov. xxi. 6, 7; Amos, ii. 8), as in the case of the crucifixion, when the soldiers gave 



GEOGRAPHY. 185 

Jesus vinegar mixed with some drug, evidently with kind intentions (Matt, xxvii. 34; 
Mark xv. 23). 

Mixed wine is frequently mentioned. It was mixed with water (perhaps only to 
weaken it for common use, or it may be for deception — Is. i. 22) and with milk (Cant, 
v. 1) ; and with spices, to increase its strength and flavor (Ps. Ixxv. S ; Is. v. 22). 

The wine of Lebanon was peculiarly fine (Hosea, xiv. 7), and had a grateful odor, 
and the Tyrians imported a famous quality from Helbon (Ezek. xxvii. 8). 

"Wine (and other liquids) are kept in skins (bottles) made of goatskins, or from 
the skins of other animals, especially of the ox for the largest, sewed and pitched, and 
stored, not generally in their houses, but in a wine-store, where it was fermented. 

Jesus sanctioned the use of wine, and made a supply at a marriage feast (John, ii. ), 
and is charged with being a wine-bibber by his enemies, in contrast to John the Baptist, 
who abstained from both bread and wine (Luke, vii. 33, 34). Paul advises Timothy to 
use a little wine for its expected relief from his "often infirmities" (1 Tim. iv. 23). 

The warnings against excess in its use as a beverage are frequent and severe, in both 
the 0. T. and the N. T. (Pro v. xx. 1, xxiii. 29-35, xxxi. 4, 5 ; i Cor. vi. 10; Gal. v. 21. 

The wine-press was generally in the vineyard (Is. v. 2 ; Matt. xxi. 33), outside of the 
cities (Zech. xiv. 10; Rev. xiv. 20), where in the vintage they had a merry time, tread- 
ing the grapes (Judg. ix. 27 ; Is. xvi. 10 ; Jer. xxv. 30, xlviii. 33 ; Neh. xiii. 15 ; Is. Ixiii. 
2; Joel, ii. 24) ; which custom furnished strong figures to the prophets of the judg- 
ments of the Lord upon Israel (Lam. i. 15 ; Joel, iii. 13), and of his mercies and 
blessings also (Prov. iii. 10). The vineyards are generally planted on hill-sides, which 
are often terraced to the summit — far from the village, without hedge or fence, requir- 
ing constant watching. The strongest young men are set apart for this duty, and 
take their stand on the hill-tops, or on towers ; which custom Isaiah makes the subject 
of one of his finest figures of the prosperity of Zion (Iii. 7, 8). The watchmen are stationed 
near each other (within sight, and hearing of each other's voices), and have certain 
calls to use in case of danger, or in " publishing" peace and safety, now as in the 
olden time (Land and Book, ii. 412). 

Wilderness of the Wandering. The mystery which hangs over the greater 
number of localities in this region of desolation, in which the new-born free nation of 
Israel wandered for forty years (38 of which was as a punishment), has called out the 
minute researches of a larger number of travellers than ever penetrated any other dis- 
trict of equal difficulties. And thus it is at length "possible by the internal evidence 
of the country itself to lay down, not indeed the actual route of the Israelites in every 
stage, but in almost all cases, and in some cases the very spots themselves." 

Etham was a district on both sides of the northern end of the Red Sea, or Gulf 
of Suez. The place of the crossing cannot be located nearer than within four or five 
miles, and is assigned to the places both above and below Jebel Atakah. 

From the Red Sea they went out into the W. of Shur {wall), and travelled three 
days, finding no water. Josephus seems to locate Shur at Pelusium; but that part of 
Shur traversed by the Jews must have been between Etham and Sinai, to answer the 
requirements of the text. Some have given this name to the whole desert from Suez 
to Beersheba, north of Er Ramleh, which is also named Paran. The first water found 
was at Marah {bitter), and the next mentioned is Ulim, where there were twelve 
wells. The route must have been between the range of Tih and the sea {see Maj)), 
and Marah must have been either at Ain Mousa, at Howara {destructio7i), or at 
El Amara, which is south of Howara, and is now a well of bitter water; and this last 
place has the majority of arguments in favor of its being the true site. 

Elim was a kind of desert paradise, with twelve fountains (not wells), and palm- 
grove (Ex. XV. 27). Wady Ghurundel has several fine fountains, supplying a peren- 
nial stream, and has more trees, shrubs, and bushes than any other place in the desert. 
Here the plain ends, and the mountain begins. They removed from Elim, and camped 



186 



GEOGKAPHY. 



by the Red Sea. At the mouth of Wady Taiyibeh is a wild and lonely plain, with 
the sublime view of Sinai's granite peaks on one side and the deep blue sea on the 
other. The Wilderness of Sin is a continuation of this valley to the south, widen- 
ing into the broadest plain in the whole peninsula. Here they first murmured, and 




MAP OF EGYPT AND THE PEN^IKSULA OF SINAI. 

the quails were sent in answer to their cry, and the first fall of manna. Dophka 
and Alush were probably in the same plain. Rephidim {supports) is located in 
Wady esh Sheikh, the most spacious valley in this region, and the most fertile. Here 
the people found no water to drink, and Moses brought water out of a rock (Ex. xvii. 
5, 6). The Amalekites attacked the people, and were routed. Jethro, Moses' father- 
in-law, visited him here and counselled him. They next pitched in the plain of 
Rahali (rest, Ex. xix.), in front of Sinai. Jehel Musa (Mount Moses), the Sinai of 
recent tradition, is in the midst of a group of mountains, and is 7,000 feet high. 



GEOGRAJ'HY. 187 

Katerin is 8,700, and Om Sliomer is 9,300 feet high. On the summit of Jebel Miisa 
is a platform nearly 100 feet across, partly covered with ruins, a chapel at the east end, 
and a small mosque. Ras es Sufsafeli (peak of the willow) is the Sinai of many 
scholars, because from it the plain can be seen, and every other requirement of the 
text is answered, and every incident illustrated by the features of the surrounding 
district. They stayed almost a year at Sinai. While Moses was on the mount, receiving, 
the two tables, Aaron (his brother) made a calf of gold, probably in imitation of the 
Egyptians. Aaron's sons offered strange fire (Lev. x.) and were destroyed, and the 
second passover was held. 

On leaving Sinai a certam order of march and of camping was adopted (Num. x.), 
and Hobab was engaged as a guide, to be unto them ''instead of eyes" (ver. 31), as is the 
custom now in crossing the desert. From Sinai to Kadesh the route cannot clearly be 
laid down. After three days they pitched in Paran, at a place afterward called 
Taberah {burning, Num. xi. 3). Quails were sent here (ver. 31) : the people suffered 
from a plague after eating them, and the place was named a second time, Kibroth- 
hattaavah (graves of lust, ver. 33). The next station, Hazeroth, has been identified 
with Ai7i Hudhera, a little fountain in a wild, dreary waste, among naked hills, 40 
miles from Sinai: The place was noted for the foolish rebellion of Miriam and Aaron 
(xii). The fountain of El Aim, north of Hudhera, is the most important watering- 
place in the district. The next station that can be located is Ilzion geber, at the 
head of the Gulf of Akabah. Between this station and Kadesh, in the ArahaJi, there 
were many stations, and, as appears from the two accounts in Numbers (xxxiii.), and 
in Deuteronomy (ii. 8, x. 6), they wandered up and doWn the valley several times. 

Kadesh {holy), next to Sinai, was the most important of all the resting-places in 
the wilderness. From here the twelve spies were sent into the promised land, and 
from Kadesh the rebellious people were turned back into the wilderness by the way of 
the Red Sea (Deut. i. 40), to wander for 38 years. And when they attempted to go up 
(by the pass Es Sufah) against the command of the Lord, they were defeated at Hor- 
mah with disgrace and slaughter (Num. xiv. 40). 

Of the great and terrible wilderness of the wandering not one station is recorded, 
nor even a hint of its locality, and the only events recorded are (besides the ceremonial 
law), the execution of the man who gathered sticks on the Sabbath-day (Num. xv. ), 
the rebellion of Korah (xvi.), and (either during that time or soon after) the writing 
of the ninetieth Psalm by Moses. The great desert from Akabah to Gaza is now 
called Et Tyh (the wandering), and it may be the very region; but having no names 
to locate or compare, there is nothing left us but conjecture. 

They visited Kadesh a second time, when Miriam, the sister of Moses, died, and 
was buried there (Num. xx. 1). Moses brought water out of the rock, and the people 
drank, and their beasts. So their flocks had survived through the 38 years. Then 
they sent messengers to the king of Edom, asking permission to pass through his 
country, and making the fairest proposals, but they were denied their request (xx. 14). 

They then left Kadesh and moved to Mt. Hor, where their first high-priest, Aaron, 
died and was buried, and Eleazar his son was invested with the "holy garments" and 
the office of his father. 

The next place that is identified is the pass through the east wall of the Arabah, 
up into the Arabian desert— Wady Ithm, by the way of the Red Sea (to compass the 
land of Edom, xxi. 4). Here the fiery serpents were sent, killing many; and the bra- 
zen serpent was set up, which became a type of the greater salvation. Ije Abarim is 



188 



GEOGRAPHY. 



reached, and then the willow brook (Zered), and soon also the Amon^ and they 
were out of the desert. Sihon, king of the Amorites, opposed their advance, and Israel 
smote him, and possessed his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok. They next con- 
quered Og, the king of Bashan, and his " giant cities" are still standing, deserted but 
not ruined, all over the vast plain of the Hauran. The king of Moab sent the prophet 
Balaam to curse Israel as they were encamped in the plains of Moab, and he blessed 
them, but laid a snare which caught them, many thousands losing their lives (xxxi. 16). 
Moses numbered the people in the plain of Moab, and found 601,730 men above 
the age of 20 (being only 1820 less than the number at Sinai, 39 years before), and of 
these only three were among those who came out of Egypt, all the rest having fallen 
in the desert (Num. xiv. 29), leaving only Moses, Caleb, and Joshua. After looking 
at the land from the heights of Nebo, Moses died, and was buried (by the Lord), " but 
no man knoweth of his sepulchre" (Deut. xxxiv. 6). With his death the wanderings 
ended. 



Zaan'aim, the Plain of, or probably the Oak of. A sacred tree by Heber's 
tent, when Sisera took refuge in it (Judg. iv. 11). Near Kedesh Naphtali. Lost. 

Zaan'an. In the Shefelah. Zenan. . 

Zabade'ans (1 Mace. xii. 31). The modern Zebedany is a village, in a plain of 
the same name, high up on Anti-Lebanon, watered by the Barada. Pop. 3,000. Kefr 
Zabad is a small village near. 

Za'ir (2 Ki. viii. 21). South of Kerek. Lost. 

Zal'mon, Mount. Near Shechem (Judg. ix. 48). 

Zalmo'nah. Desert-station (Num. xxxiii. 41). Supposed to be Maan, a few 
miles E. of Petra. 

Zano'ah. Two towns in Judah. 1. (Josh. xv. 34), in the Shefelah, now called 
Zanua, in Wady Ismail. Peopled after the return from Babylon (Neh. xi. 30). 
2. (Josh. XV. 56), in the mountain district, 10 miles south of Hebron. 

Za'phon (northimrd). (Josh. xiii. 27.) On the E. side of Jordan. Lost. 

Za'red, the Valley of. Zered. 

Zarer'phath. Sarepta, near Sidon (Ant. viii. 13, 2). The residence of the 
prophet Elijah. The miracle of the widow's cruse of oil was wrought here by Elijah 
(1 Ki. xvii. 9, 10; Luke, iv. 26). There are remains of columns and slabs, and the 
Roman road is quite perfect here. 

Zar'etan. Zarthan (Josh. iii. 16). Supposed to be Kurn Surtabeh, north of 
Jericho, in the Ghor. 

Za'reth-Sha'har (Josh. xiii. 19). Reuben. Sara, near the Dead Sea, at the 
mouth of Wady Zerka Main. 

Zart'anah (1 Ki. iv. 12). Near Bethshean. Zarthan ? 

Zar'than. 1. Near Succoth (1 Ki. vii. 45). ■ 2. The same as Zaretan in 

Josh. iii. 16. 3. In the upper part of the Jordan valley, near Bethshean. 

4. Zeredathah, Zererah, Zererath, Zererathah. 

Ze'boim (Gen. x. 19). One of the five cities of the plain. Shemeber was its 
king (xiv. 2). Lost. 

Zeboim, the Valley of {ravine of the hyena). (1 Sam. xiii. 18.) East of 
Michmash. 



GEOGRAPHY. 189 

Zedad' (Num. xxxiv. 8 ; Ezek. xlvii. 15). On the north border of the land as 
promised by Moses. Passed through by the prophet Ezekiel on his way to Assyria as 
a captive. Sadud is on the north end of Anti-Libanus, 50 miles N. E. of Baalbek. 

Zeeb {tlie wolf). (Judg. vii. 25, viii. 3 ; Ps. Ixxxiii. 11.) One of the two princes 
(sheiks) of Midian defeated by Gideon and the 300. He Avas killed at a wine-press 
which was near the fords of Jordan, and his name given to the place. 

Zelah. In Benjamin (Josh, xviii. 28). Here was the residence and the family 
tomb of Kish, the father of Saul (2 Sam. xxi. 14), where. Saul and Jonathan, and the 
two sons and five grandsons of Saul were buried. Probably Saul's residence before he 
was made king. Lost. 

Zel'zah (1 Sam. x. 2). Benjamin, near Eachel's sepulchre. Mentioned by 
Samuel the prophet, after anointing Saul king. Lost. 

Zemara'im (Josh, xviii. 22). Benjamin. Near Bethel, to the east. Es Snmrah 
is 4 miles north of Jericho, and is probably the place. There was also a Mount 
Zemaraim (2 Ohron. xii. 4) which has not been identified, and may possibly mean 
the same locality. The Zemarite's tribe were sons of Canaan (Gen. x. 18), and be 
longed to this district, given to Benjamin. 

Zenan' (Josh. xv. 37). Judah, in the Shefelah. The same as Zaanan (Micah, i. 
11). Placed by some travellers 2^ miles S. E. of Mareshah, and now called Zanahra. 

Zephath' (Judg. i. 17). A Canaanite city destroyed by Judah and Simeon, and 
its name changed to Hormah. Located in the pass Es Sufa, south of the Dead Sea. 

Ze'phathah, the Valley of (2 Chron. xiv. 10). Kear Mareshah, probably Tell 
es Safieh. Where Asa fought Zerah the Ethiopian and his host, and pursued them 
unto Gerar. 

Zer (Josh. xix. 35). Eortified town in Naphtali, S. W. of the lake of Gennesareth. 
May possibly be Hattin. 

Zer'edj the Brook of {hrooTc of ivilloivs). (Deut. ii. 14.) Now called Wady el 
Ahsy, and running into the S. E. corner of the Dead Sea. Here the w^anderings of 
the Israelites ended ; or it may be they continued to the time of the death of Moses. 

Zer'eda (1 Ki. xi. 26). In Ephraim. The native city of Jeroboam, the first 
king of the kingdom of Israel, formed by the ten tribes that revolted. It was fortified 
for Solomon. The site has not been found, but is supposed by some to be the same as 
Tir'zah; and by others, Zeredatha. 

Zere'datha (2 Ohr. iv. 17). Called Zartlian (1 Ki. vii. 46). The vessels for 
Solomon's Temple were cast in the clay-ground between Succoth and this place, in 
the plain of Jordan. The finest clay is found on the banks of the Jordan, near Suc- 
coth, and is carried away for use in casting brass. 

Zererath (Judg. vii. 22). In the Jordan valley. Zeredatha. 

Zidon. (See Sidon.) 

Ziklag (Josh. xv. 31). Judah in the Negeb. It was the private property of 
David, and at one time his residence (1 Sam. xxx.). Supposed to be the site now 
called Asluj. 

Zin, the Wilderness of. A district between the Arabah and the Desert of 
Paran, or Tyh mountains, and consisting of three terraces, sloping toward the Dead 
Sea, by the Wady Fikreh. Kadesh was in this. Josephus speaks of a hill called Sin, 
where Miriam was buried. This hill may be what is now Moderah, isolated, conical, 
and standing a little S. of Wady Fikreh. 

Zi'on. (See Jerusalem.) 



190 GEOGRAPHY. 

Zi'or. Judah (Josh. xv. 54), six miles N. E. of Hebron. Now Sair. 

Ziph {rnotffJiful). 1. Judah, in the Negeb (Josh. xv. 24). Lost. 2. Judah, 

between Carmel and Juttah (Josh. xv. 55), about 3 miles S. of Hebron. Some of 
David's greatest perils and most successful escapes belong to this district (1 Sam. xxiii. 
14, 15, 24, xxvi. 2). Also called the Wilderness of Ziph. Rehoboam fortified Ziph 
(2 Chr. xi. 8). 

Ziph'ron (Num. xxxiv. 9). In the north boundary of the land. Now Sudiid, 
near Kurietein (Hatsar Enan). 

Ziz, the Pass of (2 Chr. xx. 16). Pass of Ain Jidy. 

Zo'an {departure). Tanis, Egypt, on the E. bank of the Tanitic branch of the 
Nile. It was an important post on the east of the country, and chief town of a large 
district of pasture-lands. Called by the Egyptians Ha-awar, and fortified by Salatis, 
the first shepherd king, who stationed here 240,000 men as a protection against the 
Assyrians. Hebron was built 7 years before Zoan (Num. xiii. 22). There was a great 
temple here, dedicated to Set (Baal), embellished by Rameses II. The Pharaohs dwelt 
here, both in the time of Joseph and of the Exodus (Ps. Ixxviii. 12, 43). Mentioned 
by Isaiah, xix. 13, xxx. 4, 14. The ruins of the temple area show its size, 1250 by 
1500 ft., and its remains prove its ancient grandeur. There were 10 or 12 obelisks, all 
now fallen ; the stone for which was originally brought from Syene. The inscriptions 
and figures are of the age of the shepherd kings. 

Zo'ar {little). (Gen. xiv. 2, 8.) One of the oldest cities of Canaan. First called 
Bela. A¥hen the cities of the plain were destroyed, Zoar was spared as a refuge for 
Lot (ib. xix. 22, 30). Zoar was seen by Moses from the top of Pisgah (Deut. xxxiv. 
3). Following Josephus (Ant. i. 11, § 4), the Crusaders, and later travellers, Zoar was 
on the Xiisan, a promontory on the east side of the Dead Sea, and now seen in exten- 
sive ruins in the lower end of Wady Kerak. Palms once flourished here so abundantly 
as to give it the name of City of Palms (William of Tyre, xxii. 30). Some have sup- 
posed Zoar to have been much nearer Jericho, and on the east of Jordan, in the Wady 
Seir, near Nimrin. 

Zo'ba. In Syria, a kingdom in the time of Saul, David, and Solomon. Its cities 
were Hamath Zobah (2 Chr. viii.3) ; Betah (2 Sam. viii. 8) ; Tibhath (1 Chr. xviii. 8), 
which is probably Taibeh, near Aleppo; and Berothai. Hadadezer, king of Zobah, 
was conquered by David. 

Zohel'eth, the Stone. By En Rogel (1 Ki. i. 9). Supposed to refer to the 
Virgin's Fountain, or a stone near it. 

Zo'phim {ivatcJiers). (Num. xxiii. 14.) A cultivated field near the top of Pis- 
gah, from which Balaam had his second view of Israel's camp. Perhaps the ruins of 
Main, at the foot of Jehel Attarus, surrounded as they are by a fertile plain, mark the 
site of Zophim. 

Zo'rah {hornets). (Josh. xix. 45.) Dan, in the Shefelah. The residence of 
Manoah, and the birthplace of Samson (Judg. xiii. 25, xvi. 31), who was buried be- 
tween Zorah and Eshtaol. It was fortified by Rehoboam (2 Chr. xi. 10), and occu- 
pied after the return from captivity (Neh. xi. 29). Now called Stirah, on a sharp, 
conical hill, on the north side of Wady Ghurab. There is a large spring here, " a 
noble fountain," walled up with large square stones, and gushing over with fine water. 

Zareah. Zoreah (Josh. xv. 33). 

Zuph, the Land of (honey). (1 Sam. ix. 5.) Not far from the tomb of Rachel, 
in Judah. Soha, 7 miles W. of Jerusalem. 



THE ALLOTMENT OF THE TWELVE 

TRIBES. 

The land was promised to Abraham as a dwelling-place for his descendants, who 
were to be as countless as the stars of the heavens, or as the sand on the sea-shore ; 
which promise was repeated to Moses, who brought them out of Egypt to the border 
of the country at Kadesh, by the shortest route from Sinai, but on account of the mur- 
murings there, led them for 38 years in the wilderness. They were finally brought 
over the Jordan by Joshua, who after giving Caleb his "mountain" Hebron, divided 
the land by lot among the nine tribes and a half; two tribes and a half having been 
located by Moses east of Jordan. (Josh, xiv-xxi.) 

The lots were drawn at Shiloh, where the Tabernacle had been set up, and where 
it remained over four hundred years. (See Shiloh.) 

The tribes are named here in the order in which the sons of Jacob stood in his 
family. 

The description of the cities and surroundings forms the great body of this work, 
and therefore only a few words are here given to each tribe, referring to the maps, and 
the articles under each separate head, for particulars. 

A plan of the Tabernacle is shown on the map of the Twelve Tribes. The tent 
itself was 15 feet (10 cubits of 18 inches each as now reckoned) wide, 45 long, and 15 
high. It was formed of boards, 15 feet long and 18 inches wide, set on end, and kept 








a s 



THE TABERNACLE. 



in their places as shown in the cut, and covered on the sides with two curtains of 
badger skins, and one of ram's skins ; and on the roof two coverings, of goat's-hair 
cloth. One-half only of the tent roof is shown in the plan on the map. 

The descriptions of the Tabernacle are given very minutely in Josephus, the Jew- 



194 



THE ALLOTMENT OF THE TWELVE TKIBES. 



ish historians, Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, and Kitto's Cyclopedia, besides also in 
some special \yorks, bnt the only true description is that in Exodus, and the others 
differ according as the different writers understand the original text. 



ISSACHAR, 

54,400. 



EAST. 

JUDAH, 

74,600. 



Zebulon, 

57,400. 



Naphtali, 
53,400. 



ASHER, 

41, .500. 



Dan, 

62,700. 



Moses. Aarox. 

Priests. 







Meraeites, 
3200. 


Iz; 





Kotiathites, 
2750. 



Gershonitsis, 
2650. 



Eeuben, 

46,500. 



Simeon, 
59,300. 



Gad, 

45,650. 



Benjamin, 

35,400. 



Manasseh, 
32,200. 



Ephraim, 

40,500. 



WEST. 

THE ENCAMPMENT AROUND THE TABERNACLE. 



The tribe of Reuben was the least distinguished in eyery way — in men of char- 
acter, in famous deeds, or in the territory in which they lived. There were four fami- 
lies at the migration into Egypt, and 46,500 men over 20 years old at the Exode, and 
at the last numbering before the death of Moses, 43,730. Three of this tribe joined 
Korah in the rebellion against Moses at Sinai, and "perished from among the congre- 
gation" (ISTum. xvi. 33). The station of the tribe on the march was south of the Tab- 
ernacle, with Simeon and Gad. The tribe chose to stay on the east side of Jordan, on 
the mishor or highland pasture of Moab, a section which had never been included in 
the promise to Abraham (Num. xxxii. 7, 17). This distant position separated them 
from their brethen on the other side of Jordan, and gradually alienated them from the 
national religion, as Deborah bewailed in her song ' Judg. v. 15, 16). The Syrians 
overran their country under Hazael (b. c. 884 — 2 Ki. x. 32), and the whole tribe was 
carried into Assyria captive by Tiglath Pileser (1 Ch. v. 6, 26). 

The tribe of Simeon numbered six families (the head of one of which, Shaul, was 
a son of a Canaanite woman) when Jacob went doAvn into Egypt (Gen. xlvi.), and at 
the Exode 59,300 men over 20, but only 22,000 at the last census by Moses. 

In the wilderness Simeon was on the south side of the Tabernacle. The only 
great name of the tribe on record is that of the widow Judith, the heroine of the 
apochryphal Book of Judith, where she appears as an ideal type of piety, beauty, 
courage, and chastity. There were 18 cities, with their surroundings, given to Simeon 



THE ALLOTMENT OF THE TWELVE TRIBES. 195 

out of the portion allotted to Judah, including the famous well of Beersheba, and one 
of which (Ziklag) became the private property of David, as a present from Achish the 
Philistine. Apart of the tribe (500 men) took possession of a district in Mount Seir, 
where they were still living after the return from the captivity (1 Chr. iv. 42, 43). 

For Levi, see the Geography. 

Judah numbered three families at the migration to Egj^pt, all of whom were 
descendants of Canaanite women, and 74,600 at Sinai ; and had increased to 76,500 at 
the passage over Jordan. The great Caleb was of this tribe, who was one of the spies ; 
and he and Joshua were the only two of the spies that spoke well of Canaan, and the 
only ones of all the people who left Egypt that were permitted to enter it. 

This was the first tribe located west of the Jordan, and its boundaries are more 
minutely traced than of any other, and included nearly one- third of the whole land. 
Philistia was not conquered until David's time, and was after that an uncertain x)os- 
session : the wilderness along the Dead Sea was not favorable to a large population. 
Simeon and Dan had a part : altogether leaving Judah in actual occupation of only 
the hill-country with the western slopes (the Shefelah), and the pasture-land of the 
south (Negeb, in Geology). Its stronghold was the district from Jerusalem to 
Yuttah, which was secured from invasion by steep, narrow defiles on every side, easily 
defended, while its cities were nearly all on hill-tops. The royal line was descended 
from Pharez, twin son of the widow of Er, Eeuben's son, and David was the first who 
was named king. When the ten tribes revolted, Judah was left alone, and its history 
became that of the Kingdom of Judah, over which David's successors from Rehoboam 
to Zedekiah reigned. (See Israel.) 

The most important neighbors of Judah were Edom and Egypt, besides the 
Kingdom of Israel. The great internal cause of the decay and the ruin of Judah, 
was the contest between the kings and the priests for the controlling power, which 
increased the bitterness of factions, and lessened the bravery of the people for resist- 
ance against their enemies (Ez. xxii.) ; and when in Hilkiah the priest the crown was 
actually subjected, society had become corrupt, the enemies of Judah, Egypt, and Bab- 
ylon threatened, and the few faithful and good men left resigned themselves to the 
bitter lot which the sins of the nations had earned, and went weeping into captivity. 

Only one son of Dan is mentioned at the migration into Egypt, Hushim (a fam- 
ily ?), or Shuham ; at the Exode the number of the tribe was 62,700 men over 20, and 
at the final numbering in Moab they had increased to 64,400. The seventeen cities, in 
its allotment (including Ekron, one of the five chief cities of Philistia), were seated 
along the sides and base of the hill-country of Judah and Benjamin. Josephus says 
their land extended to Dor under Carmel. It was the last tribe located, and had the 
smallest portion. A long time after the allotment the tribe found its territory too 
small, and sent a part northward, who located at Laish (Judg. xviii.), taking Micah's 
priest and his images (idolatrous?) with them. Samson was the most noted man of 
the tribe, and was a judge of Israel. 

Dan is omitted from the genealogies of the Chronicles, and by John in the Reve- 
lation, where all the other tribes appear. 

Four families of the sons of Naphtali went down into Egypt with their father, 
and had increased at the Exode to 53,400 men over 20, and numbered on the Plains of 
Moab 45,400. The lot of the tribe was drawn the last but one, and included a greater 
variety of climate, soil, productions, and scenery than any other. Some of its wooded 
heights are 3,000 or 4,000 feet high, the loftiest west of the Jordan. The broad table- 



196 THE ALLOTMENT OF THE TWELVE TEIBES. 

lands and elevated plains are well watered and ricli in vegetation. The plains on the 
shore of the Sea of Galilee were of unrivalled fertility, and called the garden of Pales- 
tine, and an earthly paradise (Josephus, B. J. iii. 3, 2; 10, 8; Robinson, ii. 402). 

The Syrian and Assyrian touched this tribe first in their incursions, when they 
came by the way of Ccele-Syria (2 Ki. v. 29). After the captivity this section became 
the most populous in the whole country; and in the time of Christ there were many 
large cities, of which only two now remain, Safed and Tiberias, and these are partly in 
ruins. 

Gad numbered seven families at the migration into Egypt, 45,650 fighting men 
at the Exode, and at the Plains of Moab only 40,500. Their territory lay between the 
lots of Eeuben and Manasseh, east of Jordan, and was one of the most beautiful dis- 
tricts in Syria. (See Gad and Gilead, in Geography.) They probably extended their 
limits very widely on the victory over the Hagarites (1 Chr. v. 19). Several of its 
cities were noted in the nation's history — as Mahanaim, Peniel, Ramoth Mizpeh, Ga~ 
leed, Succoth, andRabbath Ammon. 

Among its great and good men we find the names of Jephthah the Gileadite, a 
judge of Israel ; Elijah the Tishbite, of the inhabitants of Gilead, one of the grandest 
characters known to history, or poetry even. He owed some of his qualities to the 
habits and customs of hi^s native district — his wonderful strength ; great endurance 
of fatigue, hunger, and thirst ; his wandering mode of life, and his dislike to the 
restraints of society. His dress was similar to that of the modern Arab in Gilead. 
Also, Barzillai of Mahanaim, and Machir of Lodebar. (See Lodebar.) The tribe 
was carried into captivity by Tigiath Pileser, and Jeremiah says that the Ammonites 
occupied its cities (xlix. 1 — ). 

Asher had four sons and a daughter, and two grandsons, heads of families, when 
Jacob went down into Egypt; at the Exode the number was 41,500, which was in- 
creased before the crossing of Jordan to 53,400. The district given to the tribe was 
limited just south of Sidon (Tyre was not then founded), and it was never able to 
either drive out or keep out the Sidonians from their portion. In David's time the 
tribe had become of so little account that it is not mentioned among the chief rulers 
of the land (1 Chr. xxvii. 16-22), although some of its people came up to Jerusalem 
to Hezekiah's Passover (2 Chr. xxx. 11). (See Asher.) 

Issachar (written Isascar in the Hebrew) went into Egypt with four families of 
his sons, and came out at the Exode with 54,400 men of war, and numbered at Peor, 
after the pestilence, 64,300. Josephus says the portion of the tribe was the Plain of 
Esdraelon ( Jezreel). Some of the names of its cities and localities recall incidents and 
events which are among the most interesting in the history of Israel ; such as Nain, 
Shunem, Endor, Gilboa, Jezreel and Megiddo, Tabor and the Hill Moreh. Two 
hundred of its chiefs went to Hebron to assist at the crowning of David as king. 
Tola, one .of the Judges of Israel, was of this tribe, and lived at Shamir, where after- 
ward Omri (the descendant of Omri of Issachar?) built Samaria, and founded the 
house of Ahab. Baasha, of this tribe also, was the third king of Israel, and an idola- 
ter ; who was succeeded by his son Elah. The tribe sent its people to Hezekiah's Pass- 
over. Five years after that they were carried away captive. 

Zebulon had three sons who were heads of families at the migration into Egypt, 
and numbered 57,400 at Sinai, and 60,500 males of full age on the Plains of Moab. 
The territory of the tribe was one of the richest and most beautiful districts west of the 
Jordan. Although Joshua distinctly defines the boundaries, yet so many sites of its 



THE ALLOTMENT OF THE TWELVE TRIBES. 197 

cities have been lost that it is very difficult to follow the outlines. The plain of But- 
tauf, the table-lands west of the Sea of Galilee, the finely wooded hills and valleys 
around Tabor, Hattin, Sefurieh, Nazareth, and as far as the plain of Acre, with a 
small strip of Esdraelon, were among its treasures. It was to have extended from sea 
to sea (between the Sea of Galilee and the Mediterranean). The four northern tribes, 
Asher, Naphtali, Zebulon, and Issachar (perhaps including Dan as fifth), formed a 
kind of state by themselves, among whom Zebulon won the highest position for war- 
like deeds, the most brilliant action on record being the victory of Barak and Deborah 
over Jabin and Sisera, so beautifully sung by Deborah (Judg. v.). After the captivity 
it became a part of the nation of the Jews, and is not mentioned as a separate tribe. 
Nazareth and Cana were in its borders, and were made famous for all time by the pres- 
ence of the "great light" prophesied by Isaiali (ix. 1, 2). 

Joseph went down into Egypt as a slave, sold to Ishmaelites, by whom he was 
sold again to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh. (See Joseph in the Biography.) 
His sons were Ephraim and Manasseh (reversed by Joseph in his blessing, for Manas- 
seh was the first-born), who were given the portion of their father. At the Exode 
their number was 72,700 men, which increased to 85,200 at the last census. (See 
Ephraim.) 

Ephraim was represented among the spies by Joshua (Oshea), the son of Nun, 
who was especially honored by Moses with the title of " The help of Jehovah" (Je- 
hoshua). The lot of the sons of Joseph came out second to Judah, and they were 
located in the centre of the land, but they did not give way to the enervating influ- 
ences of wealth and plenty as soon as the northern tribes, especially Asher. The his- 
tory of Ephraim was merged in that of the Kingdom of Israel. 

The tribe of Ephraim had the fairest portion in all the land ; it once was the 
chief sanctuary and the chief original settlement of the nation; was the especial care 
of the Lord (Hos. xi. 3, 4) ; but it distrusted its fellow tribes, and in its separate life 
as the Kingdom of Israel it fell into tumult, dissension, and ungodliness, which was 
only closed by the captivity (ib. ver. 8-12). 

Manasseh. There is no reason given for depriving Manasseh of his birthright, 
as there was in the case of his grand-uncle Esau. On leaving Egypt at the Exode 
this was the least of the twelve tribes, numbering at Sinai only 32,200, but at the 
census, just before the crossing of the Jordan, they had increased to 52,700 men over 
20 years old, at which time Manasseh is honored with a first mention before Ephraim. 
The division of the tribe is one of the singular facts in the history of the Israelites, 
and seems to be at variance with the national feeling and laws. Some of this tribe 
were warriors, and made extensive conquests : as Machir, who took Gilead and Bashan ; 
Jair, who took 60 cities in Argob; and Nobah, who captured Kenath and its vicinity, 
a tract of country the most difficult in the whole land, being full of fortified cities, and 
in the possession of Og and Siholi. (See Hauran, Bashan, Heshbon, Argob, 
Kenath, Nobah, &c.) 

The lot of the half- tribe west of the Jordan was small, lying along the north bor- 
der of Ephraim, but since the boundary is so slightly recorded it is very difficult to 
follow it. The line is drawn from the river Kanah (supposing that river to have been 
just south of Caesarea), to a place on the Jordan "before Shechem" (Josh. xvii. 7,9, 
11; Jos. Ant. v. i. 22). (See Dor, Ibleam, Endor, Taanaoh, and Megiddo.) 
There is no account of this tribe separate from Ephraim, and it is likely that the two 
neighbors were spoken of as one people (2 Ohr. xxxi.l , xxxiv. 6, 9). 



198 



THE ALLOTxMENT OF THE TWELVE TEIBES. 



Benjamin had ten sons and grandsons at the migration into Egypt; at the 
Exode the tribe numbered 35,400 of full age, and just before the passage of the Jordan 
it had increased to 45,600. The boundaries of their lot is quite carefully described, 
and contained 26 large and many small cities. The tribe was nearly destroyed on 
account of its refusal to punish an offender who had violated the rights of hospitality 
(Judg. xix., XX.), 600 men only escaping to the rock Rimmon. (See Rimmon and 
Shiloh.) Tliey were afterward supplied with wives from Jabesh Gilead and at Shiloh. 

The first deliverer of Israel in the time of the Judges was Ehud of this tribe, who 
killed Eglon, the fat king of Moab, and ruled the nation for a long term. 

The first king of Israel was Saul, a Benjamite ; and also that other Saul, Paul the 
Apostle, was of this tribe. 




PRECIOUS STONES. 

Called also stones of grace^ of beauty^ of delight^ or of elegance. 

Palestine does not contain precious stones, and they were imported from Arabia, India, and Ethiopia, by 
Phoenician traders, or brought by visitors (i Kings x. 2, 10 j Ezek. xxvii, 22; Ex. xxviii. 17; xxxix. 10). Sacred 
edifices (i Chr. xxix. 2; 2 Chr. iii. 6) and furniture (Judith x. 21) were decorated with them, and they were 
used as ornaments for the person (Cant. v. 14; 2 Sam. xii. 30), and are often alluded to by the prophets and 
apostles (Is. liv. li ; Lam. iv. 7 ; Dan. xi. 28 5 i Cor. 3, I2j Rev. iv. 3 ; xviii. 12, 16 j xxi. 19). 

As a specimen of a precious stone there is here given a reduced copy of the ** Great Cameo," "The 
Agate of the Holy Chapel," Paris, which is a large Sardonyx of five layers, 13 by 1 1 inches, finely engraved with 
this beautiful picture, which appears on the original in delicately tinted figures on a transparent ground. 



PATMOS, AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES 

OF ASIA. 

Asia Mikor holds the next place to Palestine in the Christian heart, being so 
full of precious associations, which lend a charm to its scenery, and consecrate its 
venerable ruins. History, both sacred and classic, has given enduring fame to every 
harbor, valley, mountain, river, or brook, every city and hamlet, and peopled them 
with the mythological shades of the heathen gods, or the more real forms of celebrated 
men, from Pagan Troy to Christian Antioch. 

It is the land of Homer, one of the earliest and greatest of poets ; of Herodotus, 
the father of classic history; of Paul, the great Apostle, and chief among the founders 
of the Christian church ; and a host of brilliant men and women whose names are 
familiar in history and poetry. 

Empires have been lost and won on its fields and in its harbors, by Greeks, Eo- 
mans, Persians, Christians, and Moslems. During two hundred years, the Crusaders 
marched in countless thousands over its rugged mountains and rapid streams, inspired 
with the love of arms, the thirst for glory, enthusiasm for the cross, and fired by 
hatred of the Moslem. For six hundred years the followers of Mohammed have held 
the land in a humiliating bondage, aggravated by fanatical hate, intensified by 
persecution of the Christian people, the desecration and ruin of their churches, and 
the mutilation or destruction of the monumental art of its past glorious days. 

In Ephesus, desolated Christians deplore the extinction of the first candlestick of 
the Eevelation. The desolation is complete. The temple of Diana, or the church of 
Mary, will equally elude the search of the curious traveller. The populousness of Smyrna, 
on a new site, is derived from Franks, Armenians, and Turks. The God of Mohammed, 
without a ri^al or a son, is invoked in the mosques of Pergamus and Thyatira : Sardis 
is reduced to a miserable village. Philadelphia 'alone has been saved, by prophecy or 
courage. Among the Greek colonies and churches of Asia, Philadelphia only is still 
erect, a column in a scene of ruins ; a pleasing example that the paths of honor and 
safety may sometimes be the same. The circus and stately theatres of Laodicea are 
now peopled with wolves and foxes, and its costly marbles and beautiful sculptures 
quarried for lime and building materials. 

Asia Minor is the natural centre of the Turkish Empire, and is a land of ruins* 
Its shores are indented with many good harbors, but — except one or two — without, 
trade, shipping, and many even without a fishing-boat. Cities and villages have given 
place to deserts; and the richest plains are left uncultivated. The fine monuments 
of all ages are, rapidly crumbling beneath the hammers and saws of the Moslem. 

It was the custom of the Romans to send exiles to the most barren and desolate 
islands ; and it is said by Irenaeus (and Eusebius, who follows him) that John beheld 
the visions of the Apocalypse about the close of the reign of the Emperor Domitian. 
Tertullian relates that John was thrown into a cask of oil (boiling), at Rome; but was 
saved from injury by a miracle, and then sent to Patmos. It may be as well to note,, 
that this mode of punishment is not recorded by any other writer as having ever 



200 



THE SEYEK CHUECHES OF ASIA. 



been used at Eome ; and that the story is probably a tradition only, without foun- 
dation. 

Following the ISTew Testament hints (for they give no direct account), we find 
John at Ephesus, where some persecution, or tumult (such as occurred in Paul's case), 
caused his flight or exile, and drove him to Patmos. While there, his greatest soli- 
citude was for the seven churches in Asia, for whose warning and correction he wrote 
the Kevelation. (See Patmos.) 



MAP Of 

PAT M OS 
SEVEN CHUR CHES o/ A S ! A 

t N CL U Dl N G 

PAUL'S JOURNEYS 

JN (ASIA M I NOR. 




PATMOS, AND THE SETEN CHITRCHES. 



Eph'esus was originally called Smyrna; and the orator Callinus,»in an address 
to Jupiter, called the people Smyrnaeans (Strabo, xiv. 1, 4). Scattered over the site 
of Ephesus are now only heaps of shapeless ruins. The great Greek temples, in Athens, 
have come down to us so well preserved, although mutilated and ruined, that they are 
the admiration of the civilized world. But here, at the site of the temple which was 
the pride of all Asia, and one of the wonders of the worid, we look in vain for even a 
relic of the multitude of columns; for they have been "removed," as well as the 



THE SEVEiq" CHURCHES OF ASIA. 



201 




Christian chu-rch. The most probable site 

is supposed to be that on which the artist 

stood to sketch for this picture, where the 

swamp fills the spaces among the pile of 

crumbling stones. The proudest title of an 

Ephesian was "a temple-sweeper" of the 

goddess Diana 
(XEOKOROS on the coins). The temple itself has been 
swept away. Its decay began in the 3d century, when 
Trajan sent the gates to Constantinople. 

The Diana- worship was a mass of Oriental supersti- 
tions, weaving into itself magic, charms, amulets, and 
the pretence of special miracles. 
The image of the tutelary divin- 
ity was of a great height, carved 
in ebony wood, representing a 
woman with a great many full 
breasts, ending below in a ped- 
estal ornamented with figures 
of lions, cows, and stags; the 
whole decorated with gold and 
silver. The head was turreted, 
like that of Cybele; the moon 
was symbolized behind the 

head; on her bosom were the Zodiacal signs of the 
bull, twins, and crab, with two garlands below them of 
DIANA. flowers and acorns. Her priests were w^omen and eunuchs 

(called Melissai and Megahyzi), with a high-priest {Esseen). 

There were no bloody sacrifices. Its image was copied for use in private families, 

where it was more honored than any other, being carried into distant places. Games 





COIN OF EPHESUS. 



202 



THE SEVEI^ CHUECHES OF ASIA. 



were celebrated, at regular intervals, in honor of the goddess, especially in May (the 
month of Diana), which attracted vast crowds of pilgrims, and gathered wealth from 
many countries. 

The theatre of Ephesus is the only relic that is preserved so as to be recognizable. 
It is one of the largest in the world, ranking with the Coliseum of Eome, and the 
theatre of El Djem, in Africa. 

This last year, J. T. Wood found what is supposed to be 
the monument (or part of it) of the tomb of Luke — of which 
the engraving here is a view of one side — on which there is a 
cross and a bull finely chiselled. 

About two miles N. of Ephesus, in Aisalik, is the great 
mosque which was once the church of St. John (rebuilt, on its 
original site, by Justinian); a peculiar building, having in it 
many carved marble-slabs, with Arabic inscriptions, and four 
monolith granite columns, each four feet in diameter, which 
are supposed to have been in Diana's temple. (See Ephesus.) 

Smyr'na, the second of the " seven," is, unlike Ephesus, 
but once mentioned in the Scriptures; and yet that was an 
honorable position which was given it in the apocalyptic mes- 
sage (Rev. ii. 8-11). It rejoiced in the proud title, "The 
Ornament of Asia." The great prosperity of the ancient city 
was the result of its policy in following the fortunes and 

securing the favor of each conqueror, in turn, who overran Asia. This was the 
reason why they gave to Antiochus the title " God and Savior," and to his mother 
that of "Venus of Victory;" and worshipped Tiberius; and stamped the head of 




TOMB or LUKK. 






SMYRNA, FROM THE SEA. 






Mithridates on their coins; and erected temples m honor of deified Rome. But 
the peculiar worship of the city was of the god Bacchus, the mysteries of which 
were solemnized with great pomp. Apollo was also honored ; and there is a colossal 
head, in marble, now near the western gate of the city, which once crowned a statue 
of the god. — The walls of the buildings in the upper part of the city are filled with 
fragments of columns, cornices, entablatures, and even busts, solne of which were 
portraits of men, or ideals of the gods, built in with the common stone as so much 
rough material ! The Turks have mutilated the features of these busts, because of 
their hatred of images. It has been well said that the Moslem horror of all representa- 
tions of the human form as idolatrous, has destroyed more Grecian statues than are 
now known to exist. There are many remains of the beautiful tesselated pavement 
of the ancient temples, generally built into walls as raw material ! The citadel, on 
the height behind the town (Mt. Pagus), is built of the ruins of the ancient structure, 
whose massive foundations may still be traced. The theatre, in which Polycarp (who 
was bishop over the church for seventy-four years) was burnt, was on the brow of the 



THE SEVEK CHUKCHES OF ASIA. 



203 



hill toward the sea ; and it has almost entirely disappeared, except a few seats, and the 
dens in which the wild beasts were kept. The ancient port was filled np by Taimonr- 
Lang, dnring his siege (a. d. 1400). The modern bay, or harbor, is about 33 miles 
long, and 15 miles wide, and sheltered by high, steep, wooded hills on three sides ; and 




ANCIENT AQUEDUCTS OVER THE MELES. NEAR SMYRNA. 



the w^ater is deep to the very shores, so that vessels may lie close to receive or discharge 
their cargoes. The " Two Brothers" (mountains, near the head of the gulf) are 3,000 
feet high, and are the weather-gauge of the vicinity, giving the signal by their white- 
cloud cap. 

The city is famous for its ample supply of fruit, vegetables, and its excellent wine. 
The suburbs are occupied by the suitimer residences of the merchants and the 
wealthy classes, whose fine gardens, and shady groves, and fragrant orchards are 
watered by many canals and branches of the river Meles. Population, about 160,000; 
about one-half of whom are Christians of the Greek rite. The mission here has suc- 
ceeded in calling a studious attention to the Bible among both the Greeks and Arme- 
nians. 

Three lines of railway have been built; one leading to Ephesus and Tralles 
(Aidin), 80 miles ; and the other to Magnesia and Kassaba, 60 miles ; and the third 
10 the suburb of Bournabat, 6 miles, where there are many country-houses, which are 
also scattered along the sea-coast, north, west, and south. 

Not far from Smyrna, at Kara Bell, is the sculpture mentioned by Herodotus 
(ii. 106), cut in a panel in the limestone rock, perpendicular, and about 7 feet high. It 
is an Egyptian figure, in profile, looking east, holding a spear in the left hand and a 
bow in the right, with inscriptions in hieroglyphics near, and across the breast this 
one, " I conquered this country by the might of my arms." (See Daniel, xi.) 

Per'gamos (correctly, Pergamum). This was the third church addressed by the 
author of the Apocalypse; and it was commended for its fidelity and firmness, in the 
midst of persecutions, in a city so eminently given to idolatry. 

It was the capital of a district of the same name, in Mysia, on the river Caicus, 20 
miles from the sea, and 60 from Smyrna. Its origin is lost in antiquity, dating beyond 



204 



THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA. 






PEBGAMOS. 

ExUriM' of the AmpJiUheatre. 

the Trojan war, when Pergamos, son 
of Pyrrhus, found King Arius liere^ 
and deposed him. The city was built 
on the lower slopes of two liigh and 
steep mountains. Eumenes founded 
the race of the Attalian kings of Per- 
gamoSj 200 years b. c. ; and his suc- 
cessors formed a large library, which 
rivalled the Alexandrian, besides 

making the city the equal of, or superior in importance to all others in Asia Minor. 
Sheep and goat skins were here first made into parchment {pergamena), and it is still 
the chief manufacture of the city. The library was removed to Alexandria by Cleo- 
patra, to whom Antony gave the permission. 

The ruins of temples, a theatre, stadium, amphitheatre, and other buildings, are 
scattered over the ancient site. The great glory of the city was the grove Nicephorium — 
said to have been extremely beautiful — containing temples and statues of all the deities: 
Zeus, Athena (Minerva), Apollo, iEsculapius (its tutelary deity), Dionysius, and Aph- 
rodite. Pergamos had no rival in splendor, being a union of a 
cathedral city, a university town, and a royal residence. The 
Roman Senate recognized the right of sanctuary in the Grove of 
^sculapius, which (with the others) was irrigated by many canals 
from the Caicus, and made very luxuriant in shade and fruit trees. 
It is called neokora — new city — on the coins. This was probably 
the "throne of satan," referred to by John (Rev. ii. 13), the idea 
having arisen from the title of soter, which was given to -^scu- 
lapius on account of the serpent being his chief emblem (found 
on several coins of Pergamos), and also because charms and magic were a part of the 
worship. 

N(iarly all of the Pagan temples, and Christian churches (some of which were re- 




^SCtTLAPirS. 



THE SEVEK CHURCHES OF ASIA. 



205 



modelled temples), are heaped alike in ruins. Their columns, capitals, cornices, and 
sculptures of fine marble, have been carried away to rebuild other places, or burned 
into lime for mortar, or lie in heaps waiting such an inglorious end. The church of 
St. John (anciently a temple) is roofless, but still standing ; and that of St. Sophia is re- 
modelled into a mosque. The Acropolis (in the background of the picture) was the site 
of the temple of Minerva, built on an artificial platform, raised like that of Solomon's 
at Jerusalem. Some of the beautiful white-marble columns of this temple measure 4 




AQUEDUCT AND DOUBLE TUNNEL ON THE RIVEK SELINUS. 



feet in diameter and 40 feet long, as they lie prostrate. Half-way down the hill was 
the palace of the Attalian kings, connected with the town by an aqueduct, which now 
crosses the river, on its ancient and perfect masonry, the river Selinus passing under 
it through a double tunnel, 600 feet long, each arch being 40 feet wide and 20 high. 
Besides this work there are five ancient bridges. There are very perfect remains of 
theatres, and a vast Roman amphitheatre, in which Antipas was made the first martyr 
of Pergamos, followed by a long line. 

The present population of Bergamah is 30,000, only 4,000 of whom are Greek and 
Armenian Christians, the others being Moslems. 

Thyatira. On the river Lycus, N. E. of Smyrna 60 miles. It has been known 
as Pelopia, Semiramis, Euhippa, (Pliny), and is now called Ah Hissar (tuliiie castle). 
Apollo was worshipped under the name of Tyrimnas (a Macedo- 
nian king) — also Artemis; and besides these are several others. 
There was a curious worship of a certain Sambatha, a Chaldean (or 
Jewish) Sibyl; said to have been brought there by the Jews, and 
which is referred to in Rev. ii. 20, etc., under the name of Jezebel. 
Rome was also deified, as also Hadrian and other emperors. Games 
were celebrated in honor of Tyrimnas, Hercules, and of the ruling 
APOLLO. emperor. On the coins there are stamped the heads of Bacchus, 

Athene, Cybele, and the emperors. There are many remains of 
antiquity, such as marble sculptures, generally in fragments built into modern walls, 
or used as troughs or well-covers, and a church of St. John, which was originally 
a Pagan temple, and is now a mosque with a tall minaret. Inscriptions are found 




206 



THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA. 



r 
I' 




TnYATIRA, 



whicli give an account of many corporate socie- 
ties of different trades — bakers, potters, weaters, 
robe-makers, and dyers, of which last Antonius 
Claudius Alphenus was at one time the honored 
leader, and of which Lydia, whom Paul met in 
Philippi, was a member. The distant view of 
the city is very beautiful, but inside of the 

limits there is little order and less neatness. Two thousand houses pay taxes, and 
500 hovels are exempt, sheltering altogether about 15,000 people. The railway 
from Smyrna now reaches Magnesia (30 miles distant), and is to be continued to 
Thyatira, and perhaps beyond. 

Sar'dis. The capital of the ancient Lydia (which Homer called Moeonia), once 
"the Queen of Asia," was in the famous valley of the classic Hermus, two miles south 
of the river, at the foot of Mt. Tmolus, on the river Pactolus. Its first king of whom 
we have a record was Candaules (716 b. c. ) ; and the last was the renowned Croesus, who 
enriched himself and the city by the golden sands of the Pactolus. But the real wealth 
of the city was derived from its commerce and manufactures (see Sardis, in the 
Geography). The invention of the art of dyeing, and of the system of trading in 
shops, is credited to it. 

Not many years ago there were six, and there are still standing two of the pillars 
of the temple of Cybele (60 feet high), which are the oldest Greek monuments in the 
world, having been set up about 300 years after Solomon's temple : the other four were 
made into lime by the Turks. 

The eminent author Melito was bishop of Sardis, in the 2d century; and the oldest 
catalogue of the books of the Old Testament by any Christian writer, that has come 
down to us, was by his hand. The Council of Sardis was convened A. d. 347, from a 
rule of which the Pope of Eome claims his earliest authority ; which was, that in case a 
bishop was deposed by the council, he might appeal to the bishop of Rome. (4th 
canon,) 



THE SEVEN CHUKCHES OF ASIA. 



207 




Julian the Apostate closed the churches and reopened 
the temples in Sardis, in his endeavor to re-establish Pagan 
v\^orship, A. D. 360. 

The cemetery of the ancient kings of Lydia (of the 
dynasty of Croesus) is on the top of a high plateau, 6 
miles north of Sardis, where there are mounds extending over a vast area. The mon- 
ument of Alyattes, the father of Croesus, so minutely described by Herodotus (i. 03), 
is still quite perfect. It is 3,800 feet around and 1300 feet long, rising 300 feet above 
the plain. It has never been disturbed, and is supposed to contain many treasures 
valuable to the antiquary, illustrating the customs of a people whose civilization dates 
long before that of Greece, and second only to Egypt and Assyria. 

Xerxes gathered his great army at Sardis, when he marched to invade Greece by 
way of the Hellespont. Cyrus the Younger beautified the vicinity by making some 
fine gardens. Alexander left his general Pausanias here, and ordered the erection of 
a temple to Jupiter. 

Philadel'phia was founded and named by Attains Philadelphus, b. c. 140, as 
a mart for the great wine district, which is celebrated by Virgil. It is on the little 
river Cogamus, which joins the Hermus near Sardis, surrounded almost by an amphi- 
theatre of hills, and bowered in orchards, in the midst of extensive gardens. The rock 
is basaltic, and streams of lava may be traced in several tracts, but covered by deep, 
black, rich soil. The great staple is opium, which is entirely monopolized by the 
government. Herodotus says the sugar-cane was anciently cultivated, and men- 
tions a confection which was made of tamarisk and wheat, which is to-day the favorite 
sweetmeat of Philadelphia (called halva), after a continuance of over 2,000 years. 
When Xerxes was on his way to Greece, he rested under a great plane-tree near the 
city, and so much admired its beauty that he appointed a keeper for it, and adorned it 



208 



THE SEYEISr CHURCHES OF ASIA. 



z^ij^'A^i" - 




PHILADELPHIA. 

with golden ornaments. Plane-trees still flourish 
here which surpass all others in the country. 

Philadelphia was included in the message with 
Smyrna as deserving approbation and encourage- 
ment; and these two only out of the seven cities 
have continued to our day, and now possess a mate- 
rial prosperity somewhat equal to their ancient im- 
portance. 

The present name is Allah Shelir {city of God, 
or High toivn). The site is a hill with four flat sum- 
mits, from which the view is very fine. The valley 
of the Hermus is here one of the most beautiful and extensive in Asia. There are 
fifteen churches in use, and about twenty in ruins. Of the ancient cathedral of St. 
John, all that is left are a few massive pilasters, which are shown in the engraving, 
towei'ing above the modern buildings, and these are built up from fragments of more 
ancient pagan temples. 

There are 15,000 people, one-third of whom are Greek Christians, who have a 
biahop, enjoy the free exercise of their religion, in church, in processions in the streets, 
in the use of church bells (nowhere else allowed in the interior of Asia Minor), and 
their chief glory is the honorable mention of their church in the Revelation. 

Laodice'a, an ancient city on the Lycus, in the valley of the Meander, forty miles 
east of Ephesus. Its site was on seven hills, which were drained by two brooks, the 
Asopus and Caprus. The ruins are of a stadium, in very complete preservation, 
three theatres (one of which was 450 feet in diameter), bridges, aqueducts, and a 
gymnasium, which testify to its ancient wealth and importance. Its original name 
was Diospolis (the city of Jupiter), which was changed to Rhoas, under which title it 
became the largest city in Phrygia (Pliny). Antiochus II. gave it the name of his 
wife Laodice. 

It became the seat of an archbishop, and in its cathedral church were gathered 
several councils; in one of which, a system of supplying the villages or small societies 



THE SEVEi^" CHURCHES OF ASIA. 



209 




in the interior with church ser- 
vices by itinerating presbyters, 
was adopted (somewhat similar 
to the Methodist plan now in use), under the direction of the bishop of Laodicea. 
Here was also adopted a rule " that Christians should not Judaize by resting on the 
seventh day, but to work on it as usual, and rest on the Lord's day as far as possible, 
like Christians." 

The city was utterly destroyed A. d. 1230, since when it has lain in shapeless ruins, 
only visited for its marble and other materials. 

The aqueduct (which supplied the city, and is now almost perfect), which con- 
veyed water doivn one hill, across the plain, and up another, in stone pipes, proves the 
Eomaus to have been acquainted with the hydrostatic law of water finding its level. 
The stone pipes have a diameter of two feet, and are fitted into each other at the ends, 
and the calcareous deposit from the water has incrusted them, forming almost a con- 
tinuous pipe without a visible joint. 

The seats in the stadium have letters and numbers, their owners' or the keeper's 
marks. 

A recent visitor found a number of workmen sawing up the richly sculptured 
entablature of the ancient theatre, having been busy there for six years, cuttiug up the 
marble. Near them was a colossal statue, sawn into several pieces. In this manner 
have disappeared, during the past twenty years, two agate pillars, 18 inches in diameter ; 
a great number of composite richly sculptured columns, adorned with busts and heads 
in relief, and vases with wreaths of leaves and fruits, and statues and busts and archi- 
tectural ornaments without number. 

Colossae is about ten miles east from Laodicea, near the village of Chonas, but is 
without any interesting ruins, although it was an important city in the time of the 
expedition of Xerxes. Hierapolis (which see in the Geography) has lately afforded a 
fine proof of the truth of an account of Strabo (xiii. iv. 14), who speaks of a deadly 
vapor (carbonic acid gas?) which killed any animal that approached the place. The 
experiment was tried by Svoboda recently on two fowls, and resulted fatally to both in 
a few seconds. 



I 3j>|JW 



f 



3E 



-sum 

SatC" 



m^ 



^ SEV M4.P 
INTHBTIMBOP 

• CJEIMST. 

ASCIEWr NAME o 

^as« Cajae "* 
Tell »'^,' 77 ' '^°"'"''-i<^^:^PJ 

^ 1)3%.- ''% > 










JBay- of 111 

^ Jll 



Caste\luj. 



mm 










5V 



C4ESAREA: 










■fBffRJ.Sl 










MGA2iA. 



'X^^^t 



7-: ID C-> JVC 






m w 






m^^P 






.j^Gr^AM^o*- 










JOB'S 

'4:">."""-5l""<'' 



















^J^^^'" 



TPlldHarai 



^I^I^K^rfj Julias / I < M^"" 










iiARteF: 



Em 
"^1^. ^ 






HI. 





















-» 







'°*!ffliM;''''-'Syy^' J> 



-9"/ 



BIOGRAPHY. 



LIFE OF JESUS, THE CHRIST. 



The name Jesus (was and is now a very common name, and) means 
Saviour, and is derived from Joshua or Jeshua, an ancient Hebrew 
name which signifies "help of Jehovah" — Saviour. The title Christ 
signifies anointed, consecrated, sacred, set apart, and is used for the 
Messiah, who came in fulfilment of prophecy. 

The prophets, from the time of Moses, hold up to view an illustri- 
ous person who was to appear, and should belong to the highest order 
of being, since the name of the Eternal One is His ; and he should also 
be called Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting 
Father; that He should assume human nature and be born of a virgin 
of the family of David, in Bethlehem of Judaea, and his mission should 
be the salvation of his people and all mankind ; that He should be de- 
spised and rejected of his people ; be cut off, but not for himself; be 
wounded for m-en's transgressions, bruised for their iniquities ; by His 
stripes men should be healed ; the Lord should lay on Him the iniquity 
of men ; He should make his soul an offering for sin ; and should be ex- 
alted and made very high ; should see of the travail of his soul and be 
satisfied, and by his knowledge justify many ; and Jehovah say to Him, 
" Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool ;" 
to Him should be given dominion, glory, and a kingdom, and all people 
should serve Him, — an everlasting dominion which shall not pass away : 
all of which has been completely fulfilled in Jesus, the son of Mary of 
Nazareth, who was divinely appointed to be the Messiah, from everlast- 
ing, before the foundations of the world. 

Jesus was born in Bethlehem, and our era is dated from the event, 
which was, at this time of writing, 1870 years ago. The very day, and 
even the very year, has been indefinite, but is not far from the one adopted. 
Joseph and Mary were espoused and had gone up from Nazareth to 
answer to the census-roll ordered by Augustus, for taxation ; and they 
came to Bethlehem because they were of the house of David. The event 
was announced by an angel to some shepherds who were watching their 
flocks by night in the field near the village ; and the heavenly host, who 
were with the angel, praised God, saying, " Glory to God in the highest, 
and on earth peace, good-will toward men." 



Matt. xvi. 16. 

John, i, 45. 
Mic. V. 3. 

Gen. xlix. 10. 

Is. xi. 1. 
xlix. 6 



liii. 
Ps. ex. 1. 

Dan. vii. 13. 

Prov. viii. 23. 

1 Pet. i. 20. 
Luke, ii. 
Micali, V. 2. 



Luke, ii. 



212 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Matt. ii. 1. 



ii. 12. 



Luke, ii. 47. 



iii. 23. 



ii. 40. 



ii. 52. 



ii. 48. 



xiii. 55, 
56. 



John xix. 25. 
Jude, i. 1. 



The coming of Christ was an event of general expectation, and the 
Gentiles were next to the shepherd Jews in rendering homage to Him, 
in the visit of the Wise Men from the East, who brought offerings, rich . 
presents. 

Herod the king, who is described as a cruel tyrant, having been 
made jealous of the wonderful child, who was born King of the Jews, 
ordered that all the children in Bethlehem from two years old and under 
should be killed ; and Jesus was saved only by Joseph hurrying him and 
his mother away to Egypt, where it is supposed that they stayed about a 
year. 

On the way from Egypt the family avoided Bethlehem and re- 
turned to Nazareth. 

When he was twelve years old, Jesus was one day found in the 
Temple, questioning and answering the Jewish priests, and displaying 
astonishing wisdom. This event is proof of the piety and care of his 
parents, who were accustomed to resort to the Temple at the annual feast 
of the Passover. 

The account of his childhood and youth, and even maturity, up to 
" about thirty years of age," besides the incident in the Temple, is given 
in two grand sentences by LuKe, indicative of the increase and develop- 
ment of the human powers, the spiritual being perfect from the 
beginning : "And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with 
wisdom, and the grace of Grod was upon him. And Jesus increased in 
wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and man." 

The modesty and brevity of the Gospels on this part of the life of 
Jesus, is the great evidence of its truth, as compared with tales of fiction, 
wherein the hero is perfected in minute and wonderful details. 

Joseph (the reputed father of Jesus, and so called, by his mother 
Mary), is not again mentioned in the Scriptures after this event. 
Whether he lived to witness the wonderful events and profit by the 
teaching of the Saviour, does not appear. 

The question of the family of Jesus, as to whether his mother Mary 
had any other children besides him, is unsettled, although Matthew dis- 
tinctly mentions four brothers, besides sisters. Some have held that 
these were brothers- and sisters-in-law, children of Joseph by a former 
wife, and others, that they were the children of the sister of Jesus' 
mother, who was also named Mary, and was the wife of Clopas; this 
would have them to be cousins of Jesus. 

Two of his brethren were among his disciples, and were apostles. 
(See James and Jude.) 

The person, the life, and the work of Jesus are the subject of the 
whole New Testament, (and, in prophecy, of the Old), and, as a whole, 
are the historical and doctrinal foundation of Christianity. 

His life may be studied in several sections by students, and these 
may be arranged : 

1. Birth, including the appearances to Zechariah, Elizabeth, Mary, 
and Joseph, and the birth of John the Baptist. 



LIFE OF JESUS, THE CHEIST. 



213 



2. The witnesses of the Messiah — the Shepherds, the Magi, and 
Herod. 

3. Preparation and baptism. 

4. Fasting, temptation, and public manifestation in Galilee, Judaea, 
and Samaria. 

5. His oifered proof of his divinity in his miracles, which are 
classed in two groups : 

( In raising the dead. ( In creating : de- 

(1.) Of Love. < Curing mental disease. (2.) Of Power. < stroying: overcom- 
( Healing the body. ( ing men's wills. 

6. The instruction in his discourses and parables. 

7. Incidents showing the effect of his contact with various persons. 

8. The scene of his ministry, of which details are given in the 
Geography. 

Matthew, Mark, and Luke's records are mainly of the events in 
Galilee, never mentioning his visits to Jerusalem until the time near the 
crucifixion, and only implying such visits and teaching by his lamenta- 
tions, and the visits of the scribes, etc., besides, the intimacy with the 
family at Bethany. John records a few acts in Galilee, and gives all the 
rest of his book to the events in Judaea — nearly one-half being about 
the last three months ; and seven chapters (one-third), on the last few 
days. Neither writer attempted a complete chronology, but aimed at a 
general picture of the life. 

9. The duration of the ministry cannot be determined exactly. 
Those who interpret the prophecy of Isaiah literally, limit it to one 
year. But John mentions six feasts, at five of which Jesus was present. 
1. (ii. 13), soon after his baptism; 2. (v. 1), a feast when he went up to 
Jerusalem ; 3. (vi. 4), and another, from which he stayed away, in Galilee; 
4. (vii. 2), the feast of Tabernacles, to which he went privately ; 5. (x. 22), 
the feast of the dedication; 6. (xii. xiii.), and the last, the Passover, at 
which he was crucified, — extending through three years. 

10. And, while on this subject of time, it may be valuable to consider, 
by the help of the map, tracing each movement as closely as possible, the 
amount of labor, travelling — mainly on foot (or on animals) — that must be 
compressed into a single year, if the short period is chosen. 

The date of the birth of Jesus, and the month and the day, have 
each been the subject of much debate, without any definite settlement. 
The various opinions have ranged through four years of time, and have 
suggested nearly every month in the year. Tischendorf and Wieseler say 
that Jesus could hardly have been born before the first of January, 
A. U. 0. 750 ; and suggest February as the latest date probable. Gresswell 
says that April 5 or 6 must be the day of his birth (A. U. 0. 750). 
Dr. Robinson supposes it could not have been later than in the autumn 
of A. U. 0. 749 ; while it may have occurred one or two years earlier ; 
Lardner fixes the time about the middle of August or the middle of 
November, A. U. C. 748 or 749 ; Winer, Ideler, and others say 747 ; Dr. 
Wordsworth says in the spring of 749 (b. c. 5) ; Clement of Alexandria 
says some placed the day on April 20, and others on May 20; the 25th 
of December as the day dates from the traditions of the 4th century. 



Matt. 



xxiii. 37 



Ixi. 3. 



Syn. Evang. 

Chro. Synop. 
p. 145. 

Diss, on the 
Harmony. 
Harmony, 
p. 195, App. 



R. W. B. ii. 
Chron. ii. 
Gr. T. Matt. 

Dionysius. 
Exi2:mis. 



HARMONY OF EVENTS FROM THE FOUR GOSPELS. 





MATTHEW. 


MARK. 


LUKE. 


JOHN. 


Angel appeared to Elizabeth — Yuttah 
Angel appeared to Mary — Nazareth . . 






i. 5 
i.25 
i. 39 
ii. 1 
ii. 8 
ii. 21 
ii. 22 

ii. 39 
ii. 40 
iii. 21 
iy. 1 










Mary yisits Elizabeth — Yuttah 








Jesus born — Bethlehem 


i.l8 






Shepherds watch — Bethlehem 






Circumcision — Bethlehem 








Presentation — Jerusalem 








Visit of Wise Men — Bethlehem 

Flisrht into Es:ypt 


ii. 1 
ii. 13 






Jesus with the Doctors '. 






Baptism of Jesus the Christ 


iii. 13 
iy. 1 


i. 9 
i.l2 


i.32 


Temptation — Quarantana 




Andrew and Peter follow Him 


i. 37 


iN^athanaeFs witness 








i.49 


AYater made wine— Cana 








ii. 1 


Cleanses the temple — 1st Passoyer. .. . 








ii. 12 


Nicodemus — Jerusalem 


- 






ii. 23 


Jesus and John baptizing — Enon 








iii. 22 


Woman of Samaria — Shechem 








iy. 1 


Nazareth — ^Nobleman's son healed . . . 








iv. 46 


Draught of fishes — Cap 






y. 6 
y. 1 

iv. 31 
iy. 38 
iy. 42 
y. 12 
yiii. 22 
yiii. 26 

yiii. 40 

y. 17 
y. 27 




Four apostles called — Capernaum 

Demoniac healed — Capernaum 


iy. 13 


i. 16 
i. 21 
i.29 
i. 35 
i.40 
iy. 35 
y. 1 

y.21 

ii. 1 
ii. 13 


' 


Simon's wife's mother healed — Cap. . . . 
Circuit in Galilee 


yiii. 14 
iy. 23 

yiii. 1 
yiii. 18 
yiii. 28 

ix. 18. 

ix. 27 
ix. 1 




Leper healed — Galilee 


• 


Stills the storm — Galilee 




Land of the Gadarenes 




Jairus' daughter raised — Capernaum ) 
Woman healed — Capernaum j 
Blind man — Demoniac — Capernaum . 
Paralytic — Capernaum 




Matthew called — Capernaum 

2d Passoyer — Jerusalem 


ix.9 


y. 1 


Pool uf Bethesda — Jerusalem 








y. 2 


Plucking grain on the Sabbath 


xii. 1 
xii. 9 

x. 24 
y. 1 

viii. 5 


ii. 23 
iii.l 

iii. 13 


yi. 1 
yi. 6 

yi. 12 
yi. 17 
yii. 1 
yii. 11 
yii. 18 

yii. 36 
yiii. 1 
yiii. 4 
yiii. 16 

xiii. 18 
xiii. 20 




Withered hand healed — Samaria 

Jesus by the sea — Capernaum. The 
twelye chosen 




Sermon on the mount — Hattin 




Centurion's seryaut healed — Cap 

Widow's son raised — Nain 




iy. 46 






Messengers from John 


xi. 2 






Woe to the cities of Galilee 


xi. 20 






Jesus' feet anointed — Capernaum 






2d circuit in Galilee 








Parable of the Sower — Capernaum 

'* Candle under a bushel 


xiii. 1 


iy. 1 
iy. 21 
iy. 26 

iy. 30 




" Sower 






" Wheat and tares 


xiii. 24 
xiii. 31 




" of the grain of mustard-seed . . . 





LIFE OF JESUS THE CHRIST. 



215 



Parable of the leaven 

Wheat and tares explained 

The treasure, pearl and net 

His mother and brethren 

Eeception at Nazareth 

3d circuit in Galilee 

Twelve sent out — Capernaum 

Herod's opinion of Jesus. (Tiberias) . . 

Death of John the Baptist 

3d Passover 

5,000 fed near Bethsaida 

Walks on the sea of Galilee 

Miracles in Gennesaret 

Bread of life 

Washen hands — Capernaum 

Syrophoenician woman — Coast 

Miracles of healing in Galilee 

4,000 fed in Decapolis 

The sign from heaven — Magdala 

Leaven of the Pharisees 

Blind man healed — Bethsaida 

Peter's profession near Caesarea 

His passion foretold 

Transfiguration on Mt. Hermon 

Of Elijah 

Lunatic healed 

His passion again foretold in Galilee . . 
Fish caught with the tribute — Caper- 
naum 

The little child — Capernaum 

One casting out devils 

Offences 

The lost sheep 

Forgiveness of injuries 

Binding and loosing. Forgiveness . . , 

Parable, unmerciful servant 

Salted with fire 

Journey to Jerusalem 

Fire from heaven — Samaria 

Foxes have holes, birds have nests, etc. 
The Seventy sent out — Capernaum. . . 

Feast of Tabernacles — Jerusalem 

Woman taken in adultery — Jerusalem. 
Dispute with the Pharisees — Jerusalem 
The man born blind healed — Jerusalem 

The Good Shepherd — Jerusalem 

The Seventy return — Jerusalem 

The Good Samaritan — Jerusalem 

Mary and Martha — Bethany 

The Lord's Prayer 

Prayer effectual 

" By Beelzebub" — Jerusalem 

The unclean spirit — Jerusalem 

The sign of Jonah — Jerusalem 

The light of the- body 

The Pharisees 



MATTHEW. 



xiii. 33 
xiii. 36 
xiii. 44 
xii. 46 
xiii. 53 
ix. 35 

X. 

xiv. 1 
xiv. 3 



xiv. 13 
xiv. 22 
xiv. 34 



XV. 1 

XV. 21 
XV. 29 
XV. 32 
xvi. 1 
xvi. 12 



xvi. 13 
xvi. 20 
xvii. 1 
xvii. 10 
xvii. 14 
xvii. 22 

xvii. 24 
xviii. 1 



xviii. o 
xviii. 10 
xviii. 15 
xviii. 18 
xviii. 21 



viii. 19 



vi. 9 
vii. 7 
xii. 22 
xii. 43 
xii. 38 
V. 15 
vi. 22 
ii. 3 



iii. 31 
vi.l 
vi.6 
vi.7 
vi. 14 
vi. 17 



vi. 30 
vi. 45 
vi. 53 



VI] . 1 
vii. 24 
vii. 31 
viii. 1 
viii. 10 
viii. 14 
viii. 22 
viii. 27 
viii. 30 
ix. 2 
ix. 11 
ix. 14 
ix. 30 



ix. 33 

ix. 38 
ix. 42 



ix. 49 



iii. 20 



LUKE. 



viii. 19 



ix. 1 
ix. 7 

vi. 4 
ix. 10 



ix. 18 
ix. 21 
ix, 28 

ix. 37 
ix. 43 



ix. 46 
ix. 49 
xvii. 2 
XV. 4 



ix. 51 

ix. 52 
ix. 57 

X. 1 



X.17 
X.25 
X.38 
xi. 1 
xi. 5 
xi. 14 
xi. 24 
xi. 29 

xi.33 

xi. 37 



JOHN. 



vi. 1 
vi. 16 

vi, 22 



vi, 66 



vii. 11 
viii. 1 
viii. 12 
ix. 1 

X. 1 



216 



LIFE OF JESUS THE CHRIST. 



MATTHEW. 



mo 



What to fear 

Master, speak to my brother . 
Covetousness. Watchfulness 

Galileans that perished 

Woman healed on the Sabbath — 

Perea 

The grain of mustard-seed — Perea 

The leaven — Perea 

Toward Jerusalem — Perea 

Are there few ? — Bethany 

Warning against Herod 

Jerusalem I Jerusalem ! 

Dropsy healed on the Sabbath — 

Chief rooms. Great supper 

Following Christ with the cross . . 
Parables — Lost sheep, Piece of 

ney, Prodigal son 

Unjust Steward, Eich man and Lazarus 

Offences . ; 

Faith and merit 

Ten Lepers healed — Samaria 

How the kingdom cometh — Perea .... 

Parable of the Unjust Judge — Perea. . 

" Pharisee and Publican — Perea . 

Of divorce — Perea 

Infants brought to Jesus — Perea 

Eich young man inquiring — Perea .. . . 

Promises to the disciples — Perea 

Laborers in the vineyard — Perea 

His death foretold the third time — 

Perea 

Eequest of James and John — Perea. . . 

Heals two blind men — Jericho 

Zaccheus. Parable of Ten Talents — 

Jericho 

Feast of Dedication — Jerusalem 

Beyond Jordan — Bethabara 

A. D. Eaising of Lazarus — Bethany. . 
29 Meeting of the Sanhedrin — 

Caiaphas 

Jesus in Ephraim 

Mary anoints his feet — Bethany 

Triumphal entry into Jerusalem 

2d Cleansing of the Temple 

The barren fig-tree. On Olivet 

Fig-tree withered, between Beth- 
any and the city 

Pray and forgive 

By what authority — Parable " 
of the two sons , 

Parable of the wicked hus 
bandman , 

Parable of the wedding- \ 
garment j 

The tribute money 

The state of the risen 

The great commandment.. 



X. 26 



vi. 25 



xiii. 31 
xiii. 33 



Apr. 



xxiii. 37 



iv. 30 



xxii. 1 
X.37 



xviii. 6 
xvii. 20 



xix. 1 
xix. 13 
xix. 16 
xix. 27 
XX. 16 

XX. 17 
XX. 20 
XX. 29 

v. 14 



xxvi. 6 
xxi. 1 
xxi. 12 
xxi. 17 



vi. 14 

xxi. 23 

xxi. 28 
xxi. 33 
xxii. 1 
xxii. 15 
xxii. 23 
xxii. 34 



X. 1 

X. 13 
X. 17 

X. 28 



X. 32 
X. 35 
X. 46 



xiv. 3 
xi. 1 
XI. 15 
xi. 11 



19 
24 



xi. 27 



xii. 1 

xii. 13 
xii. 18 
xii. 28 



LUKE. 



xii. 1 
xii. 13 
xii. 16 
xiii. 1 

xiii. 10 
xiii. 18 
xiii. 20 
xiii. 22 
xiii. 23 
xiii. 31 
xiii. 34 
xiv. 1 
xiv. 7 
xiv. 25 

XV. . 
xvi. 
xvii. 1 
xvii. 5 
xvii. 11 
xvii. 20 
xviii. 1 
xviii. 9 

xviii. 15 
xviii. 18 
xviii. 28 



xviii. 31 



xviii. 35 



xix. 11 



vn. 36 

xix. 29 

xix. 45 



XX. 1 



XX. 9 
xiv. 16 
XX. 20 
XX. 27 



X. 22 
xi. 1 
xi. 45 
xi. 

xi. 54 
xii. 3 
xii. 12 
ii. 13 



LIFE OF JESUS THE CHRIST. 



217 



MATTHEW. 



Apr. 4 David's son and David's 

Lord 

Against the Pharisees 

The widow's mite 

Clirist's second coming .... 

Parable of The ten virgins 

" Five talents 



The Last Judgment , 
Greeks ask 



to see Jesus. 

The Voice... 

John's reflections on the 

Jews' unbelief 

His crucifixion foretold 

The Priests, Scribes, and 

Elders conspire 

5 Judas Iscariot 

6 Paschal Supper, Last Pass- 

over 

The disciples' feet washed . . 

The disciples contend 

The Lord's Supper 

Peter's fiill foretold 

Last discourse. The depart- 
ure — Comforter 

Vine and branches — Abid- 
ing in Love 

Work of the Comforter 

The prayer of Jesus Christ..^ 

7 Gethsemane — On Olivet 

The betrayal — Gethsemane 

Malchus' wounded ear healed. . 
Before Annas. Hill of Evil 

Counsel 

Peter's denial 

Jesus before the Sanhedrin — 

Jerusalem 

Before Pilate — Jerusalem 

Judas dies 

Jesus before Herod is silent 

Accused and condemned 

Mocked by soldiers 

Crowned with thorns 

The Crucifixion — Calvary 

The vail rent — Darkness 

The body buried by Joseph .... 

8 The sepulchre guarded 

9 The Kesurrection 

'Appearance of Emmaus 

" Jerusalem 

" Sea of Tiberias — 

Charge to Peter 

^ Appearance on a mount in Gali- 
lee— (Paul) 

Appearance in Jerusalem — 

(Peter in Acts) 

Ascension — Olivet 

Unrecorded works 



xxii. 41 
xxiii. 1 



XXIV. 1 

XXV. 1 

XXV. 14 
XXV. 31 



xxvi. 2 

xxvi. 3 
xxvi. 14 

xxvi. 17 



xxvi. 26 
xxvi. 30 



xxvi. 36 
xxvi. 47 
xxvi. 51 

xxvi. 57 
xxvi. 69 

xxvi. 59 
xxvii. 1 
xxvii. 3 



xxvii. 15 
xxvii. 27 
xxvii. 29 
xxvii. 35 
xxvii. 51 
xxvii. 57 
xxvii. 62 
xxviii. 1 



><; 



xxviii. 16 



xii. 35 
xii. 38 
xii. 41 
xiii. 1 



xiv. 1 
xiv. 10 

xiv. 12 



xiv. 22 
xiv. 26 



xiv. 32 
xiv. 43 
xiv. 47 

xiv. 53 
xiv. 66 

xiv. 55 

XV. 1 



XV. 6 
XV. 16 
XV. 17 
XV. 24 
XV. 38 
XV. 43 

xvi. 1 
xvi. 12 
xvi. 14 



xvi. 19 



LUKE. 



XX. 41 

XX. 45 
xxi. 1 
xxi. 5 

xix. 11 



xxii. 1 
xxii. 3 

xxii. 7 



xxii. 24 
xxii. 19 
xxii. 31 



xxii. 40 
xxii. 47 
xxii. 50 

xxii. 54 
xxii. 56 

xxii. 63 
xxiii. 1 

xxiii. 4 
xxiii. 13 
xxiii. 36 

xxiii. 33 
xxiii. 45 
xxiii. 50 

xxiv. 1 
xxiv. 13 
xxiv. 36 



xxiv. 50 



JOHN. 



xii. 20 
xii. 36 



xiii. 1 
xiii. 5 



xiii. 36 
xiv. 1 



XV. 1 

xvi. 
xvii. 1 
xviii. 1 
xviii. 2 
xviii. 10 

xviii. 12 
xviii. 17 



xviii. 28 

xviii. 29 
xix. 3 
xix. 2 
xix. 18 

xix. 38 

XX. 1 

XX. 19 
xxi. 1 



xxi. 25 







il 



LIFE OF PAUL THE APOSTLE, 




THIS HEAD OP PAUL, ENGRAVED 
ON COPPER, WAS FOUND IN AN 
ANCIENT TOMB, AND IS OP THE 
5th CENTURY. 



Paul. Hebrew, Saul. He was a Benjamite, a native of Tarsus, 
Cilicia, and was born about A. D. 5, a free Eoman citizen (by descent 
from his father). He had a sister (whose 
son is mentioned), and perhaps other sis- 
ters, as well as brothers, some of whose 
names may possibly be those given by Paul 
in his Epistle to the Eomans, as Andro- 
nicus, Junia, and Herodion. Tarsus was 
then the rival of Athens and Alexandria 
as a seat of learning, where Paul began 
that acquaintance with the classical writers 
which was continued when he went to 
Jerusalem as a pupil of Gamaliel, who was 
a strict Pharisee, and well known by his 
title of "The Glory of the Lord," and 
"Rabban" (Our Master). It seems to 
have been the intention of his parents to 

fit him for the Eabbinical profession. It was the custom to teach every 
son a trade, and he was brought up to the making of tent-cloth (from 
goats' hair, called cilicia). These black tents are now used in Syria, and 
are mentioned by the ancient poets. 

While yet a young man he showed a great zeal for the Law of Moses 
(Judaism), in consenting and assisting at the stoning of Stephen, by 
holding the cloaks of those who threw the stones. 

The main events of his life, as given by Luke, and by himself, 
are: — his conversion; labors at Antioch ; the first missionary journey, 
in which he assumed the character of the Apostle to the Gentiles; the 
visit to Jerusalem, to settle the relation of the Gentiles and Jewish con- 
verts ; the introduction of the Gospel into Europe ; the third missionary 
journey, during which time he wrote the four great Epistles ; the arrest, 
imprisonment, voyage to Eome, and death. 

The chronology and details are given in the table below. 

Personally, Paul is almost unknown to us — unless We accept tradi- 
tion and the statements of the ancients. The portrait given above 
represents the idea that the artist formed of him hundreds of years after 
his death, and it is only interesting to us as a relic of early Christian 
-art. (See coin of Tarsus, on page 246.) 

From the Gospels we learn that he was of a subtle, tenacious, and 
versatile intellect ; intolerant before, but, after his conversion, tolerant 
of the opinions of others; of a weak bodily presence, and a poor voice; 
but full of fresh ideas, and so thoroughly systematic and persistent as to 
deserve the name of the chief founder of the Christian church. 



Phil. iii. 5. 

A. D. 5. 

Chrysostom. 
Lardner, i. 228. 

Acts, xxiii. 10. 

Estius. 



Acts, xvii. 
1 Cor. xiv. 18. 



A. D. 20. 



Cant. i. 5. 

Acts, vii. 

58. 
viii. 1. 
A. D. 30. 



Mrs. Jameson. 
Malalas. 



220 



BIOGEAPHT. 



Acts, rii. 



20, 22. 



25. 



20, 30. 

xi. 25. 

28. 



36, 40, 



xvi. 6. 
Gal. i. 2. 



Acts, xvi. 9. 



Stephen is called the forerunner of Paul ("the blood of the first 
martyr, the seed of the greatest apostle") ; and he was his anticipator in 
spirit and power, as may be seen in his defence before the Sanhedrim, 
wherein he gave a critically just and true summary of the Jewish church 
— denouncing the local worship, and bringing out the spiritual ele- 
ment in its history. The su;Dstanco of the whole speech, and its style, 
seems to have been thrown over Paul's spirit, like the mantle of the 
prophet. 

His mission to Damascus was to arrest the disciples of Jesus there, 
aud bring them to Jerusalem for trial and punishment, as apostates from 
the Jewish church. On the way he was arrested by a miracle, converted 
by receiving knowledge of the truth ; was consecrated by Ananias ; and, 
after his recovery from the temporary blindness, began his work for the 
new cause, in the synagogue at Damascus, by preaching Jesus the 
Christ to the Jews, and Jesus the Son of God to the Gentiles. 

His preaching naturally excited the rage of his late friends and 
employers, who regarded him as an apostate and a dangerous man, and 
aimed at his life; when he was obliged to escape from the city by night, 
his friends letting him down from a window in the wall in a basket. 
(See Damascus.) 

His return to Jerusalem (after three years' absence), as a disciple, 
only caused alarm to the brethren, who remembered his zeal against 
them, in the case of Stephen and as the high-priest's officer, until he 
was introduced as a believer by Barnabas. Being driven out of the city 
in a short time by the Jews, he returned by Caesarea to Tarsus, from 
whence he was summoned by Barnabas to come to Antioch to help in 
the gospel work. On account of the famine, predicted by Agabus, Bar- 
nabas and Saul were sent to Jerusalem with a contribution for the poor 
there ; and on their return, John Mark (nephew of Barnabas) accom- 
panied them as an assistant. 

It was on the first missionary journey, while they were in Cyprus, 
that his name was changed from Saul to Paul, which was the Greek 
form of the name, — as Jason is for Jesus, Pollio for Hillel, Alphseus for 
Clopas, &c. 

Paul and Barnabas were again sent to Jerusalem, to have a decision 
made, by the apostles and elders, on the question of circumcision ; when 
Peter declared the fact that God himself had set the seal of the gift of 
the Holy Ghost on the Gentile as well as on the Jew convert. 

Before setting out on his second missionary journey Paul separated 
from Barnabas, because he could not trust Mark, who had left them at 
a critical time on their first journey; so Paul took Silas instead of Bar- 
nabas, and Barnabas took Mark with him. The business of the next 
year was founding churches in Phrygia and Galatia, which he did with 
great success. 

In a vision, the spirit of Jesus turned him back from Bithynia; and 
while at Troas, in the form of a man of Macedonia (in another vision), 
directed him to carry the gospel into Europe, in the memorable words, 
" Come over into Macedonia and help us." 



BIOGRAPHY. 



221 



The style of the narrative in Acts intimates, in the change from 
"they" to "we," that Luke, the writer, went with Paul from Troas. 

They preached from city to city for nearly a year, and passed on into 
Greece (to Athens). Here he set forth the gospel in the synagogue, the 
market-place, and, by invitation, in the venerable assembly of the Areop- 
agus, where were gathered the most polished men of the foremost seat 
of learning in the world, who were acute, witty, shrewd, and most 
intensely scornful. He exposed the folly of their superstitions with 
exquisite tact and ability, and unfolded the character and claims of the 
"unknown God" whom they were already worshipping unintelligently. 
But he made very little impression on the popular religion, probably 
because his simple faith, having no splendid show of material accession, 
could not be expected to take the place of their highly poetical mythol- 
ogy, which was celebrated by the most magnificent displays of temples, 
vestments, processions, and sacrifices. 

A year and a half in Corinth was spent in preaching, and working 
at his trade, with better results than at Athens. 

Again at Ephesus, he made so many friends that the idol-makers 
became alarmed for the business, and stirred up a tumult against Paul. 
They made small copies of the temple and image of Diana, which w^ere 
used in private houses, or carried on journeys; and Paul declared that 
they were "no gods," but that Jesus the Christ was the only proper 
object of worship as the Son of God. (See .Ephesus and Seven 
Churches.) 

After another visit to Macedonia, Greece, and Hlyria, he turned to- 
ward Jerusalem for the fifth and last time. On the way there occurred, 
at Miletus, one of the most affecting incidents in the whole story of his 
life. The elders of the church at Ephesus had come to Miletus to meet 
him. He was over sixty years of age, naturally feeble of body, always a 
hard worker, and it seemed probable that this was their last interview. 
He recalled his labors among them, assuring them that his single object 
had always been the preaching the gospel of Jesus ; and referred to the 
dangers through which they all had passed, and those that the Holy 
Spirit had predicted were to come, and to his determination to press 
on, as though his life was in his hand, and entreated them to follow him 
for -the sake of their Lord Jesus. 

The visit to Jerusalem seemed to his friends at Cassarea also to be 
dangerous; and Agabus, who had 17 years before proved himself a 
prophet, showed Paul that he would be put in bonds if he went up to 
the city. 

The story cannot be told in better words than Luke uses, in the 
21st and the following chapters of Acts. His enemies had determined 
on his destruction, and watched for an opportunity, and were finally 
compelled to invent an accusation on the pretext that Paul had taken 
some Greeks into the temple, and thereby had broken the Law of Moses, 
and had polluted the Holy House. He was rescued from the furious 
mob of Jews by the Roman soldiers, and also protected on account of 
his Roman citizenship ; but was for years kept in chains, without trial. 



Acts, V. 10, &c. 



Phil®sVi'atLis. 
Kuinoel. 



Neander. 



Acts,xix. 24, 
2G. 
xvi. 31. 



xix. 21. 
XX. 17. 



xxi. 10. 
(xi. 27-30). 



222 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Tillemont. 



Acts, xxiii. 5. 
Gal. iv. 15. 
2 Cor. X. 10. 



1 Cor. i. 1. 
Rom. i. 1. 



2 Tim. iv. 6. 



Gal. iv. 13. 



2 Cor. xi. 23-27 
2 Tim. iv. 17. 
Acts, xix. 37. 



with occasional examinations, before the governor and the king (which, 
it is more than suspected, were for the purpose of extorting a bribe from 
Paul or his friends), and was finally sent to Rome, on his appeal to Csesar. 
Luke's account of the voyage has been most severely criticised, and found 
to agree with the nature of the region, climate, winds, coasts, habits, and 
superstitions of the people, and even the make of the ships of that age ; 
and since its purpose was to follow the spiritual Paul chiefly, has been 
shown to be one of the finest and truest records extant. (See Melita.) 

Of Paul's death almost nothing is known. Tradition affirms that 
he was beheaded at Rome, where a grave is now shown, which is honored 
with a monument. 

His personal appearance had little to command admiration, or 
respect even. A small figure, a bald head, with weak eyes and a hooked 
nose, like some of the Jews of our day — and, added to these, feeble health 
— makes a whole that would excite, besides ridicule, only sympathy, until 
we become acquainted with the great soul and ardent spirit that was the 
tenant of this poor frame. 

He is one of the most wonderful characters known to history. 
Called to a peculiar work, he was most peculiarly adapted to that work 
from nature, education, and circumstances, and most nobly did he suc- 
ceed. His labor in establishing the Church in many cities and coun- 
tries occupied nearly thirty years of constant application, — in travelling, 
preaching, writing, and. working with his own hands at his trade ; some 
of the time, even while a prisoner, chained to a guard, or in a cell, end- 
ing, when he was " ready to be offered," in his death at the age of nearly 
70 years. (See Rome.) 

He was a poor mechanic, and in the eyes of the Greeks and Romans 
was of an origin as hateful as that of the Jews, who are called the ene- 
mies of mankind ; and, as his enemies said, he was of a bodily presence 
that was weak, and had a contemptible speech ; yet he did more than 
any other man to set in motion those new ideas that were to lift man- 
kind up out of the darkness of superstition, purify their minds from the 
errors of ages, open their hearts to the great truths of the oneness 
of God, and the brotherhood of men, and the value of a good and true 
life; enforcing these great truths by a life equally great, full of bravery, 
self-sacrifice, and self-denial, and which have gained power to crush and 
scatter the Paganism of the Greek and Roman world. 

This work was not done without pain, and danger, and toil. From 
the very beginning he suffered hardship, risk of life from his former 
associates; continued in long journeys by sea and land; shipwreck; 
stoning by an infuriated mob ; exposure to the fury of the wild beasts 
in the amphitheatre ; and finally loss of life by violence. 

If privation, suffering, patience, and perseverance — warmed by zeal 
and tempered with wisdom and love, elevated and polished by scholar- 
ship and brilliant talents, inspired with the knowledge of the Divine 
Spirit, and all these qualities softened with a charming urbanity that 
was never laid aside — if all these rare endowments can build an endur- 
ing memorial in the earth, surely among the immortals in 'the memory 



BIOGRAPHY. 223 

of men will be found, along with tlie names of Adam, Moses, David, 
Solomon, and Jesus, the noble name of Paul the Apostle. Already his 
epistles are printed in a hundred and fifty languages ; read by as many 
millions, and churches are dedicated to his name in every Christian city 
in the world. 

TABLE Oi' EVENTS IN THE UTE Off PAUL THE APOSTLE. 



5. Born in Tarsus, in Cilicia Acts, xxii. 3. 

A Roman citizen by birthright. A Pharisee Phil. iii. 5. 

By trade a tent-maker. (Goat's hair — Cilicia) Acts, xviii. 3. 

20. At the school of Gamaliel, Jerusalem " xxii. 3. 

30. Assists in stoning Stephen ■ " vii. 58. 

Makes havoc of the Church ; . . " viii. 4. 

36. Goes to Damascus to persecute the disciples " ix. 2. 

Baptized. Begins to preach Jesus the Crucified " " 18, 20. 

Journey into Arabia ; return to Damascus Gal. i. 17, 18. 

38. Escape from Damascus in a basket (2 Cor. xi. 33) xA.cts, ix. 25. 

Goes up to Jerusalem. Disciples afraid of him " " 26. 

Introduced by Barnabas. Preached the Lord Jesus " " 27. 

39. Driven out of Jerusalem ; goes to Tarsus " "30. 

40. At Antioch. Preaches to the Gentiles .• . " xi. 25. 

Disciples first called Christians in Antioch " "26. 

Two Roman, three Jewish scourgings (2 Cor. xi. 24-26). 

42. Agabus prophecies a famine " "28. 

44. Barnabas and Saul sent to Jerusalem with money " "30. 

45. Joined by Mark, Barnabas' sister's son " xii. 25. 

46. Barnabas and Saul " separated " for the work " xiii. 2. 

First Mission^ary Journey. Antioch to Seleucia " " 4. 

In Cyprus at Salamis. Paphos '• " 8. 

Saul's name changed to Paul. Elymas blinded " " 9. 

Sailed from Paphos to Perga in Pamphylia " "13. 

Antioch in Pisidia. Discourse to the Jews " "14. 

The Gospel preached to the Gentiles " "46. 

Paul and Barnabas expelled from Pisidia " "50. 

They came to Iconium " "51. 

To Lystra. A cripple healed " xiv. 6. 

The people propose to sacrifice to them " "13. 

Paul stoned, and supposed to be dead " "19. 

He recovers, and they go to Derbe " "20. 

Lystra, Iconium, and Antioch " "21. 

Passed through Pisidia to Pamphylia " "24. 

Preached in Perga, Attalia, and Antioch " xiv. 25, 26. 

48. End of the first missionary journey " " 27. 

50. Visit to Jerusalem with Barnabas and Titus (Gal. ii.). 

51. The Council at Jerusalem " xv. 

Barnabas and Silas sent with Paul to Antioch " "22. 

Paul and Barnabas preach in Antioch " "35. 

The seco:j^d Missioi^'ary Jour:n^ey " "36. 

Paul and Silas go through Syria and Cilicia " " 41 . 

Derbe. Lystra. Timothy called to help " xvi. 

Phrygia, Galatia, Mysia (Gal. i. 2) " " 6. 

52. Forbidden by the Spirit to go into Bithynia " " 7. 



224 



LIFE OF PAUL THE APOSTLE. 



Troas. Paul's vision, " Come over and help us" Acts, xvi. 9. 

Samothracia and Neapolis. Pliilippi " " 12. 

Lydia of Thyatira baptized " " 15. 

Slave girl cured of sorcery " " 18. 

Paul and Silas whipped and imprisoned " "22. 

Delivered from prison " " 25. 

Amphipolis. Apollonia. Thessalonica " xvii. 

Jason persecuted on account of Paul and Silas " " 9. 

They go to Berea " " 10. 

Paul goes to Athens. Silas and Timothy remain " "15. 

Discourse to the Greeks on Mars Hill " "22. 

Dionysius and Damaris believe " "34. 

53. Corinth. Tent-making with Aquila and Priscilla " xviii. 1. 

Silas and Timothy join him at Corinth " " 5. 

The two epistles to the Thessalonians written. 

Crispus and many Corinthians believe " " 8. 

Paul before Gallio, the proconsul. Sosthenes beaten " "13. 

54. On the way to Jerusalem. At Ephesus " "18. 

Caesarea. Jerusalem. Antioch. (Dispute with Peter, Gal. ii.) . . " " 22. 

Thied Missionary JouRi^-EY. Galatia and Phrygia " "23. 

Epistle to the Galatians written at Ephesus. 

Apollos instructed by Aquila and Priscilla " "24. 

56. Paul baptizes and gives the Holy Ghost " xix. 1. 

Two years in the hall of Tyrannus. .,....- " " 9. 

Special miracles wrought by Paul " " 11. 

Books of divination burned " " 19. 

Supposed visit to Corinth (2 Cor. xii. 14; xiii. 1). 

57. First Epistle to the Corinthians written at Ephesus. 

Plans another journey, and sends Timothy and Erastus. , " "21. 

Great tumult raised by Demetrius in the theatre " " 23. 

Departs for Macedonia " xx. 1. 

Timothy joins Paul at Philippi. (2 Cor. i. 1 ; xiii. 14). 

Second Epistle to the Corinthians sent by Titus. 

Travels through Macedonia as far as Illyria (Rom. xv. 19.) 

58. Corinth. Epistle to the Romans. 

Luke joins Paul at Corinth " " 5. 

Troas. Eutychus killed by a fall, and restored " "12. 

By land to Assos ; by ship to Mitylene " "14. 

Chios. Samos. Trogyllium. Miletus " "17. 

Coos. Rhodes. Patara, past Cyprus to Tyre " xxi. 3. 

Paul urged not to go to Jerusalem " " 4. 

59. Ptolemais (Acre). Csesarea, at Philip's house " " 8. 

Agabus prophesies Paul's danger at Jerusalem " " 11. 

Eifth and last visit to Jerusalem " " 17. 

Performs the Nazarite's vow in the Temple " " 26. 

The Jews arrest him in the Temple " "30. 

Beaten by the Jews, rescued by the Romans " " 32. 

Bound with chains " " 33. 

Paul's defence, spoken in the Hebrew tongue " xxii. 1. 

Persecuted for his mission to the Gentiles " " 22. 

Saved by his Roman citizenship " " 27. 

Before the council. Ananias the high priest " xxiii. 1. 

The dispute betAveen Pharisees and Sadducees " " 6. 

Vision of the Lord Jesus. Paul cheered " " 11- 

Conspiracy of Jews to kill him " " 12- 

The plot exposed by his sister's son to Claudius Lysias " " 16. 

Paul sent under guard to Antipatris " " 31. 

Delivered to Felix at C^sarea " " 35. 



LIFE OF PAUL THE APOSTLE. 



225 



Accused by Terfculliis Acts, xxiv. 1 . 

Paul defends himself before Felix 

Plot of the high priest to kill him (Festus) 

Paul before Festus 

Paul appeals to Caesar 

He is brought before Agrippa and Bernice 

Defends himself before the king and queen 

60. Paul sent to Rome with other prisoners 

Sidon. Cyprus. Sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia 

Myra in Lycia, Cnidus, Crete, Salmone 

Fair Havens, near Lasea 

Aug. Storm in Adria. Clauda 

The ship lightened by casting overboard the tackle 

Vision of the angel by Paul 

Prophesies the events of the voyage 

All escaped safe to land. Ship wrecked .' 

A viper fastens on Paul's hand. Malta 

The father of Publius healed by Paul 

After three months they sail for Syracuse 

Rhegium. Puteoli. Appii Forum 

Three Taverns 

61. Rome. In his own house 

He persuades the Jews 

62. Writes to Philemon, Colossians, Ephesians, and Philippians at 

Rome. 

63. Goes to Macedonia (Phil. ii. 24). 
Asia Minor (Phil. xx. ii). 

64. Spain. Supposed visit (Rom. xv. 24). 

66. Asia Minor (1 Tim. i. 3). 

67. Writes First Epistle to Timothy from Macedonia. 
Epistle to Titus from Ephesus. Nicopolis. 

68. In prison at Rome. Writes Second Epistle to Timothy. 
Beheaded in May or June. 



ii 


10. 


XXV 


. 3. 


" 


6,7. 


(C 


10. 


ii 


23. 


XXVI 




XXVll 

ii 


5. 


ii 


7. 


ii 


8. 


ii 


14. 


ii 


19. 


ii 


23. 


ii 


26. 


ii 


44. 


xxviii. 3. 


ii 


8. 


" 11, 12. 


ii 


13. 


"13-15. 


a 


16. 


ii 


23. 




THTATIKA. 

See Seven Churches. 



MAP OF THE THREE ROUTES FROM 
JERUSALEM TO JOPPA. 

This map was copied, by Dr. Robert 
Morris, from the French engineer's 
route survey for the proposed railway. 
It shows nearly every site, both ancient 
and modern, on the routes, or between 
them; and by its minute topography 
gives a good idea of the hilly nature of 
the district, and the courses of the 
wadys (dry rivers). 

In the article on Egypt it is men- 
tioned that Shishak invaded Judaea, and 
took several cities, and tribute from 
Rehoboam at Jerusalem, the account 
of which has lately been deciphered on 
the Egyptian monuments. Shishak's 
name is written SHESHONK, and he is 
said to have been an Ethiopian, He is 
shown as presenting to the gods of 
Thebes the prisoners taken by him in 
war, each name (of a king, or city, or 
nation) being in an oval shield. Here are 
some of the names as they stand on the 
walls of the great temple at Karnak. 
The first name recognized was Judaea, 
(see "king of Judah," page 68) by 
Champollion, which gave the clue to 
the others. 

The names not yet identified are 
omitted. There were 133 in all. 
Egyptian. Hebrew. 



13. ReBATA. 

14. Taankau. 

15. SneNCMA-AA. 

16. BAT-SHeNRAA. 

17. ReHABAA. 

18. HePURMAA. 

19. Atcrma. 

22. Mahanma. 

23. KeBAANA. 

24. BAT-HUAReN. 

25. Katmct. 

26. Ayurgn. 

27. Makctau. 

28. Ateera. 

29. YtrxeH-MARK, 

31. HAANeM. 

32. Aarana. 

33. Barm A. 

36. Bat-aarmct. 

37. Kakaree. 

38. Shauka. 

39. Bat-tcpu. 

40. Abaraa. 
56. Atmaa. 

66. AA-AATeMAA. 

68. PeHAXRAA. 

69. FeTTUSHAA. 

72. MeRSARAMA. 

73. SHEBPCReT. 

78. Naabayt. 

79. Aatbtmaa. 

83. Kanaa. 

84. PeNAKBu. 

85. ATeM-KCTCT-HeT 

98. Mertmam. 
103. Heetbaa. 

107. HAReKMA. 

108. Aarataa. 

109. Rabat. 

110. Aarataay. 

112. YURAHMA. 
117. MeRTRAAA. 

119. Maiikaa. 
124. Bataaat. 
127. KerNAA. 



Rabbith ? 

Taanach. 

Shunem. 

Bethshan. 

Rehob. 

Haphraim. 

Adoraim. 

Mahanaim. 

Gibedn. 

Beth-horon. 

Kedemoth. 

Ajalon. 

Megiddo. 

Edrei. 

Judsea. 

Anem ? 

Eglon ? 

Bileam. 

Alemeth. 

Kikkar (Jordan). 

Shoco. 

Beth Tappuah. 

Abel? 

Edom? 

Azem, (great ?) 

Hagarites. 

Letushim ? 

Salma ? 

Shephelah. 

Nebaioth. 

Teraa. 

Kenites ? 

Negeb. 

Azem? (little?) 

Duma? 

Abdeel ? 

Rekem (Petra). 

Eldaah. 

Rabbah ? 

Eldaa. 

Jurahmeelites ? 

Eddara. 

Maachah ? 

Beth-anoth ? 

Golan ? 



This record of the conquest is pecu- 
liar to Egypt, and entirely independ- 
ent of the Jews, or any of the writers 
of the Bible, and is a confirmation of 
the histoiical truth of 2 Ki. xxiii. 29, 
&c., and 2 Chr. xxxv. 20, &c. 




BIOGRAPHY. 



227 




Aaron. The eldest son of Amram and Jochebed, brother of Moses 
and Miriam, of the tribe of Levi; was born b. c. 1574 (Hales, 1730), 
three years before Moses, and one year before Pharaoh's edict to destroy 
the male children of the Israelites. He married Elisheba (Elizabeth), 
of the tribe of Judah, by whom he had four sons, Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, 
and Ithamar. He was the priest of the family by birthright, and 
"Prophet" or interpreter of Moses, by appointment. He went to 
Horeb after Moses, and assisted him in opening and enforcing his great 
commission — the liberation of their nation from Egypt. He always 
attended and supported Moses, except when he was led to make a visible 
image for the people to worship. The calf was a recollection of the 
Egyptian god Apis ; and Moses destroyed it. After this, Aaron was con- 
secrated High Priest of the nation. His sons, Nadab and Abihu, were 
destroyed for offering incense with unlawful fire, but he concealed his 
grief at their loss, as commanded. When Miriam murmured at Moses, 
in the desert, Aaron joined with her, but when she was afflicted with 
leprosy, he repented and asked forgiveness of God for her. At the time 
of the conspiracy of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, against the priestly 
order, Aaron's office and authority were vindicated by the event of his 
staying the plague by offering incense, and by his rod having blossoms 
and fruit, while those of the chiefs of the other tribes gave no sign. 
Aaron showed his mistrust of the Lord at Meribah, with Moses, and was 
not permitted to enter Canaan, but died in Mount Hor, at the age of 
123 years. The priesthood descended tlirough Eleazar to the time of 
Eli, who was of the house of Ithamar, whose children held it to Solo- 
mon's time, when it was restored to Eleazar's house in Zadok. 

Abraham (father of a multitude). He was first named Abram 
{fatlier of elevation), which was changed, when he was 99 years old, at 
the time of the Promise. His father's name was Terah ; and he was 
born in Ur, in Chaldsea, now called Mugheir, and had two older 
brothers, Nahor and Haran, and a half-sister, Sarah, whom he married 
(who was the motner of Isaac). 

The evident intention ^ of the Bible record is to present us the 



Ex. 



Lev. 



22. 

vi. 
23. 

iv. 

27. 



XXXll. 

23. 



viu. 



Num. 



xu. 



XVll. 



XX. 



Gen. 



XI. 

xii. 



XX. 

12. 



228 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Gen. xii. 



3. 



Acts, 



Gen. 



V. 2, 3. 



Heb. 



Gen. 



xii. 8. 



Xll. 



10. 



xni. 
2. 



spiritual life of Abraham, as the first of the line of the promise, 
and, therefore, but a very few incidents are given of his dealings 
with the world. 

Abraham was 60 years 
old when his father's fam- 
ily left Ur and went to 
Haran (Char ran, where 
his father Terah died, at 
the age of 215 years), and 
75 when the promise was 
first made ; and in obedi- 
ence to it he went into the 
land of Canaan. His first 
camping-place in Canaan 
was under a sacred oak, 
near Shechem (see HVtoreh 
and Shechem), where he 
built an altar and received 
a distinct promise of the 
inheritance of the land by 
his posterity. 

The promise was two- 
fold — temporal and spirit- 
ual: — that he should be- 
come a great and prosper- 
ous nation, and that in 
him "should all families 
of the earth be blessed" 
(in the Christ who was to 
be one of his descendants). 

Ilis family at this time included Lot, whom he regarded as his heir, 
because he had no children of his own. 

He soon after pitched between Bethel and Hai (Ai), where he built 
another altar to Jehovah. Going still "toward the south," he was 
probably near Beersheba when the famine drove him into Egypt. 

The Pharaoh heard of the beautiful Sarah, and with the power and 
privilege of a king placed her in his harem, giving her "brother" a 
magnificent "blessing" of cattle and servants. The deception which 
Abram practised in calling Sarah his sister instead of wife, led to great 
"plagues" in Pharaoh's house, and a discovery of the truth, when Abram 
was sent out of Egypt, much richer in cattle, silver, and gold ; and with 
Lot, who had been with him, again camped in the Negeb, and also 
between Bethel and Hai. 

Their flocks, herds, and servants had increased to so great a number 
that it was necessary to separate Lot's portion, for the land was not able 
to bear them both without contentions among the servants. Therefore 
Abram generously gave Lot the choice of location ; and Lot chose the 
plain of Jordan, and went to live in the city of Sodom. 




ABRAHAM GIVING LOT HIS CHOICE OP COUNTRY. 



BIOGKAPHY. 



229 



The promise was then distinctly repeated; and the patriarch re- 
moYed to the oak-grove of Mamre, near Hebron, where he built another 
altar. 

In the account of his rescue of Lot from Chedorlaomer, king of 
Elam, Abranl is called the Hebrew; but it is supposed that his 
language must have been Chaldee rather than the Hebrew of the Old 
Testament. His family must have been very large at this time, for he 
could arm 318 of his trained servants. These raids and expeditions for 
reprisal or defence are common in the same region now ; and the modern 
Bedouin is a distinct representation of the ancient patriarch, in habits, 
manners, and possibly faith, for they are not strict followers of Moham- 
med, and do worship the Most High God. On the return from the relief 
of Lot, Abram met Melchizedek, king of Salem, who seems to be almost 
the only native prince who worshipped a Most High God. (See Phoenicia.) 
He came out to meet the band with refreshments, blessings, and prayers; 
and Abram divided the spoil, giving him a tenth of it. 

The recovered property belonged, by their custom, to the rescuer ; 
but Abram would not keep anything, not even a thread or a shoe- 
string, lest the natives should have a chance to claim that they had 
made him rich. 

At Mamre, Abram's faith was made stronger by a repetition of the 
promise, and a prophetic announcement of the bondage in Egypt, and 
the deliverance. 

Sarai despaired of bearing children herself, being 75 years old, and 
gave her maid Hagar, the Egyptian, to her husband, and Ishmael was 
born, who was to have been regarded as a son of Sarai ; but the childless 
woman was tormented by an unforgiving jealousy of the favored mother 
Hagar. 

When Abram was 99 years old, the promise was renewed, and the 
distinction was made of temporal blessings for Ishmael, and spiritual for 
a son of Sarai. His name was changed to Abraham, as a sign that he 
should be a father of many nations; and his wife's name was changed 
to Sarah; and their son was to be named Isaac (laughter), as a memorial. 
The covenant of circumcision was renewed in Abraham and all his 
family and servants. 

Three months after this he entertained three men, who appeared to 
him in the dress and manner of the natives. This account is one of the 
most beautiful pictuj^es of ancient customs, which have been continued 
to the present. The patriarch himself and his wife, with their own 
hands, prepared refreshments, and stood by them while they ate. The 
promise of a son was renewed to them; and when the destruction of the 
cities of the plain was made known to Abraham, he discovered that he 
had been entertaining angels unawares, and tried to save his nephew 
Lot and his family. The next morning, when offering the daily sacri- 
fice, he looked toward Sodom, and saw by the ascending smoke that the 
cities were no more, but he probably felt sure of Lot's safety. 

Some time after this he pitched his tent in Gerar, where he repeated 
the deception which he had practised on Pharaoh 23 years before in 



Gen. xiii. 



18. 



Eich. 



Gen. 



xiv. 



XV. 



xvii. 



xviu. 



L. &B. 

Vol. 1. 



Gen. 



230 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Gen. XX. 

ver. 16. 



XXI. 



XXll. 



XXlll. 

xxiv. 



XXV. 



1 Chr. 



82. 



Judg. 



vi. 3. 



Gal. 



Rom. 



James, 



iii. 23. 



Gen. 



XXX. 

xxxvii. 



Egypt, and deceived king Abimelech, who discovered his mistake in a 
dream. Again the presents also were repeated ; this time with a reproof 
to Sarah. 

This same year (1896 b. c.) Isaac was born, fulfilling a part of the 
promise. A feast was made on the day Isaac was weaned, when Ishmael 
excited the wrath of Sarah by mocking at her son ; and Abraham, being 
urged by his wife and directed by God, sent Hagar and Ishmael into the 
wilderness, cutting off their inheritance. 

The trial of Abraham's faith, in offering his son Isaac as a burnt- 
offering, occurred when Isaac was 25 years old. This was the most 
severe test that was ever applied to a man's faith, and it was met by 
unqualified obedience. 

Sarah died at Hebron two years after, at the age of 127, and was 
buried in the cave of Machpelah (see Hebron and Machpelah). 

Abraham sent his old ^iid faithful servant Eliezer to renew his 
family ties with his brother Nahor's family in Haran, where that very 
beautiful and touching incident of "Rebekah at the well" was enacted. 
This bright little picture, with its conclusion, comprises all the circum- 
stances of a perfect marriage. The sanction of parents, the favor of God, 
the domestic habits of the wife, her beauty, kindness, modest consent, 
and her successful hold on her husband's love (even in the same tent 
with her mother-in-law). 

Abraham had another wife, Keturah, who bore him several sons, 
probably during the time occupied by the other events which have been 
narrated, since Hagar was given to him. From these sons have de- 
scended several powerful tribes, whose names mark the map from the 
Euphrates and the Persian Gulf to Edom and the Red Sea. 

The descendants of Abraham have been (and are now) truly as 
countless as the sands or the stars, but they have remained unchanged 
from the beginning, and as separate from all other people as oil from 
water. They have been blessed in temporal possessions, and in the 
knowledge of the Everliving God. His spiritual descendants seem now 
destined to even outnumber all the others, for the knowledge of the 
Bible and- its faith is being distributed rapidly through the whole world. 

He died at the age of 175 years, and was buried in the cave of 
Machpelah, by, his sons Isaac and Ishmael. 

To this day he is called the " Friend of God," and is reverenced 
alike by Jew, Mohammedan, and Christian. 

Joseph was the son of Jacob by Rachel, and was born in Haran, 
(near Damascus?) b. c. 1726. Of his youth, up to the age of 17, we 
know nothing; but at tliat age he had so excited the envy and hate 
of his brothers, by simply receiving his father's gifts and attentions, 
and by telling his ominous dreams, and also by his acts of filial fidelity, 
that his brothers, prompted by Judah, sold him for a slave, at Shechem, 
for 20 shekels of silver, to a band of Ishmaelites, who took him to 
Egypt. Reuben had intended to rescue Joseph, and had him cast 
into a dry pit, from which he might be taken afterward; but he was 
too late. His coat (of many colors) was a long tunic with sleeves, 



BIOGKAPHY. 



231 



striped, or embroidered. The brothers dipped this in a kid's blood, and 
sent it to Jacob, who was deceived by the trick, and believed Joseph had 
been killed by some wild beast. 

The merchants sold him to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, chief 
of the executioners, a native of Egypt (b. c. 1709), in the reign of 
Thothmes III. (whose ring is engraved in the article Egypt). 

In Potiphar's house he prospered, and rose to the highest position 
of honor and confidence. Being tempted by his master's wife, and 
honorably denying her request, he was falsely accused by her, and 
thrown into prison. Here he again prospered, and was advanced to 
the charge of all the other prisoners. 

While in the prison, two other prisoners, a butler and a baker, 
dreamed dreams which Joseph interpreted. These accounts are inter- 
esting, because they agree with the manners of the ancient Egyptians, 
as recorded on their monuments. 

Joseph begged the butler, when he should be restored to favor, as 
he showed from his dream, to think of him, and speak of him to Pharaoh ; 
but he did not do so, until Pharaoh dreamed two prophetic dreams, 
which found in Joseph a successful interpreter, on the recommendation 
of the butler. He was then released, after two years' confinement. 
The dreams foreboded the approach of a seven years' famine; and on 
consultation with his advisers, Joseph was chosen by Pharaoh to exer- 
cise full power over all Egypt, except the throne, as one whose wisdom 
was of divine origin, in token of which he put his ring on Joseph's 
hand, invested him with royal garments, and gave him a new name, 
Taphnath-paaneah (savior of the world) ; and gave him for a wife 
Asenath, daughter of Potipherah, a priest of On. 

He was now thirty years old. His two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, 
were born during the seven years of plenty. His wisdom appeared 
when the faniine was known to extend to " all lands" {i. e., bordering 
on Egypt), and their people came to buy corn in Egypt. Among 
others, the ten brothers of Joseph came also, and he recognized them ; 
but they did not know him, for he had probably adopted the dress 
and speech of Egypt, and besides, the boy of seventeen that they sold 
for a slave was now a man over thirty, and a governor. 

Joseph severely tried and punished his brothers by calling them 
spies, putting them in prison for three days, and detaining one 
(Simeon) while the others returned with corn to Canaan, with orders 
to bring Benjamin down to Egypt. But even while pretending this 
severity his good heart caused him to weep ; it may be as much from 
joy at seeing them, as from anxiety about Benjamin and his father. 

As soon as Benjamin came his manner changed — with difficulty 
only could he act longer in a false character, and he gave orders to 
prepare for them to dine with him at noon (hiding himself to weep 
in his room). The account of the dinner agrees exactly with the 
monuments as to the customs of the Egyptians, which were also adopted 
by the Jews. Joseph was served by himself — ^his brethren by them- 
selves, and the Egyptians also apart by themselves; and when each 



Gen. 



XXXIX. 



Ps. 



Gen. 



cv. 17, 

18. 

xl. 



Anc. Egyp. 

ii. 153. 
Gen. 

xi. 
13-16. 
23. 



xli. 

56, 57. 



xlii. 
24. 



232 



BIOGEAPHY. 



Gen. 



xliv. 

18-34. 



xlv. 
xlvi. 



xlvii. 
12. 



13-26. 



1.15. 



23. 



Josh. 



26. 



XXIV. 

82. 



Matt. 



one was seated in order, according to his birth-riglit, Simeon being 
released and with, them, they wondered that any one should know 
their ages. 

Joseph wished to try how far his brothers would be faithful to 
his father, and laid a plan to trap them and detain Benjamin by 
putting a cup in Benjamin's sack. And on being arrested when a 
little way out of the city, and brought back before Joseph, with 
Benjamin as the detected criminal, Judah showed the deepest regard 
for his aged father's feelings, and offered himself a ransom, that Ben- 
jamin might return to him. This, in the Scripture, is one of the 
most touching passages in the whole course of literature. 

Joseph could bear it no longer, but made himself known to his 
brothers, and then his first question was, "Is my father aliye?" and 
he hastens to relieve them of anxiety and fear, by showing them that 
it was Grod's providence that sent him to Egypt to prepare the way 
for their salvation from death by famine. 

Pharaoh gave Joseph leave, and ordered him to bring his father and 
his household into Egypt; and accordingly they were brought and 
settled in Goshen, where Joseph met his father, honored him by pre- 
senting him before the king, ajid sustained him and his through the 
remaining years of famine. 

Joseph's prudence and policy made Pharaoh absolute master and 
owner of all Egypt, by the sale of the stores which had been laid up 
during the years of plenty. This is the greatest social revolution re- 
corded in history — the reduction of an entire nation to slavery or 
dependence by famine. 

Jacob died, and Joseph had his body embalmed and carried to the 
cave of Machpelah. 

Joseph's brothers feared him after their father's death, and coming 
near, begged his forgiveness, when he made the noble reply,: " Pear not ; 
I will nourish you and your little ones." 

He lived to the age of 110 years, and saw Ephraim's children to the 
third generation ; and Manasseh's also were brought up on his knees. 

When he died, they embalmed his body, and put it in a coflBn in 
Egypt, (b. c. 1616.) 

He had reminded them of God's promise to bring them again into 
Canaan, and Tequired them to carry his bones with them when they 
went. So they carried the body in the desert for forty years, and laid it 
in its final resting-place at Shechem. 

Joseph is above all others the purest character known to history^ 
(always excepting Jesus). Unlike David, Solomon, and any other, he 
left only good reports of his heart and hands. His trials, resistance to 
temptation, degradation, exaltation, saving his people, and confounding 
his enemies, mark him as a type of the Christ. 

Joseph, the son of Heli, the husband of Mary, and the legal father 
of Jesus. The first fact that we learn of him is his descent from David. 
He is then mentioned as the betrothed husband of Mary. This custom 
of espousal was the beginning of marriage, and was made by the parents 



BIOGRAPHY. 



233 



Matt. 



if the parties were under age. It was a public and formal proceeding, Gen. 
confirmed by oaths, and presents to the bride. Twelve months were 
allowed to pass before the marriage ceremony ; and the betrothal could 
only be broken off by a bill of diyorce. Mary was the daughter and 
heir of Joseph's uncle, Jacob. 

The age at which marriage was legal was 18 ; but probably, then as 
now, in Palestine, many married much younger — from 12 years upward ; 
so if this was a first marriage, with Joseph as well as Mary, they were 
most probably under 20 years, and it may be that Mary was only 15 to 18. 
During the twelve months after the betrothal, Joseph was grieved at the 
discovery that Mary was with child, and intended to divorce her as 
privately as possible; but being reconciled by divine instruction in a 
dream, he accepted her as his wife. Mary bore several children to 
Joseph, one of whom, James, became a disciple to Jesus, and was the 
first Christian bishop of Jerusalem. We have also the names of Joseph, 
Simon, and Jude. Of the daughters no names are given. 

It has been supposed that he also took his brother Clopas' widow, 
also called Mary, to wife, to raise up children in his brother's name, 
according to the Jewish custom of the Leviate marriage ; but the only 
ground for this is the desire to make it appear that Mary, the mother of 
Jesus, had no other children. Marriage and maternity are everywhere, 
in the Bible, respected as holy and honorable, except by the criminal. 

Joseph was an artisan of some kind (the original Greek word mean- 
ing smith, or maker of articles out of any material) ; and it has been 
said that he was a carpenter, and that his son Jesus was taught the same 
trade. All handicrafts were held in honor, and they were learned and 
followed by the sons of the best men. 

The decree of Augustus Caesar, taxing all the people, required them 
to appear for that purpose at their proper place, according to their tribes ; 
so Joseph and Mary were at Bethlehem (if they did not reside there) 
when Jesus was born. At the proper age for presenting the child in the 
temple, Joseph went with the child and his mother, and heard Simeon's 
and Anna's prophetic words. He was also present when the magi visited 
the child; and being warned in a dream, he "took the young child and 
his mother by night and departed into Egypt." On his return, after 
Herod's death, "he turned aside" and dwelt at Nazareth. 

When Jesus was 12 years old, they went up to Jerusalem, to the 
annual feast of the Passover, and the incident of the child among the 
doctors occurred. 

Joseph is not mentioned again in the gospels after this time. 

It is supposed that he died before the crucifixion, from the words 
of Jesus when on the cross, recommending his mother to the care of 
the beloved disciple. The question of his neighbors at Nazareth, as 
recorded by Mark, seems to indicate that he was then dead. 

Luke. Lucanus. Born at Antioch in Syria, and educated in the 
science of medicine. The tradition that he Avas a painter of portraits 
rests only on the word of Nicephorus. He is first noticed, in the Gos- 
pel, at Troas, from whence he sailed into Macedonia with Paul, going iSTcrii. 43, 



XXIV. 

22, 53. 



18. 



24, 25. 
xxvii. 

56. 
xiii. 

55, 56. 



Mark, 



vi. 3. 



Luke, 



Malt. 



ii. 25. 



22. 



Jolin, 



Col. 



xix. 26. 

vi. 8. 
iv. 
14. 
2 Tim. iv. 

11. 
Phil. 24. 



234 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Acts, 








xvi 


10. 




XX. 


5,6 


2 Cor 








xiii 


.18. 


Acts, 








XX. 


6— 




xxi 


18. 




xxvii. 1 


Phil. 


34. 




2 Tim 








iv. 


U. 


Luke, 


i. 




Acts, 


i. 





Col. 

iv. 10. 

Mark. 



Acts, 

xii. 12. 
1 Peter, 

V. 13. 



Acts, 



xi. 27. 
xii. 25. 
xiii. 4, 5 
13. 



2 Tim. 



XV. 37. 
39. 

iv. 11. 



Papias. 

Eichhom. 

Tholuck. 

Lange. 

Atford. 

Eustace. 

Eusebius. 
Kitto. 

Ex. vi. 20. 



Acts, 

vii. 22. 
Tradition. 
Strabo, &c. 
Ant. ii. 9, 7. 



on as far as Philippi, where he remained six or eight years, doing good 
service as a preacher of the gospel, and writing his account, called 
Luke's Gospel. He joined Paul on his third visit to Philippi; went 
with him to Jerusalem, and to Eome; suffering shipwreck; visiting 
Syracuse, Puteoli, and Rome ; continuing with Paul as his assistant till 
the end of his first imprisonment. The last glimpse of him is in Paul's 
testimony to his faithfulness as a constant friend and co-laborer. Noth- 
ing is known of his death. His writings were the Gospel called by his 
name, and the Acts of the Apostles. His style was more finished, and 
there is more classical skill and greater variety in the composition and 
matter of his work, than is found in the writings of Matthew and 
Mark. (See Sphesus for the tomb of Luke.) 

Mark. "John, whose surname was Mark." A native Jew of 
Jerusalem, and cousin of Barnabas of Cyprus. It is supposed that he 
was the "young man" of Mark xiv. 51, 52, who followed Jesus when he 
was arrested. (For the expression * naked,' the text just quoted, see the 
article on Dress.) Peter went to his mother's house when he was 
released from prison by the angel, and probably was the means of his 
instruction and conversion, for he calls him his (spiritual) son in his 
letter to the strangers from Asia. Mark went with Barnabas and Saul 
(Paul) when they returned to Antioch from their mission of relief to 
the Church in Jerusalem, as far as into Cyprus ; but when they proposed 
to go throughout the dangerous regions of Asia (see Seven Churches), 
he left them at Perga and returned home. He was the cause of the 
separation of Barnabas and Paul, for Paul would not forgive his former 
desertion, nor trust him again (although he did after that), lest he 
might desert them in some critical time. Mark therefore went with 
Barnabas to Cyprus. Mark afterward became a ^ comfort ' and ^ profit- 
able' to Paul in the ministry, and was sent for by him to come to Rome, 
probably from Asia Minor, where he had been at Colossse. 

Here the Gospel account ends, and tradition only supplies a few 
hints as to the rest of his life. It is said that he translated the Aramaic 
original discourses of Peter into Greek ; that he was Peter's assistant, 
speaking or writing as dictated to by him ; that after Peter's death he 
visited Egypt, and there published his Gospel, and founded a church in 
Alexandria ; and died there in the 8th year of Nero, as a martyr, from 
whence his remains were conveyed by the Venetians, A. D. 827, to Ven- 
ice, where they now lie. 

It is expressly stated that Mark's Gospel is a record of Peter's state- 
ments made during his many public discourses, without special order or 
design. 

Moses was the son of Amram and Jochebed, of the tribe of Levi. 
Aaron was his brother, and Miriam his sister. The name Moses {Mo- 
slieh in the Hebrew of Ex. ii. 10), means drawn out of the water, and 
was given him by the princess who found him in the papyrus boat, 
where his mother had put him. He was brought up and educated as 
an Egyptian, at Heliopolis, as a priest, with the name of Osarsiph or 
Tisithen, and became familiar with Greek, Chaldee, and Assyrian litera- 



BIOGRAPHY. 



235 



ture. The great importance of selecting proper nurses may be learned 
from the history of Moses, whose mother, a Hebrew woman, nursed him, 
although he was brought up by the Egyptians ; and when he became of 
age he chose the religion and people of his own race, although he was 
offered a place in the Pharaoh's family as an adopted son. 

He became the champion of his people from the first, and showed his 
compassion for their sufferings by killing one of the task-masters who 
was abusing a Hebrew. Pharaoh would have punished him with death 
for the murder, if he had not fled into Arabia, and ' sat down by a well ' 
in the land of Midian, where his first act was to defend the daughters of 
Reuel (Jethro), a priest of Midian, against their oppressors, the shep- 
herds. (See Midian.) He became a shepherd in the service of Jethro, 
and married Zipporah, his daughter, by whom he had two sons, Ger- 
shom and Eliezer. During the seclusion of his shepherd life, in the 
valley of Shoayb (or Hobab), he received a divine commission to deliver 
his people Israel from the Egyptian bondage, and at the same time the 
divine name Jehovah {Heh, yeheveh = self-existence), which was 
explained to him, and a confirmation of his mission in the three mira- 
cles of the burning bush, the serpent rod, and the leprous hand. Sup- 
ported by his brother Aaron, sustained in a wonderful way by the 
miracles of the ten plagues, the last of which was the most terrible, in 
the death of the first-born in all Egypt, Moses led out the Israelites to 
the east side of the Red Sea, blessed with liberty and a large tribute 
from their late oppressors. 

On this occasion Moses wrote his first recorded poem. His sister 
Miriam also sang a song, the title, or subject only, of which is known. 

Moses was at this time eighty years old. His life during the next 
forty years is a part of the history of the Israelites, inseparable, and for 
thirty-eight years entirely unknown. He died at the age of one hun- 
dred and twenty, and was not careful of his memory, leaving no monu- 
ment of stone to mark his grave, which is unknown. 

Moses is the only character to which Jesus compares himself, as a 
revealer of a new name of God, and the founder of a new religious faith, 
as a lawgiver, and as a prophet ; and they both were misunderstood in 
their office as peacemakers ; and the death of Moses suggests the ascen- 
sion of Jesus. 

The laws framed by Moses have influenced and even controlled the 
larger part of civilized mankind since his time ; and the religion which 
he found scattered in traditions and shaped into a beautiful system still 
holds millions to its faith ; while its successor, Christianity, claims 
present hold of a large part of mankind, and promises a universal sway 
in the future. 

Besides the song on the passage of the Red Sea, Moses wrote others, 
of which only fragments have been preserved 

1. A ivar-song against Amaleh : 

" As the hand is on the throne of Jehovah, 
So will Jehovah war with Amalek 
Erom generation to generation/' 



Heb. xi. 

34. 

Ex. 11. 11. 



xvlil. 12. 
21. 

xvill. 
3,4. 
Tradition, 
ill. 



V. vii., 
to xli. 



XV. 

Rev. XV. 



2, 3. 



Deut. 



xvlii. 15. 
Acts, vll. 37. 
John, V. 46. 

Heb. lii. 
xil. 



Ex. 



XVll. 

16 



236 

Ex. xxxii. 

18. 



Deut. 



xxxi. 22. 
xxxii. 

1-44. 
xxxiii. 

1-29. 



Hosea, 



xii. 13. 



IChr. 



iii. 51. 



2 Sam. 



IKi. 



Cant. 



xii. 25. 



V. 10. 



32. 



14. 



2 Clir. 



Vlll. 

ix. 10. 



BIOGRAPHY. 

2. On the revelries at the calf-worship at Si?iai : 

**Not the voice of them that shout for mastery, 
Nor the voice of them that cry for being overcome, 
But the noise of them that sing, do I hear." 

3. The songs recorded (and lost) in the Book of the Wars of the 
Lord, and the fragment of the Song at the Well, in Moab. 

4. The Blessing on the Twelve Tribes, which contains a concise 
statement of the characteristics of the different tribes. 

5. The 90th Psalm (if not also some others following), which is a 
sublime view of the eternity of God, which he describes as more endur- 
ing than the "everlasting" mountains. 

Moses is called a prophet by one of the later prophets. 

The word translated meeh, in Num. xii. 3, means disinterested, which 
describes Moses better. He always forgot himself when the good of his 
people was to be served. Gave up his position in Pharaoh's house; 
avenged his people's wrongs; desired Aaron to take the lead; wished all 
were gifted as he is ; offered that his name be blotted out to save his 
people, when he was offered the promise of Abraham ; not his sons, but 
Aaron's, were raised to the hono? of priests, nor even to leaders, for 
after his death the leadership passed to Joshua, of another tribe; and 
although he earned the title of the father of his people, yet they were 
never called the children of Moses, but of Abraham. 

Solomon. In Hebrew it is Shelomoh {the peaceful). The youn- 
gest son of David and Bathsheba. He was educated under the care of 
Nathan, the prophet, in all that the priests, levites, and prophets had to 
teach, and was named by him Jedidjah {loved of Jehovah). He was 
only looked upon as the heir of the throne after Absalom's revolt and 
death ; and only after Adonijah endeavored to seize the throne Solomon 
was anointed by Nathan, and solemnly acknowledged as king, at the 
age of 19 or 20, 1015 b. c. David died soon after. From that time his 
history is nearly that of the nation. It is supposed by some that his 
personal appearance is the subject of the Shulamite's language in the 
Canticles. His great wealth, which had been accumulated by David 
through many years, cannot be computed by our system, because the 
figures in the original accounts of the sum set apart for the Temple are 
uncertain, and vary in the two records ; in 1 Chr. xxii. 14, the sum being 
stated at 100,000 talents of gold, and 1,000,000 of silver, and in chapter 
xxix. 4, at 3,000 talents of gold, and 7,000 of silver. The sources of this 
wealth were many, for Solomon was a merchant as well as a monarch 
The exports were wheat, barley, oil, wine, wool, silk, hides, fruit, and 
other articles. His ships (in care of or assisted by the Tyrians) navi- 
gated the Mediterranean and the Eed Sea, and to the regions beyond ; 
trading in gold, precious stones, ivory, apes, spice, and scented woods. 
Besides the ships, caravans of camels were probably used across the 
Syrian desert, and to the Eed Sea and Egypt: which called for the 
building of Tadmor (Palmyra), and the fortifying of Thapsacus, on the 
Euphrates, and Eziongeber on the Eed Sea. 



BIOGRAPHY. 



237 



The visit of the Queen of Sheba was one of the results of this com- 
mercial intercourse, and her very rich presents show the extreme value 
of their trade. 

Solomon's fame was established by the building of the great temple 
at Jerusalem; but besides that he built his own palace, the queen's pal- 
ace, the house of the forest of Lebanon, a grand porch, and the porch 
of judgment (law court). He had increased the walls of the city, and 
fortified Millo and other strongholds m different parts of the land. 

In the work of building the temple especially (and probably in all 
others) he employed slaves, of whom the Jews held at that time no less 
than 153,600, who were, it may be, Hittites. In this he followed the 
example of the Pharaohs, as he did also in state ceremony and display. 

As soon as Nathan and Zadok, his father's counsellors, were dead, 
he began to lower the standard of religious purity, by building shrines 
to heathen gods, although two sons of Nathan and a son of Zadok were 
among his advisers. (See Jerusalem.) This grant of indulgence to his 
heathen wives might have had a political motive. It is quite probable 
that Solomon himself was a believer in, if not an actual practiser of, the 
soothsayer's or magician's arts, for which he has, from his time to the 
present, had a reputation everywhere in the East. 

It is in accordance with Eastern royalty that Solomon sometimes 
acted as a judge in cases of oppression, as in the case of the two children ; 
and it may be that his porch of judgment contained his stated council 
and judicial chamber. 

His harem was established on a magnificent scale ; and he made a 
grand display of the chief luxury of wealth, in the number of his women, 
and especially in marrying an Egyptian princess. By these practices, 
and the idolatries which his foreign wives led him into, he lost the 
hearts of the prophets, and lost for his posterity the rule of the ten tribes. 
The most of this evil is charged by some to the influence of his mother, 
Bathsheba, who was grand-daughter to Ahithophel, who was renowned 
through all Israel for worldly wisdom and political sagacity. 

It is to be regretted that we have not more of the writings of Solo- 
mon, and also that we do not even know certainly what he wrote of the 
books that are now attributed to him. After the return from the 
captivity, the Eabbis of the Great Synagogue made extracts from the 
well-known books of law, history, poetry, and proverbs, accepting and 
preserving only a small part. These represent in the Canticles the 
young man, passionate but pure ; in the Proverbs, the middle-aged man, 
with a practical, prudential thought, searching into the depths of man's 
heart, resting all duty on the fear of God ; and in the Preacher, the old 
man, who had become a moralist, having passed through the stages of a 
philosopher and of a mystic, now made confession of his "crime of 
sense," and he could only realize that weariness which sees all earthly 
things only as vanity of vanities. 

The immense influence which Solomon produced, on his own and 
later ages, is seen in the fact that men have claimed his great name for 
even the noblest thoughts of other authors — as in the Book of Wisdom, 



IKi. 



IKi. 



2 Chr. 



XXXll. 

5. 
viii. 



2 Chr. 



IKi. 



ii. 17. 



XI. 

33. 



111. 
16. 



238 



BIOGRAPHY. 



Koran. 



Ant. 

viii. 2. 
5. 
Origen. 
Ewald. 
Lane. 



:,Iatt. 



vi. 39. 



2 Ki. xvii. 29. 



Kitto, {8am.) 
Smith's Die. 



Ezra, iv. 2. 
John, iv. 9. 



Josephus. 



Tristram: Land 
of Israel, 
p. 153. 



and possibly in Ecclesiastes — and have woyen an endless fabric of fantastic 
fables, Jewish, Arabian, and Christian. Spells and charms of his inven- 
tion (of which the famous seal of Solomon is an example) are supposed 
to have a power over disease, and evil spirits, which he conquered and 
cast into the sea ; and magicians have " swarmed" in the old world, who 
mingled his name in their incantations. His wisdom interpreted the 
speech of birds and beasts; and he knew the hidden virtues (mystic) 
of plants. His magic ring revealed to him the past, the present, and 
the future. And finally, all vast works, especially of architecture, of past 
time, whose history is lost, are credited to him. 

The New Testament does not add to our knowledge of Solomon, 
but gives us his true measure as a man and king, in a single sentejiee, 
which declares that in the humblest work of God, as a lily, there is a 
grace and beauty and purity not equalled by all Solomon's glory. 

The Samaritans are de- 
scendants of the people who 
were placed in the country by 
the Assyrian king (instead of 
the Jews who were carried 
away), who mingled with the few ^ 
Jews who had been left. They 
brought idolatry with them 
from Assyria, but asked for and 
were supplied with a Jewish 
priest not a Levite, who lived 
at Bethel, the chief place of 
the calf-worship. 

The enmity between them 
and the Jews began when they 
were refused the privilege of 
assisting in rebuilding the tem- 
ple, and they built a temple for 
themselves on Mt. Gerizim, in 
the time of Alexander the 
Great. This was destroyed by 
John Hyrcanus, B. c. 129, with 
the city of Shechem. 

In the fifth century there was a Christian church on Gerizim, now 

ruined. 

The only place of Samaritan worship in the world is in a synagogue 
at Nallus (Shechem). Their copy of the Pentateuch is of great anti- 
quity , is carefully guarded, and almost worshipped. 




Samakitan Pbiest— Shechem. 
Beading the Sacred Koll. 



THE TWELVE APOSTLES, 



IN THE ORDER AS GIVEN BY MATTHEW. 



Peter. Originally Simeon", or SiMOiq-, heard, (Cephas, a stone= 
Peter, a rocJc.) The son of Jonas, and a natiye of Bethsaida, in Galilee. 
He was married (his wife's name was Concordia ?) at the time of his call 
to follow Jesus ; and lived with his mother-in-law, at Capernaum. He 
was a fisherman, and was fishing with his father and brother Andrew 
when Jesus found him. Peter and his brother Andrew were probably 
disciples of John the Baptist. Peter, James, and John only, of the twelve, 
were witnesses of the transfiguration and the agony in Gethsemane. 

It seems that Peter was more intimate than any of the other apostles 
with Jesus, for the tax-collector asked him if his Master paid tribute ; 
and to him and John was given the duty of providing the lamb for the 
paschal supper, although Judas carried the purse. 

Peter walked on the Sea of Galilee ; but his heart failed, and he cried 
for help. He frequently declared his faith in Jesus, although he was 
disappointed that the Christ was not the temporal prince that the Jews 
had looked for. He first refused to have Jesus wash his feet ; but when 
he learned that it was a symbol, he wished to have his hands and head 
washed also. He boldly and vauntingly avowed his attachment to Jesus, 
and offered to lay down his life for Him, and then disgracefully denied 
Him the same day, and wept bitterly when conscious of what he had 
done. Jesus forgave him, accepted his renewed professions, and gave 
him a new commission to work in his cause. / 

After this time his character changed. Instead of a hasty zeal, he 
showed a sober dignity. He first proclaimed salvation through a cruci- 
fied Saviour ; and when arrested, with the others, boldly declared his faith 
and purpose before the Sanhedrim. 

He, by a miracle, punished with death two who tried an experiment 
on the omniscience of the Holy Ghost; and rebuked Simon the magician, 
at Samaria, who wished to buy the secret of working miracles. 

At Joppa he was taught, in a vision, that the ancient ritual dis- 
tinctions of clean and unclean were abolished. 

Herod put him in prison, at Jerusalem, and he was released by an 
angel. 

He first advocated an exemption from the ceremonial law of Moses. 

Paul rebuked him for timidly dissembling on the question of the 
equality of the Jews and Gentiles, at Antioch. 

Here the Gospel history ends, and we have tradition only for the 
rest of his life, which says that he travelled as (Paul did) among the 
cities and churches to which his epistles are addressed, in Pontus, 



Jolin, 
Matt. 



1.44. 

xvi. 17. 
viii. 14, 



Luke, ix. 28. 



Matt. 
Luke, 
Matt. 



xvii. 24. 

xxii. 8. 

xiv. 22. 
xvi. 13. 
ib. 22. 



John, 

xiii. 4. 
36. 
Mark, 

xiv. 29. 
Matt. xxvi. 
75. 



Acts, iv. 



1-22. 



V. 1-11. 
viii. 14. 



X. L 



xii. 3. 
XV. 6. 
Gal. 11. 11. 



Origen. 



240 



BIOGRAPHY. 



1 Peter, 

Y. 13. 

Tertullian. 
John, 



Mark, 



John, 



i. 44. 
35, 36. 
41. 

L 14. 



vi. 8. 
xii. 22. 



Matt. 
Mark, 



Matt. 



iv. 21. 

1-19. 
ix. 2. 

V. 42. 
xiv. 33. 
xiii. 3. 
X. 35. 

XX, 20. 



Mark, i. 20. 

Matt, xxvii. 

55, 56. 
John, 

xix. 27. 
xviii. 

15, 16. 
xiii. 23. 
Luke, V. 

5, 6. 
Jolm, 

xxi. 6, 7. 



Rev. i. 9. 



Luke, ix. 54. 



Galatia, Bitliynia, Cappadocia, and Asia; that he yisited Rome, and 
was made bishop of the church there, and suffered martyrdom under 
Nero, being crucified with his head downward. 

Andrevr. Brotlier of Peter and natiye of Bethsaida, in Galilee. He 
was first a disciple of John the Baptist, but followed Jesus on John's 
testimony, and informed his brother Peter of what he had found — that 
Jesus was the Christ. It appears that he did not leave his business of 
fishing until some time after. He was present at the feeding of the 
5,000 at Jerusalem, when the Greek Jews wished to see Jesus ; and, with 
others, on Olivet, asked privately of Jesus what he meant by his strange 
words about destroying and rebuilding the temple. Of his after-life and 
death nothing is recorded. Tradition says he preached in Scythia, or 
Achaia, and was crucified on a cross, now called St. Andrew's, which 
is ofa peculiar shape (x). 

James and John. Natives of Bethsaida, on the Sea of Galilee, the 
sons of Zebedee and Salome. They were acquainted with the character 
of Jesus as the Messiah, before their call to be apostles. They (with 
Peter) were especially favored on several occasions by Jesus ; — at the 
Transfiguration; the restoration of Jairus' daughter; in the garden of 
Gethsemane ; and with Andrew at the discourse on the fall of Jerusalem. 
They were mistaken, as well as others of the twelve, in their idea of the na- 
ture of the mission of Jesus, and joined their mother in an ambitious re- 
quest for dignity an d honor in the expected temporal kingdom. Their zeal 
earned them the name of Boanerges, 8ons of Thunder. James was the 
first martyr among the twelve. John was afterward called the Divine 
and the Revelator, from his writings. Neither he nor his parents were 
poor, since they kept hired servants ; and his mother contributed to the 
support of Jesus, and John received Mary, the Lord's mother, into his 
own house at Jerusalem, after the crucifixion. He was also acquainted 
with the high priest, and received as one of the higher classes, having 
social privileges. 

Jesus loved John, who was the youngest of the twelve. Twice he 
showed himself to him as the Lord, by a miracle touching his own occupa- 
tion, that he could understand without doubt ; and he probably was more 
intimate with him than any other, as the leaning on his bosom at the 
last supper would imply. After the ascension, Paul found him living in 
Jerusalem, where he seemed to be a pillar in the Church ; and he was yet 
there when Paul was at Ephesus, A. D. 58. After Paul left Ephesus, 
John was sent there, about A. D. 65 ; and from there he was exiled to 
Patmos, where he wrote the Apocalypse, about A. D. 96. (See Patmos 
and the Seven Churches.) Polycrates (writing about A. d. 200), calls 
him a martyr, but the place, time, and manner were not recorded. His 
three epistles show us that he was pastor of a large diocese, and made 
many journeys of pastoral visitation. His age has been stated at 
100 by Jerome, and 120 by Suidas. He is described as a mild man, 
affectionate and even effeminate ; but true to his Oriental blood, he some- 
times fired up, as he did against the Samaritans when they rejected 
Jesus. 



BIOGRAPHY. 



241 



Philip. One of the twelve apostles. A native of Bethsaida, in 
G-alilee. He became a disciple of John the Baptist, and was the fourth 
of the twelve in the order of his call. He introduced Nathan ael, who was 
afterward called Bartholomew, the fifth apostle. Jesus asked Philip 
where bread was to be found for feeding the 5,000, and Philip did not even 
suspect the real source ; nor did he seem to know the spiritual character of 
Jesus and his teaching much later, when he said to him, " Lord, show us 
the Father," and he had heard the voice from heaven, which was sent for 
the especial instruction of such as were so slow to perceive the light, — 
although he was at Cana when the water was made wine. He consulted 
with Andrew before gratifying the request of the Jews from Greece to see 
Jesus (out of curiosity only?) Philip was with the other apostles in that 
" upper room" at Jerusalem, after the ascension, and on the day of 
Pentecost. 

Tradition says he preached in Phrygia. There is no account of his 
death. 

Philip, the Evangelist. A resident (in the latter part of his 
life) of Csesarea, where he had a wife and family, of whom four daughters 
are mentioned as singers. He was one of the seven deacons of the 
church in Judaea. After Stephen was stoned he went to Samaria, where 
he baptized the magician Simon. From there he was sent by Peter to 
Gaza, and on the way (at Ain Karim?) he baptized the Ethiopian 
eunuch. His tour extended from Azotus to Caesarea, where he settled, 
and was visited by Paul, Agabus, and others. His death is not recorded. 

Bartholomew (son of Talmai). Born at Cana of Galilee. One 
of the twelve. His real name was Nathanael, the son of Talmai. When 
introduced to Jesus, by Philip, Jesus said, " Behold an Israelite indeed, 
in whom there is no deceit," thus making his name almost a synonym 
for sincerity. He was among the twelve after the resurrection, at the Sea 
of Tiberias, when Jesus appeared to them ; and he witnessed the ascen- 
sion. Tradition says he preached in Arabia Felix, having Matthew's 
gospel, and was crucified in Armenia or Oilicia. 

Thomas {a twin ; Greek, Didymus, a twin. Lydia was his twin- 
sister). A native of Galilee. It has been suggested that he was a twin- 
brother of Jesus, but there is no proof that he was any relation to him. 
He was slow to believe, weighing the difiiculties of the case, of a 
desponding heart, but ardently attached to his Master. He was ready 
to go with Jesus into any danger, but was incredulous about the un- 
known future ; and after the resurrection, he would and he could only 
believe after he had seen and felt the very wounds made by the nails 
and the spear. He was one of the seven apostles who saw Jesus^at the 
Sea of Galilee, and met with the others in the " upper room" after the 
ascension. Tradition says he preached in Parthia, was a martyr, and 
was buried at Edessa. The church in Malabar claims him as its founder, 
and shows a tomb as his. 

Matthew (Mattathias, the gift of Jehovah). Is only mentioned 
at the time of his call to be an apostle, when he was in "the re- 
ceipt of custom." Mark gives him another name — Levi, the son of 



John, 



i.44 



vl. 5. 



xiv. 8. 



Acts, i. 13. 



xxli. 
8, 
Eph. iv. 



2 Tim. 

Acts, 



John, 



11. 

iv. 5. 

viii. 

xxi. 

xxi. 3. 
i. 47. 



Acts, 



Matt. 
John, 



X. 3. 



xxi. 2. 

xi. 16. 
Dr. Arnold. 
John, 

xiv. 5. 

xx.25-28 



Acts, i. 13. 
Butler. 



Matt. 



ix.9. 



242 



BIOGBAPHT. 



Mark, 



Luke, 
Matt. 
Acts, 



ii. 14. 
iii. 18. 

V. 27. 

X. 3. 

i. 13. 



Matt, xxvii. 56. 
Mark, iii. 18. 
Luke, vi. 15, 16. 

Matt. 



Jolin, 



xiv. 22. 



Luke, 

vi. 15. 
Acts, i. 13. 
John, 

vi. 71. 
i xiii. 2. 
26. 

vi. 64 

xii. 4, 6. 
Matt. 

xxvii. 4. 



Matt. 

xxvii. 5. 
Acts, i. 25. 

Winer. 

Stier. 



Jude 1. 
Oal. i. 19. 
Matt. xiii. 
55. 



Alpheus, who has been supposed to have been the same as the Alpheus 
the father of James the Less, but without reason. On his call he gave 
a feast by way of a farewell to his friends, to which Jesus was invited. 
His humility is seen in his styling himself " the publican." He was with 
the other apostles after the resurrection. After this there is no record 
of him or his acts. It is not known how or where he died. 

James the Less, son of Alphaeus, or Clopas (the two names being 
derived from the same origin, and meaning one person), and Mary. He 
has by some been called the brother of Jesus, the same as James, the 
brother of Jude ; but he was not so related. 

Jude. Judas. Also called Lebbeus and Thaddeus. One of the 
twelve. He is only mentioned as among those who could not see the 
spiritual kingdom of Jesus. Of his life, labors, and death we know 
nothing. Tradition says he preached at Edessa, and died a martyr 
there. 

Simon Zelotes. The Canaanite — i. e., the zealous. Not one fact 
is recorded of him besides his call to be one of the twelve. 

Judas Iscariot. (From Kerioth, his native place.) Called also 
the son of Simon. Jesus called him to be a disciple, knowing his 
treacherous character, probably for a peculiar service. He is called a 
traitor and a thief by his brethren, which charges seem to be proved by 
his own confession, that he had " betrayed the innocent." The amount 
of his bribe is computed at about 15 dollars, the 30 pieces being either 
shekels (Ex. xxi. 32), or tetradrachms, equal in value. (See Money.) 
It has been conjectured that Judas supposed he should earn a reward 
equal to that of any of the apostles, by hastening the time when Jesus 
would be compelled to declare himself to the world openly, and with 
power, as its rightful king, the Son of David, and that he never dreamed 
even of causing the death of his Master; he might have even supposed 
that he would never die; and while the other apostles believed and 
wished for a temporal kingdom, Judas only acted on his belief. 
Some have doubted that Judas received the symbols, bread and 
wine, with the others. The different accounts of his death are prob- 
ably fragments of more minute records which are lost. All human 
actions appear in the Bible in two lights — as free and separate, and as 
links in a long chain of causes and effects, the beginning and end of 
which are known only to God. 

Jude, the author of the Epistle called by his name, was a brother 
of James (and of Jesus). When and where the letter was written is not 
known ; but probably late in his life (v. 17), and yet before the destruc- 
tion of Jerusalem. Of his death there is no record. 



MONEY. 



The earliest records of money refer not to coins but to certain weights. Thuis 
Homer speaks of barter and weighing masses of gold, but never mentions coins. 

The first mention of money in the Bible is of the 1000 pieces of silver that Abim- 
elech gave Abraham for Sarah's use (Gen. xx. 16), and of Abraham's wealth (xxiv. 35) ; 
unless Job lived before him, when the " kesitah and a ring of gold," which each of his 
friends gave him after his restoration to health and the favor of God, would be earlier 
in date. When Abraham bought the cave of Machpelah he weighed the silver paid to 
Ephron, 400 shekels of silver, current with the merchant (Gen. xxiii. 16). Jacob paid 
100 kesitahs for a field at Shalem to the sons of Hamor, Shechem's father (Gen. xxxiii. 
19). A kesitah is supposed to have been a piece of a certain weight stamped with the 
figure of a lamb = kesitah. 

Achan stole 200 shekels of silver, and a "tongue" of gold of 50 shekels weight 
(Josh. vii.). 

In all ages in the East jewels have been a recognized means of storing up wealth, 
and gold and silver ornaments were counted as so much weight, as in the case of the 
presents to Eebekah (Gen. xxiv. 22). Egyptian money was in rings, and is so pictured 
on the monuments. The sons of Jacob carried bundles of money of certain weight to 
Egypt to buy corn (Gen. xlii. 35, xliii. 21). The Midianites were spoiled of "jewels 
of gold, chains and bracelets, rings, ear-rings, and tablets," weighing 16,750 shekels 
(Num. xxxi. 50-52). The threshing-floor of Oman the Jebusite was bought by David 
for 600 shekels of gold by weight (1 Chr. xxi. 25). 

Jehoiada " took a chest, and bored a hole in the lid of it, and set it beside the 
altar, on the right side, and the priests put therein all the money ..." (2 Ki. xii. 9), 
being the first mention of a " contribution-box," dating as old as 850 B. c, when the 
small pieces may have been coins. 

Coins, or small divisions of money recognized by a standard, must have been in 
use in Saul's time, for his servant said he had only the fourth part of a skekel to give 
the prophet for the customary present (1 Sam. ix. 8) ; and half a shekel was the regu- 
lar yearly Temple-dues for atonement (Ex. xxx. 13, 15). 

The invention of coins is credited to the Lydians by Herodotus (i. 94), especially 
of gold ; and to Phidra of Argos, 860 b. c, in the island of -^gina, of silver, by the 

Parian Chronicle (a series of inscriptions on 
Parian marble, dated 200 B. c). 

The earliest coins in use in 
450 B. c, were the Daric, of Persia 
(Ezra, ii. 69; Neh. vii. 70; 1 Chr. 
xxix. 7). The Persians also struck 
the coin known to the Greeks as the 
stater {standard), and a silver coin 
called siglos (Neh. v. 15, x. 32). 




Palestin( 




STATER. 

Trihute-money found in the fish (Matt. xvii.). 



DARIC. 

King of Persia. 



244 



MON^ET. 





SILVER SHEKEL. 

Vase. Year 1. Jerusalem 

Shekel of the Holy. 

Israel. Aaron^s Eod. 



BRON2rE SHEKEL. 

Year Four. Half. Eedemption of Zion. 

Two branches Citron. Palm between Baskets. 




SILVER SHEKEL. 

Eleazar the PHest. First Year of the 
Vase. Palm Eedemption of Israel. 
Branch. Cluster of grapes. 




There are in the Paris, Gotha, and British Museums coins of Scythopolis (Beth- 
shan), Joppa, Sycamina, Ascalon, and Philadelphia, of the date of Alexander, 350 b. c. 
The first coins struck by the Jews were by Simon Maccabeus, a privilege granted bv 
. Antiochus VII., 139 b. c. ; 
and on account of this 
and other rights decreed 
to them, they dated their 
coins and contracts from 
this year. "In the first 
year of Simon, benefactor 
of the Jews, High Priest" 
(1 Mace. xiii. 34, 42; 
Ant. xiii.6). The bronze 
shekel of the fourth year was probably struck (b. c. 136) in a time of distress, caused, 
it may be, by tlie war against Antiochus. Eleazar, son of Simon, struck coins both 

of silver and bronze. It is supposed that this specimen 
is an imitation of two ancient coins, copying only one 
side of each, tiie vase from one and the bunch of grapes 
from the other. 

Jehonathan,- the high 
priest, struck coins between 
B. c. 105 and b. c. 78, of which 
many are still left. The 
money of Herod is less interesting, because of its Greek bronze corns, 

character, and being of bronze or copper only. ^\\q Jonathan, mgh Priest, ouve wreath. 
farthing of the New Testament was the smallest of his ^^^^^^/^^^'^^^-*^ Comncopi^, 

coins, unless the lepton, or mite, was still smaller. A 
lepton of Tiberius Caesar and Julia C^sar is also extant 
Either of these would answer to the 
requirements of the text in Mark, xii. 
42, where the original means "she 
threw in two leptra, which is a quacl- 
rans" as though two mills, or mites, 
were equal to the quarter of a cent. 
Such very small coins are now found in great num- 
bers among ancient ruins in Palestine, and are nearly 
all of bronze. The Arabs and Turks also use pieces, 
called para, that are very much like fish-scales in size 
and thickness. A silver coin of Herod Agrippa has 
a new emblem, the state umbrella, peculiarly oriental. 

The coin which Peter found in the mouth of the 
when wanted for tribute, was the 
stater {standard), or tetradrachm, al- 
most the only Greek imperial silver 
coin in the East at that time, and equal 
to the shekel, which had gone out of use. 
They were struck by nearly every ruler, silver com or herod agrit^a 

•^ "^ 11' 1 Bacileos Agnjxi. Three ears ot tvheat 

but especially by Alexander, who issued state Umbreiia. l. s. Year 6. 




BRONZE FARTHING. 

Herod Bad. Two Conmcopioe. 
Anchor. Pomegranate. 




BRASS LEPTON OF HEROD. 

Herod. Ethnarch. 




BRASS LEPTON, OR MITE. 

Tiberius Ccesar. Juli . Coesar. 



AO 




fish, 




MOXEr. 



245 




TETKADBACHM OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT. B, C. 350. 



them of this weight and value. A few 
years since, some workmen, digging in 
a garden at Sidon, found several copper 




SILVER DENARIUS OP TIBERIUS C^SAR. 

The penny paid the laborers in the Vineyard (Matt. xx.). 



pots full of gold coins of Alexander and Philip his father, said to have been near 8,000 
pieces in all (L. and B., i. 194; Job, iii. 21; Deut. xxxiii. 19; Prov. ii. 4). 

The tribute-money (Matt. xxii. 15-21) bore the head of a Cassar, Tiberius or some 
earlier one, like the 'stater above, or the denarius, which was the "penny" paid to the 
laborers in the vineyard. This was first coined b. c. 269, at Rome, and was worth 
fifteen cents, which was the day- wages of a laborer and of a Roman soldier. 




TETRADRACHM (ATTIC TALENT) OF ANTIOCHUS IH. 

Piece of money 'paid Judas. 



COPPER COIN OF VESPASIAN. 

Judea mourning. 



The piece of money paid Judas is represented by the tetradrachm of Antiochus III., 
which was equal to the shekel. There were both Greek and Roman coins struck on 

the capture of Jerusalem, — one of which, bearing 
Vespasian's head, is here shown. 

The last coins of the Jewish series were 
struck by Barkokab, A. d. 130. One is given 
here, having on one side the porch of the 
temple, with a star above, and the name of 
" Simeon ;" and on the other side a bunch of 
LAST COIN, STRUCK BY BARKOKAB, A. D. 130. fmit aud thc iuscriptiou, " Of the deliverance 

Of the deliverance of JerusaXem.. Simeon. ^ 1 " 

Bunch of fruit. Tetrastyle Temple. 01 J Crusaiem. 

Aretas, king of Arabia, 

^mvpsaeX ruled Damascus when Paul 

escaped from that city in a 

basket. The coin of Ephesus 

bears a model of the temple of 

coiv OF ARETAS, KiNft OF ARABIA. Diaua. Nero. CcBsar. Temple of Diana. 






24.6 



MOKEY. 





BRONZE COIN FOUND AT tTKrA. 

Bead of Christ. Jesus Christ, King of kings. 



COIN OF APAMEA. 

JVoah^s Deluge. 



Among the many curious coins which are met with of these ancient times are the 
two here shown. The coin of Apamea has a picture of an ark oyer water, with the 

_ doye and oliye- 

branch, and the 
people leaying it. 
The bronze coin, 
or medal, bearing 
Christ's head, with 
the cross behind 
it, was found at 
Urfa, Syria, and 
loaned me by Rey. 
G. B. Nutting, one 

of our missionaries there. The inscription on the" reyerse is, " Jesus Christ, King of 
kings." In the time of Septimus Seyerus a medal was struck at Apamea (formerly 

called Kibbotus — the Ark), .on which the flood 
was represented. 

A coin is often the yery best eyidence con- 
cerning some ancient person or place. If genuine, 
it is not possible to deny its claims to credit for 
what it shows. If forged, as they often haye 
been, they still bear a certain yalue, according to 
their antiquity. Sometimes the accounts of 
ancient authors are yerified by the deyices on 
coins, as in the coin of Corinth, which gives a 
picture of the port of Cenchreag, exactly as de- 
scribed by Pausanias. (See Cenchrese.) 
The coin of Tarsus also illustrates another city, 
which is memorable for being connected with the 
history of the Apostle Paul. This city was his birth- 
place and early residence (Acts, ix., xxi., xxii.). We 
are indebted to coins for the 
portraits of many ancient and 
celebrated men, whose features 
have not been preserved in any 
other way. And in most cases 

the portraits given correspond to the character given them by the 
historian. Tigranes was a king of Armenia, and ruled Syria b. c. 
83 to 64, when the Romans conquered the country. The crown 
TIGRANES. and diadem shown on his head are fine illustrations of many pas- 

sages of Scripture. 
The engravings are almost exactly the size of the originals, which are now in 
the cabinet of W. C. Prime, or in my own. 




•OIN OF C>9RINTH. 



Antoninv.s Pius. 



Fort oj Cenchreoe. 

Colonia Laus 
Julia Corinthos. 





COIN OF TARSUS, 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

The notices of weights and measures in the Bible are few and incomplete, and 
we have to supply the wanting information from other sources ; chiefly from the sys- 
tems of ancient nations, following the chain from Eome up through Greece, Egypt, 
and Phoenicia, to Babylon, the origin. The system w^as nearly uniform everywhere, 
but varied from one age to another. Layard found at Mneveh the weights used by 
the Babylonians, which were in the form of lions and of ducks, with rings for han- 
dles, of different sizes, in a certain system, the lightest weighing about four ounces, 
the heaviest about forty pounds. 



Table of Silver Coin" Weights — Pkopoktioks akd Values. 



Paris grs. 

Gerah (hean) 13.7 

Bekah (divided) 137 
Shekel (lueight) 274 
Maneh (talent) 13,700 
Kikkar (rou)id) 822,000 



Prop. 

60,000 

6,000 

3,000 

60 

1 



lbs. oz. dwt. 



2 
142 



6 
13 

2 
5 



grs. 

13.7 

17 

14 

12 





1 Gerah = 
10 Gerahs = 

2 Bekahs = 
50 Shekels =r 
60 Manehs = 



2i cts. 
1 Bekah = 25 " 
1 Shekel = 50 " 
1 Maneh = 25 dolls. 
1 Kikkar =1500 " 



Gold was reckoned at 10, 12, or 13 times the value of silver in different ages. 



Copper Coins. 

Grains. Value. 

Mite (Lepton) 15 to 20 2 mills, 

of a Shekel 81 " 88 3 " 

uarter 125 " 132 5 " 

Half (bekah) 235 " 264 1 cent. 

Shekel 528 2 cents. 

Talent = 1500 shekels. 



Greek Coins. 



Lepton 



2 mills. 



Drachm =16 cts. 
Didrachm = 32 " 
Stater (tetr.) 64 « 
Mina (pound) 16 dolls. 
Talent 960 " 



EoMAN Coins. 



As (farthing) 1| cents. 

Quadrans 3f mills. 

Denarius (penny) 15 cents. 
Aureus (stater) 3 dolls. 
Talent 961 " 



Silver was 60 to 80, and even once as high as 112 times the value of copper. 



HEBREW COPPER COINS, 

Grains. 

16 to 20 

81 " 88 

125 « 132 

235 " 264 

528 



Gerah (-^V) 

One-sixth 

Zuzah (i) 

Half (bekah) 

Shekel 

Talent = 1500 shekels = 



Ic. 6 
25 dolls. 



EGYPTIAN COPPER COINS. 



Value. 




Grains. 




mills. 


iKeT 


70 


3 mills 


a 


KeT 


140 


6 " 


a 


2KeT 


280 


Ic. 2 " 


a 


5 KeT 


700 


3c. 5 " 


i( 


MeN 


(Maneh) 1400 


7c. 



The comparative weights of the talents of different nations may be seen in this 
table, each number standing for 1000 grains : 



Hebrew gold. 


1320 


Babylonian silver. 


959 


Egyptian silver, 
^ginetan " 


840 


" silver. 


660 


" lesser " 


479 


660 


" copper. 


792 


Persian gold, 


400 


Attic 


500 



Measukes of Len'gth. 
The names are derived from members of the human body — the cubit, the length 
of the forearm from the elbow point to the third finger tip, w^as the unit, a name and 
custom derived from Egypt, and recorded on the monuments. There is no record of 
the unit in the Bible, Josephus, nor in any ancient Hebrew building. 



248 



WEIGHTS AKD MEASURES. 



Table of Measures oe Length (Egj^tian). 

Paris lines. Inches. Paris lines. 

Cubit {common) 204.8 

Span 102.4 

Palm 34.13 

Fiiip-er 8.53 



234.33 

117,166 

39.55 

9.76 



19.05 
9.52 
3.17 
0.79 



Inches. 

18 
9 
3 



Cubit {sacred) 
Span 

Palm {wide) 
Finger " 

Land was measured by the cubit and reed, but never computed by square 
measure, for they had no unit such as our acre. 



4 Fingers = 1 Palm. 
3 Palms = 1 Span. 
2 Spans = 1 Cubit. 
6 Cubits = 1 Reed. 



Measures of Distance. 
The ordinary day's journey, for one person, was thirty miles; for a compani/, ten. 
The Sabbath-day's journey was measured by the distance fixed between the tents and 
the ark in the wilderness, which was 2,000 c-abits. {Smith's Diet.; ^lY^o), which was 
also the limit outside of the Levitical cities. The moderns reckon by hours' travel, 
which vary from four to two and a half miles, as the length of the hour varies with 
the length of the day in summer and winter. * 

Measures of Capacity (Josephus). 
There were two sets — one for dry, another for liquid things — ^both having a unit 
of the same value, the bath and the ephah (Ex. xlv. 11.) 

Table of Dry ai^d Liquid Measures. 













Equal to, 


in gallons, according to 












Josephus. 


Eabbiks 


Homer 


1 








86.6 


44.2 


Bath or 


Ephah 10 


1 






8.6 


4.4 


Seah 


30 


3 


1 


• 


2.8 


1.4 


Hin 


60 


6 


2 1 




1.4 


0.7 


Gomer 


100 


10 


H H 


1 


0.8 


0.4 


Cab 


180 


18 


6 3 


1* 1 


0.4 


0.2 


Log 


720 


72 


24 12 


n 4 1 


0.1 


0.6 



* Kitto, Sabbath-day's journey, v. iii., p. 723; Smith, do., v. ill., p. 1073. 

The common cubit of 18 inches would give 3,000 feet. 
The sacred cubit of 19.05 inches would give 4,762 feet. 
An English mile is 5,280 feet. 




LION AVEIQHT. 

From Nineveh. 



MAI OF TELE 



\huJDiash 









u 






BEEROTH^' _^ . 







i/ch^ces 



«W ^^ C£^/i^t^fi€y , 



' ' \ XT 



,N^>' 



^, 



B»- 



-^ ^<.^;. 



^^ 







Ueit Vhj 









^^. 



''"•'^/iw.^$#"^l^^ 



-a. ^ 



^, 



"":. 



'Kofcvt 






5" / 



^l'/i///r Q 



''''// 



ilottri 






'^ ^ 

d;//// 



'^.e\3.aY^ 















lurktd'Enah 



'^'''-V^/y^^V/ "^^ '"''^<ij 



'BetfoH^ 



^ S) 



'U s 









Sob a 












J5rft7r \ ' 




%Mn ':s:^yW :BerA?''''^'^^^ ^-^^^1<^_. ^^^ 



'Z.Zi7,a 



^^y 



'^.AirS^'^ 



ra^s^ 



[ELZAH 






<n 



?^. 



^eii^ es Senar_ 



"-■r-" 



3^° Jo 



51 



/SovtuWbst Sectioj^ 



OF THE 

MAP OF 



PALESTINE. jjMm 



^RIPHBA" 



^R/lMil 



Uml/m .'iM- '^S^, 



/«LBA-SPEci\a 

KZPEi 




,GlM, 



Ve/i 







• NOGA, 



^^J; 



CHEFIRAH 



.LU2. 



f BETHk 
•• o 

•D ^-^l 



!k^H^ 



° B;<A^"- 






ajL. \ j;^ "^^^" 






Miwr 



(^^OAh" ".. 









rYtUTFrtBOPOl-^-x 1.. >IT^ 






JBoifflacariah , ,,^ 

r.fi£fiACHAH 



^£2;Xr ^f'«zuR^D>-ef°^^ 



Bir-nuafbr 



MfTH AHOTHo 



^^.Ji^'- fetmulll ^H 



31° 



^^Uda 




\ \ 


'T 


' \ £ei*-Ju»./|p' %p 




V 




■•■•Musfe/ht, 


s 










y-^ 


Tell Melahj^^ 


\ 


■t^immoo :..-/ ^ ^ 


^ ^- 




^'"^e^E'^on? , /^ 






J^<n'uk ! 



Zurful 



5hari;hei 



l^W?^ 






t Convent 



E 



_^_^- ^-y^^^-^;^^ HA2Ai;-.SHUAL 



^^'f/. 



AROER • 



'% 

^^f. 



'Kasr 






-^ 




f Sir . 






Mef»y\fi^ 



Hlusa 

'Hhulasah 



31 






\PiA 




Sex 



^1 



^D 



-AT 



J^^Jo" 



7 



'^'^" "■" // A"' "#'" ^-^ 



fPHR 



■"III. 



^ .jeradeh 

H^xon =\-^"'^h 

-. Dai 






\4u;e/i 



^^^cJ^-^ ^ 









VHAN-r 



^nZ 



foiyMu 



jtMjr^' ---sxj:, 7" '«r% :^u -^^^ 



3o 



3J 



uZnHii'i 















AS- 






'^^\^^■^ 



M/.e/ /Wafl£i2: 



haivoj 






L,r 



^i^^ 









^y ARA 















vBn^£S^^J^J2>^ 






/VfSoC 






W /el ■ft''' 



'^^W 



ffraum 



n^Wi, i 


















^^^^-'^^ 



vsV" 



mi. 



•'"'S::^-'*. 






el Kfrr^v^ 




.:%^^?* 




_1 y CHapelciwely 



AirAel \Kusre'i/t "'J. I 




1. On the behistun rock, asstria. 



DRESS. 

Oeiental dress has preseryed a peculiar uniformity in all ages, from Abraham to 
the modern Bedouin. 

The monument at Behistun exhibits the 
antiquity of the costume, which can . be 
compared with that of figures of modern 
Syrians, &c., on pages 41, 105, 109, 228;- 
and other antiques, as on pages 45, 68, 
141, &c. 

The dress for men and women differed 
but very little ; many articles being worn by both in common, varied only by the 
manner of putting them on. Men wore the shawl over the head and shoulders, or 

over the shoulders, while the women used it around 
the waist. 

The drawers are scant or full, gathered around 
the waist, and show, when on, as in the figure of the 
Bedouin, page 45, and of the woman carrying a water 
jar, figure 6. - They are fastened just below the knee 
by garters. 

The skirt reaches to, or falls a little below, the knees, and is worn outside of the 
drawers generally. No. 4 was copied from the monuments, and No. 3 is modern. 
When dressed in the drawers and shirt only, a 
person was said to be naked (Mark, xiv. 51).q-—7 — 




2. Drawers. Libas. 






Mill' 

4 



ff 



^mm 



3. Shirt. Ephod ? 
Ketoneth. 




4. Shirt 



No. 5 is a vest, like ours ; buttoned up to the chin 
with buttons like No. 7, which are sewed on the 
edge of the garment, and passed through a loop; 
never using a button-hole. 

The coat has sleeves to the wrist, or longer, 
and skirts to the knees or ankles. (See page 45, 
and cuts 8, 9, and 10.) 

Over the coat is worn the girdle (Acts, xxi. 11), which is two or three yards 
long and about half a yard wide, and is made of any material, from a strip of leather 
or a rope to the finest silk, with embroidery. 
The coat, when cut off at the hips, as in 
Nos. 8 and 9, is sometimes embroidered very 
highly. The same garment, as worn by 
women, is shown in No. 12, and is called 
Yelek. This is the robe of ceremony for both 
sexes, referred to in 1 Ki. v. 5, and 2 Chr. ix. 
4, and (the long skirt) the present that Jehu 
gave the prophets of Baal, 2 Ki. x. 22. 

The cloak (abba, lebush) is a large 
square bag, open on one side, with holes at 
the upper corners for the hands (Fig. 11), 
and a band around the neck. Goat's or 




5. Vest. 
Sudayree. 





7. Bhtton and loop. 



camel's hair is used in the desert (Matt. iii. 4) as worn by John 



6. Girl. 

the Baptist. 



DRESS. 



255 



Joseph's coat of (many) colors was of this pattern ; and such rich garments are 

common among 

the wealthy, being 

made of silk or 

wool, and richly 

embroidered. (See 

pages 228, 141, 

109.) The same 
garment is called a burnoos when it has a hood, as worn in Algeria. The hyke is 





8. Tunic. Caftan. 



9. JiBBEH, Coat. 




10. Syrians. 



a square shawl, folded cornerwise, and worn as in the cut 
Bedouins use a cloth woven with 
threads of silver or gold, called Ahal. 
(See page 41.) The head is covered 
first with a white cotton cap {lihdeh). 
over which is worn the tarhush (see 
page 68), a red woollen cap, generally 
with a blue tassel. Around the tar- 
bush a narrow shawl (three or more 
yards long) is wound, forming the 
turban (shown in No. 10, on page 
69, &c.). Women cover themselves with a 
thin cloak and a veil, leaving only the eyes 
(or only one eye) visible, as in Fig. 16. It 
is probable that the ancient Jewesses did 
not veil, but appeared as shown in cut No. 
13. The veil here covers the hair only. 
Women wear the hair long, braided, curled, 
&c., and decorated with jeAvels and coins. 
Men generally shave the head (2 Sam. xiv. 
26). The ancient Jews probably wore the 
hair as low as the ears or neck, and, as 
Josephus says of the body-guard of Solomon, 
used powder (Ant. viii. 7, 3). In mourn- 
ing the head was shaved (Is. xxii. 12, &c.) 

There are many ornaments in use for the 
hair, head, ears, nose, and neck, not very 
much different from those in use here; except the nose- 
ring. The eyebrows and lashes are frequently colored. 

The feet are loosely covered, and are seldom deformed as 
ours are by tight shoes. The inner slippers (Nos. 15, 18) 
are very soft, and only worn in the house; the over-shoe 
(17) and boot ( ) being worn out doors, and always left 
at the door. Stockings and leggings for cold weather are in 
common use. 

Sandals (14) are still used in the house, but could 
never have been in common use out doors, because 
of the many thorns and briers. The Kubcobs are 
16. Street DRES3. \^\g}^ woodeu stilts, used in the bath, or on wet floors. 



on page 228. The 




11. Abba. Cloak. 





13. WOMAK. 



12. Yelek. 



t^ 




14. Sandals. 



15. Slippeus. 




17. Shoes. 18. Slippers. 



256 



DRESS. 



High Priest's Dress. 





37. sACEincE. 

Phmnician. 

At Um el Awamid {Benan). 



EGTl'TIAN PRIEST. 



Jos. Ant. iii. 7, § 7; "The yestments of the High Priest, being made of linen, 
s'gnified the earth ; the blue denoted the sky, being like lightning in its pomegran- 
ates; and in the noise 
of the bells, resembling 
thunder. And for the 
Ephod, it showed that 
God had made the uni- 
yerse of four elements; 
and as for the gold in- 
terwoyen, I suppose it 
related to the splendor 
by which all things are 
enlightened. He also 
appointed the breast- 
plate to be placed in 

the middle of the ephod, to resemble the earth, for that has 
the yery middle place. And the girdle which encompassed 
the high priest round, signified the ocean, for that goes 

round about and includes the uniyerse And for the 

turban, which was of a blue color, it seems to me to mean heayen, for how otherwise 
could the name of God be inscribed upon it ?" 

The knowledge of geography is more complete now than it was in the days of 
Josephus. 

Exodus, xxyiii. ; " And these are the garments which they shall make — the breast- 
plate, and the ephod, and the robe, and the coat of checker- work, the turban, and the 
girdle ;" all of which were peculiar to and worn only by the high-priest. 

In this, description the under-garments are not mentioned. In yerse 42, Imen 
drawers are directed to be worn, and it may be presumed that the other under- 
garments Ayorn by the upper classes were used by the priests. 

Breastplate (yer. 4, 15). This was embroidered, in two halyes sewed together, 
the front to receiye the 12 stones, and the back to shield the studs ; and besides, so as 
to fit the chest better, because the stuff was thick and stiff from embroidery, and the 
fine wires of gold worked into the design. The making of the wires is described in 
xxxix. 3. In it were set four rows of «ngrayed stones, bearing the names of the 
twelye tribes of Israel. Each stone was set in a rim of gold, like a cameo (or breast- 
pin), with a button or stud at the back, which was put through a button-hole in -the 
breast-plate. Putting the twelye stones into their places was a solemn seryice, show- 
ing the presence of the twelye tribes before the altar of Jehoyah, and they were called 
LIGHTS and PERFECTIONS— (Urim and Thummin). It was two spans high, and 
one wide. 

Two cord-like chains of gold wire were fastened to the upper corners of the breast- 
plate by two rings of gold (yer. 14), which were attached to the engrayed stones on 
the shoulders, one to each stone. Two gold rings on the lower corners of the breast- 
plate were opposite two rings in the girdle ; and a blue cord tied the rings together 
and kept the breastplate in its place (yer. 26, 27, 28). 

The other garments were peculiar only in color and ornament, their pattern being 
similar to those already described. 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: May 2005 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Dnve 
Cranberry Township PA 16066 



». 



u 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




014 038 771 A 



1 






i 






1 











